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Topic: Iroquois Theater Fire

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	Iroquois Theater Fire
		A fire in Chicago's Iroquois Theater on December 30, 1903 resulted in the deaths of 571 persons.
		Below is the entry in the Coroner's Inquest Record for Mary Edna Torney, one of the victims of the tragic theater fire.
		The coroner's jury verdict for all of the inquests held for the victims of the Iroquois Theater Fire was appended as a separate document.
	www.sos.state.il.us /departments/archives/iroqfire.html (213 words)

	Iroquois Theater Fire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Iroquois Theater, at 24-28 W. Randolph St., was advertised as "absolutely fireproof." That day, over 1,900 people were in attendance at a matinee showing of the popular musical Mr.
		After the fire, it was reveled that fire inspectors had been bribed with free tickets to overlook code violations.
		The exterior of the Iroquois was largely intact and reopened as the Colonial Theater, which was torn down in 1926 to make room for the Oriental Theater.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iroquois_Theater_Fire (347 words)

	The Iroquois Theater Disaster
		Accustomed as they were to insignificant fire scares and trying ordeals that are seldom the lot of those who lead a less strenuous life, the people of the stage hurried silently to the task of stamping out the blaze.
		Fire had left its terrifying blight in a colorless, garish monotony that suggests the burned-out crater of an extinct volcano.
		There fire escapes and stage doors thronged with refugees, half clad and hysterical chorus girls flocking into the alley, and crackling flames leaping higher and higher from the flimsy stage and bursting from windows, told only too plainly what was in progress within.
	www.wayneturney.20m.com /iroquoisfire.htm (4760 words)

	Our Lady of the Angels Fire
		The fire began in the basement of the 48-year-old building and billowed up an open stairway before fanning out into the second floor, trapping most victims in their classrooms and forcing others to jump from second-story windows.
		No grand jury was convened despite a scathing report issued in 1959 by the National Fire Protection Association blaming the city and officials of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago for educating children in “firetraps.” Nor was the fire's cause officially determined.
		The fire was the nation's third-worst school disaster and Chicago's third-deadliest fire, trailing the Iroquois Theater fire (602 killed) and the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 (250–300 dead).
	www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org /pages/939.html (217 words)

	Poynter Online - Al's Breaking News Meeting
		In this fire a stage backdrop was ignited, and 295 people were killed under conditions similar in many ways to those in the Iroquois fire 27 years later.
		Fire protection under the big top was emphasized by the fire that struck the Ringling Brothers, Barnum and Bailey Circus while playing in Hartford, Connecticut, on July 6, 1944.
		The fire and the investigations that followed centered on the exits, the wiring and the foam rubber that was used in everything from carpeting to chair cushions.
	www.poynter.org /column.asp?id=2&aid=21452 (1387 words)

	The 1903 Iroquois Theater Fire- This Nation's Deadliest Single Building Blaze - Associated Content
		Supposedly "fireproof", the Iroquois Theater was anything but, and despite the precautions taken to prevent a tragedy, the building burned down, taking all those people to their death.
		The Iroquois was Chicago's newest and most polished theater, built by architect Benjamin Marshall, who had studied many fires over the years and had tried to make this particular building as safe as possible.
		The Iroquois was designed in the image of a famous Paris opera house, and the four-story structure contained elaborates stained glass windows and polished wood.
	www.associatedcontent.com /article/128603/the_1903_iroquois_theater_fire_this.html (516 words)

	Firefighters Online - $15 Million Sight and Sound Theater Fire and Building Collapse - (Lancaster County, Pennsylvania ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The two hour fire resistance-rated assembly in the storage area beneath the stage was damaged during the stage floor renovation, leaving the structural members unprotected from the ensuing fire.
		The State Fire and Panic Code, Subsection 51.2 requires that when public assembly occupancies share a structure with other occupancies, the other structure will be separated with fire walls or be governed by the most restrictive limitations.
		This fire presented a significant potential for firefighter injuries during the interior fire attack phase and from the subsequent roof collapse.
	www.firefightersonline.com /opsandtactics/tr-097/analysis.asp (1476 words)

