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Topic: Irrationality

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	Irrationality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Irrationality is talking or acting without regard of rationality.
		irrationality caused by mental illness, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, and paranoia.
		The study of irrational behavior is of interest in fields such as psychology, cognitive science, economics, game theory, and evolutionary psychology, as well as of practical interest to the practitioners of advertising and propaganda.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Irrationality (532 words)

	irrationality
		Irrationality is a matter of unnecessarily modifying a good idea to the idea's detriment or unnecessarily adhering to a bad idea to ones disservice.
		However irrationality is introduced when language interpretations, social norms, dogma and sarcasm promote a positive feedback which takes irrational behavior to extremes unjustified by and often at odds with actual conditions.
		With perception now being ambiguous and subjective, irrationality is invited in, if not actually promoted, as people can usually find some verbal framework in which to rationalize their behavior, along with a scapegoat or an excuse to explain away their failures.
	www.homestead.com /freeinfohwy/irrationality.html (872 words)

	20th WCP: How Genuine is the Paradox of Irrationality?
		This challenges us to explain a certain kind of putatively irrational behaviour without thereby rendering that very behaviour subjectively rational—i.e., from the actor's own point of view, his action is irrational, no matter at the moment of acting or later when he has more time to reflect upon it.
		Although such criticisms have not yet touched the paradoxes of irrationality, it is important, at this point, to note that irrationality, if there is any, seems to occur only when conative factors come into relations with reason, i.e., only when it is not a pure matter of (cognitive) reasoning.
		In the final analysis, the underlying paradox of irrationality in understanding another mind is not a paradox in and of the object itself, but rather a paradox of the normative interpreting relationship between the subject and the object which are of the same kind in a fundamental sense.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Acti/ActiZhen.htm (2855 words)

	Irrationality in Philosophy and Psychology: the moral implications of self-defeating behavior
		Irrationality in Philosophy and Psychology: the moral implications of self-defeating behavior
		In the attempt to achieve their goal of living up to the high expectation placed upon them, they irrationally infer that to perform well they should pay attention to details of their performance when they actually have the skills and intuitive responses to carry themselves through.
		Because of this, it is also important to note that by claiming that these behaviors once worked to help an individual, the authors also leave open the possibility that the agent simply believed the behavior to be helpful even though it may actually have done more harm than good.
	teach.valdosta.edu /chjames/jcs.htm (6640 words)

	empty tomb, inc. : Treatise on Irrationality
		This assertion is based on the argument that though the existence of the universe is irrational, that irrationality does not in and of itself mean that it is unreal or unknowable in terms of sensory tools.
		That is, even though the known universe may exist as a speck within the irrationality of infinite space, the known universe may theoretically function in a fully rational fashion with no irrationalities due to its interface with the irrationality of the infinite space of the meta-universe, if the meta-universe exists.
		Willingness to employ the functional rationality of psychologic within a system which may be inherently irrational at significant points, may well be the creative and obedient faith response of a creature who is limited to functioning on a rational level in what is essentially a bimodal system comprising the rational and irrational.
	www.emptytomb.org /Treatise.html (5336 words)

	Irrationality - The "Fatal Flaw"
		Irrationality is the reaching of a decision or conclusion that is not the best decision or conclusion that could have been reached in the light of the evidence, given the time constraints that apply.
		Harmful irrational beliefs cloud your consciousness with distortions, misconceptions, overgeneralizations, and oversimplificationsS.They limit and narrow your outlook such that you repeat mistakes.
		This well-known pillar of irrationality can be explained by reference to the principle of cognitive dissonance -- the mental conflict that occurs when cherished beliefs or assumptions are contradicted by new evidence.
	www.skysite.org /irrational.html (1995 words)

	Irrationality proofs
		Irrational numbers are numbers which cannot be expressed as a fraction of two integers (see Classification of numbers).
		(b) is irrational whenever a or b has a prime factor which the other lacks [6].
		Proving the irrationality of a given number is often a difficult problem.
	numbers.computation.free.fr /Constants/Miscellaneous/irrationality.html (814 words)

	Sutherland - Irrationality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Sutherland provides a stunning survey of psychological research on irrationality, arguing that irrational behaviour is far more widespread and normal than is generally supposed.
		Here he is expressing Karl Popper's view of the logic of science: "although it is impossible ever to prove a rule with certainty, a single discrepant observation refutes it".
		Sutherland concludes from the research covered in the chapter on "The Failure of Intuition" that "intuition is in fact remarkably bad", in itself perhaps a counter-intuitive finding.
	www.nous.org.uk /Sutherland.html (470 words)

