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Topic: Irradiance

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Technology assessment

	Irradiance map
		Irradiance is a function defined for any point in the 3D space and represents the light arriving at this point from all possible directions.
		The irradiance map is in fact a collection of points in 3d space (a point cloud) along with the computed indirect illumination at those points.
		The irradiance map mode that should be used depends on the particular rendering task - a static scene, a static scene rendered from multiple views, a fly-through animation or an animation with moving objects.
	www.spot3d.com /vray/help/150R1/render_params_advancedimap.htm (3837 words)

	Irradiance
		Irradiance designs photovoltaic power systems and instrumentation to measure solar energy resources and optimizes PV system performance through analysis of solar resources and cost effective PV array design.
		Irradiance recently introduced a second generation Rotating Shadowband Radiometer, an instrument that provides a means for robust, low cost measurement of solar energy resources.
		Recently, Irradiance began a study of methods for measuring solar energy resources in the marine environment and the design of PV power systems for ocean data buoys.
	www.irradiance.com (242 words)

	Solar Irradiance and Long-Term Climate Variability
		The total irradiance variations seen to date have been tentatively explained in terms of a combination of decreases due to sunspot blocking and increases due to bright faculae and plages [Foukal and Lean, 1990], both of which are positively correlated with solar magnetic activity.
		Discussion of the causes of the irradiance variations is beyond the scope of this article, but their magnitude is of critical importance to the question of climatic effects.
		Baliunas and Jastrow [1993] conclude that a reduction in irradiance of 0.4%, in the middle of their calculated range, would be enough to explain the cold average temperatures of the Little Ice Age, as estimated by Wigley and Kelly [1990].
	www.agu.org /revgeophys/reid00/node2.html (1525 words)

	Global Monitoring Division
		It is the total amount of solar irradiance on an upward-facing horizontal surface and is the sum of the vertical component of the direct solar irradiance and the diffuse sky irradiance.
		Downward longwave irradiance - This quantity is thermal irradiance emitted in all directions by the atmosphere; gases, aerosols, and clouds as received by an horizontal upward facing surface.
		Direct solar irradiance - The direct solar irradiances in several widebands; 0.3 Âµm to 0.530 Âµm, 0.3 Âµm to 0.63 Âµm, and 0.3 Âµm to 0.695 Âµm, are measured at certain CMDL observatories.
	www.cmdl.noaa.gov /star/starmeas.html (908 words)

	Irradiance (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Irradiance, in physics, is a specific measure, viz., the density of radiant flux incident on a given area, typically measured as a unit of power per unit area (for example watts per square meter).
		Présentation de cet astre, son activité, son rayon, nombre de Wolf et irradiance totale.
		Measurement and Instrumentation Data Center (MIDC) Provides links to irradiance and meterological data from several stations in the Unites States.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Irradiance.html (154 words)

	SRRL: Pictures of the Solar Radiation Research Lab and Instrumentation
		Also called the "global" irradiance, this quantity is the sum of the direct ("beam") and diffuse ("sky") adjusted for the corresponding solar zenith angle: Global = Direct * Cosine(Zenith) + Diffuse.
		The shading disk blocks the direct-normal irradiance from the pyranometer receiver resulting in the measurement of diffuse horizontal or sky irradiance.
		A shadowband correction factor must be applied to the pyranometer measurements to account for the portion of the sky blocked by the band (up to 20% increase in sky irradiance during the summer months at mid-latitude stations).
	www.nrel.gov /srrl/pictures (674 words)

	Solar-Irradiance Variations and Regional Precipitations in the Western United States (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Solar irradiance may play an important role in the global climatic system, but the variations are small, and their effect must be amplified to cause significant climatic variations.
		The differences between monthly solar irradiance values were summed for the interval between January and December and divided by 12 to obtain the annual average irradiance differences.
		Periods of increased annual average irradiance differences correspond to periods of increased precipitation, whereas periods of decreased averages correspond to decreased precipitation in the Pacific Northwest, when irradiance is lagged 4 years.
	ks.water.usgs.gov /Kansas/climate/homepage.ijc.html (4795 words)