	Eastland Memorial Society - Iroquois Theater Fire
		In fact, the six-story tall Iroquois had only been open for five-weeks and was described as a magnificent palace of marble and mahogany, a "virtual temple of beauty", and had been advertised as "absolutely fireproof".
		The Iroquois fire, with 602 casualties, was the deadliest blaze in Chicago history, second in the United States and fourth worldwide.
		Under the new laws, the fire code was changed to require theater doors to open outwards, to have exits clearly marked and fire curtains made of steel.
	www.getnet.com /~ksup/iroquois.html (1163 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Iroquois Theater Fire
		The Iroquois Theater Fire in Chicago, Illinois, claimed 602 lives on December 30, 1903.
		The Iroquois Theater, at 24-28 W. Randolph St., was advertised as "absolutely fireproof." That day, over 1,900 people were in attendance at a matinee showing of the popular musical Mr.
		The exterior of the Iroquois was largely intact and reopened as the Colonial Theater, which was torn down in 1926 to make room for the Oriental Theater.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Iroquois_Theater (353 words)

	Spokane Fire Department - Media Release
		The fire took place in Chicago, less than a month after the opening of the new (supposedly fireproof) Iroquois Theater at 24-28 W. Randolph.
		Due to a long history of theater fires in the U.S. and Europe, by 1903 fire precautions were well developed, but not followed by the Iroquois Theater management.
		Even though it was outside the fire area, trampled bodies were piled ten high in the stairwell area where exits from the balcony met the exit from the main floor.
	www.spokanefire.org /media_release/default.aspx?media=43 (583 words)

	Fire Code for Software
		San Francisco was hit again during the 1906 earthquake; that fire incinerated 4 square miles and is considered one of the world’s worst fires ever.
		Though fire marshals had insisted that sprinklers be installed in the casino and hotel, local law didn’t require them.
		Afterwards a commission found fault with all parties, including the fire department: “They seemed to be under the impression that they were required only to fight flames and appeared surprised that their department was expected by the public to take every precaution to prevent fire from starting.”
	www.ganssle.com /articles/FireCode.htm (1948 words)

	[No title]
		At the alarm of fire, an attempt was made to lower the asbestos fire curtain, but when within about six feet of the stage floor, the machinery refused to work and the curtain could be gotten down no lower although men made a vigorous attempt to do so.
		As the fire increased, the smoke from the burning stage fixtures became a deadly gas causing many to fall from suffocation, while those that were still able to go trampled over their prostrate forms; causing the life to be crushed out of many a poor woman and helpless child.
		Bluebeard," the attraction at the Iroquois theater on Dec. 30, 1903, shuddered in retrospect.
	www.lowellpl.lib.in.us /iroquois.htm (2995 words)

	America’s Worst Theater Fire
		The Iroquois had been widely advertised as “fireproof” by the syndicate that owned it, and few people gave a thought to the possibility of fire.
		The loss of life in the Iroquois disaster created a national scandal that inspired stringent theater safety regulations throughout America, including the requirement of the common “panic doors” in today’s theaters that open outward from pressure on a bar.
		As a result, fires in theaters have become comparatively rare, almost always occurring only when safety regulations are evaded.
	www.allaboutstuff.com /General/Americas_Worst_Theater_Fire.asp (460 words)

	FIRE SAFETY IN PLACES OF ASSEMBLY
		Any decorative material that may cause the fire to spread, must be treated with a flame retardant coating and renewed as often as necessary to maintain the level of fire retardant.
		If the fire inspector assigned to your property feels that it is in the best interest of public safety, they may require individual(s) to act as a fire-watch.
		Provided the fire inspector has been made aware of the flame and any guidelines that the inspector may have made are being followed by the property, they should not present a problem.
	www.co.clark.nv.us /fire/assembly.htm (1421 words)