	Why People Are Irrational about Politics
		If I believe, irrationally, that immigrants are no good at running convenience marts, I bear the costs of this belief—e.g., I may wind up paying more or traveling farther for goods I want.
		To explain why some would adopt irrational political beliefs, we need only suppose that some individuals’ non-epistemic belief preferences are stronger than their desire (if any) to be epistemically rational.
		Lastly, one may be able to combat others’ irrationality by identifying the sort of empirical evidence that would be required to test their claims, and by taking a fair-minded and cooperative, rather than combative, attitude towards discussion.
	home.sprynet.com /~owl1/irrationality.htm (6413 words)

	20th WCP: Functional Irrationality
		The view that some forms of irrationality may serve a useful purpose is being increasingly entertained despite the disquiet it elicits.
		This scepticism about irrationality derives much of its initial plausibility from a central assumption of the traditional conception of rationality, viz., that consistency in and between an agent's beliefs, desires, intentions, judgements, and so on is a necessary condition for the intelligibility of her conduct or behaviour.
		The approach to rationality that emphasises the "irrational" means employed in achieving it results in a conception of rationality that is more differentiated and complex than the traditional one, and which is more able to cope with the phenomena.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Mind/MindTjia.htm (2651 words)

	HOME (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A geometric proof that e is irrational, and a measure of its irrationality [14]
		Irrationality measures, irrationality bases, and a theorem of Jarnik (2004, preprint).
		A geometric proof that e is irrational and a new measure of its irrationality, Amer.
	home.earthlink.net /~jsondow (813 words)

	Irrationality and Motivation of Investors and Issuers in Capital Flow Analysis
		Issuers and investors may buy and sell securities, often over long periods, for reasons that are not related to the idealized patterns of behavior that we think of as 'rational' reasons that we attribute to these groups as normal behavior for issuers and investors.
		In 1996 he made his famous 'irrational exuberance' speech, that suggested that individual investors were driving the bull market.
		Greenspan's fretting over 'irrational exuberance' because it would have been obvious that it was not exuberate investors that were driving stock prices, but rather greedy corporate executives through buybacks.
	www.capital-flow-analysis.com /investment-tutorial/lesson_22.html (1657 words)

	Political Failure and Rational Irrationality
		"Irrational" in that sentence is an epistemic notion.
		But since being irrational, in that sense, is an action, it makes sense to ask questions about whether it is rational -- that is, about whether a person's ends are well-served -- by being irrational.
		Even tiny gains to be had from not thinking clearly about politics, being swept away by a candidate's charisma or caught up in mass excitement, are probably more than enough to outweigh any gains from being epistemically rational about the subject.
	personal.bgsu.edu /~roberth/caplan.html (1319 words)

	Irrational Number -- from Wolfram MathWorld (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.umd.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		An irrational number is a number that cannot be expressed as a fraction
		Irrational numbers have decimal expansions that neither terminate nor become periodic.
		Quadratic surds are irrational numbers which have periodic continued fractions.
	mathworld.wolfram.com.cob-web.org:8888 /IrrationalNumber.html (463 words)

	Academic Economics
		Critics of behavioral economics often argue that apparent irrationality arises mainly because test subjects lack adequate incentives; the defenders of behavioral economics typically reply that their findings are robust to this criticism.
		According to the theory of rational irrationality, being irrational - in the sense of deviating from rational expectations - is a good like any other; the lower the private cost, the more agents buy.
		The consumption of irrationality can be optimal, but it will usually not be when the private and the social cost of irrationality differ - for example, in elections.
	www.gmu.edu /departments/economics/bcaplan/econ.html (4027 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Islam's Irrationality by Ilana Mercer
		He did not misspeak; he was not quoted out of context; and his controversial historical reference vis-à-vis the irrationality of Islam was not randomly selected or incidental to his central thesis (faith and reason).
		That Islam may be a closed and irrational system, impermeable to reform, has concerned this pope for some time.
		The pope had previously expressed, also via proxy, his concerns over the survival of Christendom and the West in the face of a faith that doesn’t brook reason or reformation and is commanded to will the world to its ways.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=24620 (748 words)

	[ks-open] RE: Game Theory and Policy of Irrationality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		REPLY sends your message to the whole list __________________________________________ I would think that a close study of the Clinton administration's engagement with the DPRK over the nuclear power plant would be revealing, as far as Rational/Irrational goes.
		As a negotiator, the Clinton administration seemed to be the epitome of the Rational player, willing to bargain on any tiny little point if it advanced their position in the slightest, and waiting out bouts of irrationality on the part of their negotiating partners rather than responding in kind.
		The Bush administration, on the other hand, seems to be staking out irrationality as it's raison d'etre...
	koreaweb.ws /pipermail/ksopen_koreaweb.ws/2001-March/000279.html (541 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		As Ronald Takaki put it, these rationalized settings are places in which "the self was placed in confinement, its emotions controlled, and its spirit subdued." In other words, they are settings in which people cannot behave as human beings, where people are dehumanized.
		All in all, what were designed as highly rational operations often end up quite irrational.
		Although Weber was concerned about the irrationalities of formally rationalized systems such as bureaucracies, he was even more animated by what he called the "iron cage of rationality." In Weber's view, bureaucracies are cages in the sense that people are trapped in them, their basic humanity denied.
	myweb.stedwards.edu /mikef/irration.htm (325 words)