	Scalar irradiance meter - Patent 4178101 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		An object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for measuring scalar irradiance which has the ability to interchange frequency or wavelength spectral shaping filter whereby the apparatus is optically tuned to the units of measure.
		A further object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for measuring scalar irradiance which includes an electrical signal conditioning device which may be remote to the detector and which may be remote to the readout device.
		The purpose of the hemispherical meter 211 is to measure the scalar irradiance incident on a point from a continuous 2.pi.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4178101.html (5071 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: The Effect of Solar Irradiance on the Mortality of Phakopsora Pachyrhizi Urediniospores
		The proportions of the spores that germinated were a linear function of solar irradiance.
		Concomitant total solar and ultraviolet irradiance measurements were used to predict spore germination.
		The proportions of the spores that germinated, normalized with respect to the germination proportion for unexposed spores from the same collections, were a linear function of solar irradiance (R2 = 0.83).
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=187350 (458 words)

	NGDC/STP - UARS/ACRIM II Total Solar Irradiance Measurements
		The UARS is a three-axis stabilized, Earth-oriented spacecraft with an orbit at inclination of 57 degrees and altitude 585 km.
		The principle of measuring total solar irradiance is that the heating effect of irradiant flux on a detector is compared with that of electrical power dissipated in a heating element in intimate thermal contact with the detector.
		An accurate knowledge of the effective absorptance of the detector for the irradiant flux, the area over which the detector is illuminated and the electrical heating power facilitates the accurate measurement of irradiant fluxes on an absolute basis in the International System of Units.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /stp/SOLAR/IRRADIANCE/uars.html (918 words)

	[Gre96] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although irradiance is traditionally computed only for surfaces, its definition can be naturally extended to all points and directions in space.
		A theoretical basis for the irradiance volume is discussed and the methods and issues involved with building the volume are described.
		The irradiance volume method is tested within several situations in which the use of traditional global illumination methods is impractical, and is shown to provide good performance.
	www.graphics.cornell.edu /pubs/1996/Gre96.html (108 words)

	Lunar Calibration - Lunar Irradiance Model
		Although the observational data for both model fitting and spacecraft instrument comparisons are radiometric measurements, the development of coefficients and operation of the lunar irradiance model is done in dimensionless reflectance.
		For development of the lunar irradiance model analytic form and determination of the model coefficients, the ROLO observational data are converted to disk-equivalent reflectance.
		This is a measure of the model's capability for predicting the variation in irradiance due to geometric effects of phase and libration.
	www.moon-cal.org /modeling/irradiance.php (805 words)

	UO SRML: Calculating diffuse irradiance
		Diffuse irradiance refers to all the solar radiation coming from the sky except for solar radiation coming directly from the sun and the circumsolar irradiance within approximately three degrees of the sun.
		A fair estimate of the diffuse irradiance can be obtained by subtracting the direct normal beam radiation projected onto a horizontal surface from the global irradiance.
		If the global pyranometer had a perfect cosine response, the difference between the projected beam irradiance and the global irradiance would be equal to the diffuse irradiance.
	solardat.uoregon.edu /DiffuseCalculation.html (534 words)

	Graphics and Geometry Preliminaries
		The irradiance at a point P lying on a surface S is the light energy or luminous flux incident on a unit area of S at P.
		Figure 2.2: The figure on the left shows the irradiance at a point illuminated by a linear light source when the point lies in the plane perpendicular to the source and incident to one of its endpoints.
		The irradiance is equal to the difference between the one resulting from PQ and RQ.
	web.cs.ualberta.ca /~ghali/thesis/node4.html (1883 words)

	Middleton Solar - reference page
		Broadband Solar Irradiance - theoretically the solar radiation arriving at the earth from all frequencies or wavelengths, in practice limited to the spectral range of radiometers, typically from 300 nm to 3000 nm wavelength.
		Global (total) normal solar irradiance is all radiation that strikes a flat surface that faces the sun, while direct normal solar irradiance excludes all radiation that does not come from the direction of the sun in the sky.
		Optical Depth - (technically known as the relative aerosol optical depth) usually considered to be synonymous with the airmass, is the approximate number of aerosols in a path through the atmosphere relative to the standard number of aerosols in a vertical path through a clean, dry atmosphere at sea level.
	www.middletonsolar.com /references (1483 words)