	Iroquois Theater Fire
		Chicago's most deadly fire occurred less than a month after the opening of the new, supposedly fireproof Iroquois Theater at 24-28 W. Randolph.
		In case of fire, an asbestos or iron curtain would drop down cutting the audience off from the stage and its burning scenery.
		The inexperienced stage crew was slow to pull down the curtain, not able to unjam it, and as at least one witness testified, may have pulled down a scenery curtain, instead of the ineffectual fire curtain.
	www.ezl.com /~fireball/Disaster02.htm (644 words)

	GreenvilleOnline.com - 1923 school fire a tragedy that led to reform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Fire tragedies continued in the state, however, including a 1941 explosion and blaze at a Greenville laundry that killed 10 and injured 150.
		Home fires throughout the state, many in mobile homes, became so common that in the 1980s the state's fire fatality rate was among the highest in the nation.
		But fire safety advocates say much remains to be done, including giving fire inspectors statewide enforcement authority, mandating uniform inspections statewide and requiring sprinklers in public buildings, nightclubs, apartments and schools.
	greenvilleonline.com /news/2004/04/18/2004041829460.htm (2012 words)

	FIRE SAFETY AND CODE ISSUES IN PUBLIC VENUES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Station tragedy was overall the 4th worst in entertainment fire casualty numbers in the United States, and the worst as far as number of deaths associated with a "rock & roll" type of event or establishment.
		While the loss of life at the Station nightclub was 1/6 of the death toll inside the Iroquois Theater, what made it a double tragedy is the fact that it was 100% preventable.
		Some jurisdictions and insurance underwriters require fire suppression equipment be installed in public venues and be certified annually and tagged accordingly.
	www.radiationroom.com /temp/fire.htm (1481 words)

	Safety Tips 4
		Any decorative material that may cause the fire to spread, must be treated with a flame retardant coating and renewed as often as necessary to maintain the level of fire retardant.
		If the fire inspector assigned to your property feels that it is in the best interest of public safety, they may require individual(s) to act as a fire-watch.
		Provided the fire inspector has been made aware of the flame and any guidelines that the inspector may have made are being followed by the property, they should not present a problem.
	users.iafrica.com /t/ti/tidv/Doc4.html (1412 words)

	Aurora Regional Fire Museum - Fire History Timeline
		Fire prevention ordinances are passed and fines are imposed to purchase and maintain fire buckets, hooks and ladders.
		Fire destroys thirty-one blocks in center of city and along the waterfront in Seattle, Washington.
		Iroquois Theater fire, Chicago, Illinois (602 deaths and 250 injuries).
	www.auroraregionalfiremuseum.org /history/timeline.htm (2714 words)

	OTHER CHICAGO FIRES!
		The fire was believed to have been started by faulty wiring leading to a spotlight and claimed the lives of hundreds of people, including children, who were packed into the afternoon show for the holidays.
		The Iroquois fire is remembered as the most tragic fire in American theater history but regardless, the facade of the Iroquois was used when the Oriental Theater later re-opened at the site, which is now 24 West Randolph Street.
		The fire had already been burning for a number of minutes before the alarm was sent and more precious time was lost when the fire department trucks pulled up the church rectory and not the school.
	www.prairieghosts.com /chi_fires.html (2125 words)

	Minute by Minute: The World's Account of the Triangle Fire
		At 4:35 o’clock yesterday afternoon, fire, springing from a source that may never be positively identified, was discovered in the rear of the eighth floor of the ten-story building at the northwest corner of Washington Place and Greene Street, the first of three floors occupied as a factory by the Triangle Waist Company.
		Fire was streaming into the shaft, flames biting at the cables.
		Wretchedly inadequate was this fire escape—a lone ladder running down to a rear narrow court, which was smoke filled as the fire raged, one narrow door giving access to the ladder.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/5481 (1398 words)