	Albert Ellis on the September 11 attacks
		These ideas are irrational because, as Alfred Korzybski noted in Science and Sanity in 1933, they are unrealistic and illogical overgeneralizations that render people "unsane".
		Thus, the first of these irrational beliefs will cause you to loathe your entire self, or personhood, not to only deplore your weakness and inadequacy to halt terrorism.
		The third of these irrational beliefs will make you hopelessly depressed about the present and future state of the world and encourage you to obsessively contemplate-and perhaps actually commit-suicide.
	www.newtherapist.com /ellis16.html (991 words)

	Salon.com Business \| Rational irrationality
		According to the Times, investors are pulling their money out of the once-popular "growth stocks" and returning to so-called "value funds," which look closely at annual reports, economic indicators and other unromantic data to find sound companies whose stock price is unjustifiably low.
		As Yale economist Robert Shiller put it, the market was in a state of "irrational exuberance." Mass psychology had driven stocks to levels far beyond the underlying values of the companies.
		But some argued that irrational exuberance might not be irrational after all.
	archive.salon.com /business/feature/2000/10/31/irrationality/index.html (885 words)

	Irrationality of Quadratic Sums
		Is the sum of and infinite quadratic sequence necessarily irrational?
		However, if we allow each denominator to EXCEED the square of the previous denominator, then the proof of irrationality becomes a little more difficult.
		then the overall sum is irrational (and this condition is clearly met by my "quadratic" unit fraction sequences.) To prove this irrationality criterion, Dean observes that if the infinite sum 1/d[1] + 1/d[2] +...
	www.mathpages.com /home/kmath455.htm (293 words)

	[ks-open] Re: Game Theory and Policy of Irrationality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		If it is the goal of the North Koreans to be players, to be listened to, to be noticed on the world stage, then keeping everyone guessing would be a rational application of apparent irrationality.
		He wrote, "It > is not a universal advantage in situations of conflict to be inalienably and > manifestly rational in decision and motivation...".
		Among these > conflicts are the Poland Solidarity crisis, the Soviet natural gas pipeline > controversy, American involvement in Nicaragua, the Grenada invasion, the > Iranian seizure of American hostages, the Iran-Iraq war, the Libyan embassy > incident, and the Falkland Islands war, among others.
	koreaweb.ws /pipermail/ksopen_koreaweb.ws/2001-March/001322.html (562 words)

	Judicial review - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.umd.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The main grounds for review are: illegality, irrationality, procedural impropriety, Human Rights Act section 6, and breach of EC law.
		Irrationality is also known as Wednesbury unreasonableness after the case of Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v.
		Non-justiciable cases are those which involve matters best left to the executive (such as national security), and courts will refuse to review such cases on the basis of irrationality.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Judicial_review (3075 words)

	WorldNetDaily: Gore's irrationality is dangerous to freedom
		It's a dangerous irrationality, too, and one that could -- quite feasibly -- put the entire country at risk.
		From a central government standpoint, that is a much better model with which to preserve traditional American freedom and values -- or, at a minimum, get back on track to reviving them.
		Gore's irrational behavior last week demonstrated that he is on little more than a quest to quench his insatiable thirst for power.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=15973 (744 words)

	Irrationality Measure -- from Wolfram MathWorld (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.umd.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Then the irrationality measure, sometimes called the Liouville-Roth constant or irrationality exponent, is defined as the threshold at which Liouville's approximation theorem kicks in and
		The definition of irrationality measure is equivalent to the statement that if
		Sondow, J. "Irrationality Measures, Irrationality Bases, and a Theorem of Jarnik." Submitted to the proceedings of Journées Arithmétiques, Graz 2003 in the Journal du Theorie des Nombres Bordeaux.
	mathworld.wolfram.com.cob-web.org:8888 /IrrationalityMeasure.html (314 words)

	Irrationality of Sqrt(2) (PRIME) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Therefore the first equation is false, and we have our result: the assumption that the square root of two is a rational number must be false, so the contrary statement is true – the square root of two is an irrational number.
		A slightly more general argument along the same lines shows that all square roots of integers are irrational, except when the integers are perfect squares (1, 4, 9, 16, 25, etc.).
		The (classical) proof you give of the irrationality of the square root of two is clear and elegant enough, but hardly the shortest or most revealing.
	www.mathacademy.com /pr/prime/articles/irr2/index.asp (721 words)

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