	NICO \| GALOPPO \|\| COMP 238 3: Irradiance Gradients
		Irradiance gradients [1] introduce a new method for improving the accuracy of a diffuse interreflection calculation.
		Note that the irradiance gradients are not used to determine the spacing of the samples, because that could bias the calculation, since areas that just happened to have small irradiance gradients would be sampled at low density, even though there could still be sudden changes in the irradiance value due to nearby surfaces.
		To compute the translational irradiance gradient, we consider how the projected solid angle of each of the hemisphere cells is affected by a translation of the hemisphere center.
	www.ngaloppo.org /courses/comp238/hw3 (1897 words)

	Growth, development and digestibility of guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) in two controlled environments differing ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The high irradiance environment was a growth room with a 25/15 deg C day/night temp., a 16-h daylength and an irradiance of 300 mu E/m2 s.
		This was associated with morphological changes induced by low irradiance; these plants were taller and had larger and wider leaves than those plants grown in the high irradiance environment.
		Leaf senescence occurred earlier under low irradiance conditions but the number of fully expanded leaves/tiller as well as days from leaf emergence to full leaf expansion were similar for both environments.
	www.trophort.com /information/data/B02/S66/NAV83GRO1841458.html (270 words)

	Principal Component Analysis of Arctic Solar Irradiance Spectra (Site not responding. Last check: )
		An image of an entire upwelling solar irradiance spectral data array (1821 x 11260), acquired by the airborne SSFR on the high altitude NASA ER-2 as it flew over the Arctic terrain during the FIREIII/SHEBA experiment is shown in Figure 1a.
		The 1821 columns represent the time series of upwelling solar irradiance for wavelengths between 380-2200 nm and the 11260 rows are individual solar irradiance spectra acquired during partial sampling between May 22 and June 6, 1998.
		The average spectrum of all 11260 upwelling visible to near-infrared (380-2200 nm) solar irradiance spectra is shown in Figure 1b.
	geo.arc.nasa.gov /sgp/modeling/radiation/rad5.html (905 words)

	AMS Glossary
		The radiant energy may be confined to a narrow range of frequencies (spectral or monochromatic irradiance) or integrated over a broad range of frequencies.
		Irradiance follows from radiance but not, in general, vice versa.
		The photometric equivalent of irradiance is illuminance, obtained by integrating spectral irradiance times luminous efficiency over the visible spectrum.
	amsglossary.allenpress.com /glossary/search?id=irradiance1 (124 words)

	Photosystem II Reaction Center Damage and Repair Cycle: Chloroplast Acclimation Strategy to Irradiance Stress -- ...
		The rate of de novo D1 biosynthesis under conditions of both low light and irradiance stress was found to be fairly constant on a per chloroplast or cell basis.
		The response of D. salina to the enhanced rate of damage entails an accumulation of photodamaged centers (80% of all PSII) and the formation of thylakoid membranes containing a smaller quantity of photosystem I (PSI) centers (about 10% of that in cells grown under low light).
		The accumulation of photodamaged PSII under irradiance stress reflects a chloroplast inability to match the rate of D1 degradation or turnover with the rate of damage for individual PSII complexes.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/short/91/15/7222 (590 words)

	Irradiance Definition
		Irradiance is the amount of energy per unit time per unit area.
		The irradiance is the solar energy input heating the plate.
		The projected area is the actual area times the cosine of the viewing angle and describes the phenomena of the apparent decrease in area of a plate as you tilt it.
	www.csc.noaa.gov /crs/definitions/irradiance.html (179 words)