	Chicago
		As the fire raged, nobody took charge of dousing it, and as a result, Chicago's leaders passed an ordinance giving the town's four wardens -- the first building inspectors -- authority to draft men right off the streets to fight fires.
		Iroquois Theater Fire: The worst theater fire in United States history -- 602 killed -- took place on Dec. 30, 1903, in Chicago's Iroquois Theater, a building advertised as "absolutely fireproof." The musical that afternoon was "Mr.
		Stockyards Fire: On Dec. 22, 1910, Chief Fire Marshal James Horan, 21 of his firefighters and three civilians were killed by an explosion in a South Side stockyards fire -- the Fire Department's greatest loss of life in a fire.
	www.suntimes.com /special_sections/almanac/disasters.html (3556 words)

	NFPA :: Publications :: NFPA Journal® :: November / December 2003 :: Columns
		As last February's fire at The Station nightclub in West Warwick, Rhode Island, clearly demonstrated, one key to successfully notifying an audience in an assembly occupancy is grabbing their attention and letting them know immediately that what they may think is part of the entertainment is really an emergency.
		The fire alarm system must transmit the alarm signal to a location in the building where someone is in constant attendance while occupants are present.
		When that person receives a fire alarm signal, he or she must notify the occupants by live or prerecorded voice announcements.
	www.nfpa.org /displayContent.asp?categoryID=715&itemID=19697 (556 words)

	LCP \| Great Chicago Fires: Excerpt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		As the millennium turns, fire continues its role in Chicago's progress and change, lighting up a past culture: the factories, the warehouses, the multitude of ghetto flats of the "city that works" gone on to other things.
		Thus the story of Chicago and fire is a tale of the will and the courage to face shortcomings and consequences with a determination to reform, rebuild, and reinvent.
		These factors were present in 1903, when 602 people, mostly women and children, died in the Iroquois Theater fire; and again in 1958, when a fire at Our Lady of the Angels school left 92 students and three nuns dead.
	www.lakeclaremont.com /fires/excerpt1.htm (618 words)

	Smoke Detectives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Fire was a terrible danger for early settlers in America.
		Continuing improvements in fire prevention and firefighting throughout the years enabled cities and towns to grow and prosper.
		Suggestions: The Triangle Shirtwaist Co. fire in New York in 1911; The Lady of Angels School fire in Chicago in 1958, or the Iroquois Theater fire in Chicago in 1903.
	www.statefarm.com /kidstuf/smoke/teacher/35oldblz.html (487 words)

	Eastland Memorial Society
		It was exactly 50 years ago - December 30, 1903 - that she fled for her life from the stage of the Iroquois Theater in Chicago as it was transformed within a brief half-hour into a charred oven piled high with 596 dead, mostly women and children.
		The horror of the death-dealing fire and panic that broke out as her chorus danced is still recalled vividly by Mrs.
		Today's steel fire curtains, broad aisles, better floor pitch, lighted exits and uniformed attendants before exits are an outgrowth of the Iroquois theater fire.
	www.eastlandmemorial.org /iroquois8.shtml (818 words)

	Historic Madison Inc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		On December 30, 1903, a spark from an arc light caught a curtain on fire in Chicago’s Iroquois Theater, which was packed with attendees at a holiday season performance.
		The theater was not equipped with sprinklers, there was no fire alarm, and all the exits but one were locked from the outside.
		Outrage over this fire led to fire codes being established for theaters across the nation.
	www.historicmadison.org /html/MadHist/Articles/IroquoisThFire.asp (315 words)

	Kershaw Fire Department
		Well trained and well equipped, the French fire brigades were in the process of professionalisation on the eve of the French Revolution.
		Often fights would break out between the runners and even the responding fire companies for the right to fight the fire and receive the insurance money that would be paid to the company that fought it.
		In the wake of the Great Fire, the City Council established the first fire insurance company, "The Fire Office", in 1667, which employed small teams of Thames watermen as firefighters and provided them with uniforms and arm badges showing the company to which they belonged.
	www.kershawfiredepartment.com /fireservicehistory.html (2357 words)

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