	An Efficient Representation for Irradiance Environment Maps
		Using an analytic expression for the irradiance in terms of spherical harmonic coefficients of the lighting, we show that one needs to compute and use only 9 coefficients, corresponding to the lowest-frequency modes of the illumination, in order to achieve average errors of only 1%.
		In other words, the irradiance is insensitive to high frequencies in the lighting, and is well approximated using only 9 parameters.
		In fact, we show that the irradiance can be procedurally represented simply as a quadratic polynomial in the cartesian components of the surface normal, and give explicit formulae.
	graphics.stanford.edu /papers/envmap (657 words)

	light "irradiance" vs"intensity"
		In common usage, light "intensity" is used to refer to the brightness of a light source.
		This is called the "irradiance level, " which you can see depends upon the intensity and distance of the light source.
		Obviously, the rate of photosynthesis will depend upon irradiance, the amount of light striking the leaf, rather than light intensity, the brightness of the bulb.
	www.marietta.edu /~spilatrs/biol103/photolab/lightmea.html (435 words)

	NGDC/WDC STP, Boulder-Total Solar Irradiance Data via FTP from NGDC
		The paper "The Nimbus-7 Solar Total Irradiance: A new Algorithm for its Deviation" by D.V. Hoyt, H.L. Kyle, J.R. Hickey, and R.H. Maschoff (JGR, vol 97, pp 51-63) describes the methodology used to reduce the data.
		From 1985 to 1989, total solar irradiance (TSI) values were obtained from the solar monitor on the NOAA9 and NOAA 10 nonscanner instruments.
		From 1980 to 1989, total solar irradiance (TSI) values were obtained from the solar monitor on the SMM nonscanner instruments.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /stp/SOLAR/ftpsolarirradiance.html (1701 words)

	NIST Physics Laboratory - SURF III Upgrade
		SURF II has been the United States national standard of irradiance in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region as well as a world-class research facility for many diverse fields of investigation that require high-intensity continuum radiation from the soft x-ray to the infrared spectral regions.
		The radiometric accuracy of SURF II as an irradiance standard was limited by the uniformity of the magnetic field encountered by the electrons as they traversed their orbit.
		The primary purpose of the upgrade from SURF II to SURF is to improve the radiometric accuracy of SURF as an irradiance standard by improving the magnetic field uniformity.
	physics.nist.gov /MajResFac/SURF/SURF.html (1074 words)

	Interactive effects of salinity and irradiance on growth: implications for mangrove forest structure along salinity ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Early growth of Ceriops australis and C. decandra was studied in response to salinity and irradiance under laboratory conditions.
		Interspecific differences in initial propagule mass had no effect on survival, but were correlated with differences in average shoot mass after 1 year, emphasising the importance of juvenile reserves to early growth.
		Salinity had greater effects on shoot growth under high irradiance than under natural canopy shade, implying effects of salinity on the capacity to use resources in growth.
	www.trophort.com /information/data/B01/S24/BAL02INTSTR1698.html (289 words)

	Total Solar Irradiance
		This decrease in the amount of electricity is proportional to the solar irradiance entering the cavity.
		The variation of the total solar irradiance is an important study area both from the point of view of solar physics and because of the possible effect on the Earth's climate.
		Several investigators have used proxy solar signals to estimate what the changes in the total solar irradiance is. This is done both to check the consistency of the total irradiance measurements and more importantly to estimate what the irradiance variations were in the past before accurate irradiance measurements started in November 1978.
	disc.gsfc.nasa.gov /interdisc/readmes/sol_irrad.shtml (4090 words)

	TSI Data
		The TIM instrument measures the Total Solar Irradiance (TSI), monitoring changes in incident sunlight to the Earth's atmosphere using an ambient temperature active cavity radiometer to an absolute accuracy of 100 parts per million (ppm, 1 ppm=0.0001%) (1-sigma) and a precision and long-term relative accuracy of 10 ppm per year.
		The primary objective of the SORCE Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) instrument is to make precise and accurate measurements of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI), adding to previous TSI measurements in order to continue the long-term climate record.
		Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) monitoring using electrical substitution radiometers (ESRs) from the vantage point of space began with the launch of the Nimbus 7 satellite in November 1978.
	lasp.colorado.edu /sorce/tsi_data.html (1349 words)

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