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Topic: Irrealis

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	LISTSERV 14.4
		Irrealis prefixes are used in conjunction with grammatical markers indicating negation, prohibition, obligation, conditional, etc and also in conjunction with simulative, infrequentative and admirative prefixes.
		Irrealis is used for i) future events ii) commands, exhortations and warnings iii) counterfactual events iv) sequences of customary and habitual events.
		E.g., the 'future' 'irrealis' in Kiowa has a number of uses that are associated with irrealis in other languages, but clearly it does not belong to a binary system or even a trinary system (of realis, irrealis and unmarked).
	listserv.linguistlist.org /cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0108B&L=linguist&P=R10089 (7000 words)

	LINGUIST List 9.241: Irrealis Discussion
		Irrealis here means the formal marking of modality (and, incidentally, of other areas of grammar).
		The hierarchy of irrealis modality allows us to make some predictions about the types of modality which will be marked by the irrealis.
		The next stages of the project are: to look at irrealis marking outside modality (in subordinate clauses, in interrogative and negated clauses, etc) and to look at languages where there is more than one irrealis marker.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/9/9-241.html (1338 words)

	Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 40, no. 2
		We argue that "irrealis" is signaled by the 'distal' markers ga' in Pilagá and ka in Toba.
		Irrealis marking is found in the optative and imperative moods, the dependent and imperative statuses, and in certain adverbial-focus constructions that may have perfect aspectual meanings.
		Or, irrealis may be attributed to the meaning of a category in a language because the category can be understood to refer to "unreal" events, in a confusion of the unreality of the referents with the category's meaning.
	www.indiana.edu /~anthling/v40-2.html (1187 words)

	Language Log: "Losing" "the subjunctive"
		The first misapprehension -- which Geoff clearly doesn't hold, though a careless reader could miss this -- is that there is a simple relationship between syntactic properties of phrases or clauses, morphological properties of words, and semantics.
		This is clearly different syntactically from the plain counterfactual (in addition to Subject-Auxiliary Inversion, the inverted counterfactual is also incompatible with a subordinator like "if"), though it shares with the plain counterfactual the use of Form:I and the contrary-to-fact semantics.
		"Irrealis" is a much better name for Form:I than, say, "cislocative" or, for that matter, "elephant", but it's at best a hint at the semantics of the constructions in which it occurs.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/001192.html (1462 words)

	Nuova pagina 0
		If habituality in the present is expressed in the same way as irrealis (for instance by means of potentials, debitives, interrogatives, conditionals, futures, subjunctives and the like), then so is habituality in the past, while the reverse does not hold.
		The association between habituality in the past and irrealis is attested in enough genetically and geographically unrelated languages to be a typologically significant phenomenon (some such languages are Bargam, Etsako, Gurr-Goni, Tamil, Tolkapaia Yavapalai, Xakas, and several Indo-European languages).
		This suggests that there must be some specific connection between habituality in the past and irrealis in general, not between habituality in the past and some particular type of unactualized situation.
	www.summerschoolaltconference.it /ALT/Abstracts/cristofaro.htm (413 words)

	ALS98 PAPERS - Claire Bowern
		It will also be demonstrated that the relation between irrealis marking and modality in a language follows a hierarchy, and the marking of a particular modality as irrealis may be predicted.
		The irrealis may contrast formally with the realis (such as in Central Pomo (Mithun 1995;368 ff)); in such languages every sentence is marked obligatorily for the category of 'reality' (see note 1).
		If a category on the hierarchy is obligatorily marked by the irrealis in a particular language, then all other modal categories which are marked in the language and occur higher on the hierarchy are likewise marked by the irrealis.
	emsah.uq.edu.au /linguistics/als/als98/bower371.html (2921 words)

	Irrealis moods - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Irrealis moods are the set of grammatical moods that indicate that something is not actually the case.
		Some languages have distinct grammatical forms that indicate that the event described by a specific verb is an irrealis verb.
		Many of the Indo-European languages preserve a subjunctive mood that functions as an irrealis; some also preserve an optative mood that describes events that are wished for or hoped for but not present.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Irrealis_moods (191 words)

	A second project will examine the conflicting roles of vernacular evolution and normative prescription in Canadian ...
		The irrealis sector is an area of the grammar in which a number of linguistic forms tend to compete in fulfilling a given function.
		This often leads to conflict between normative prescription, as grammarians attempt to match form with function, and the evolution of the vernacular, which remains impervious to such pressures.
		I compare the variable expression of subjunctive mood, as in (1), future temporal reference, as in (2), and the formulation of conditions in hypothetical si- clauses (3) in spoken French.
	eserver.org /langs/emergence/poplack.html (604 words)

	LISTSERV 14.4
		Though usually there is some notionally irrealis feature associated with subjunctives, a subjuncive can sometimes be simply a marker of subordination.
		In this chapter, Palmer investigates the role of realis and irrealis markers in varied languages.
		Commonly occurs in main clauses, where it co-occurs with a grammatical marker that is notionally irrealis.
	listserv.linguistlist.org /cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0108B&L=linguist&D=0&P=5038&F=P (6890 words)

	On Representing Semantic Maps
		There is a plethora of terminology and one of the downsides is that comparisons between languages or language families become cumbersome as it is very often the case that scholars who work on a specific language family have developed a set of terms which does not correspond with similar terms used by others.
		The problem is that the term irrealis is used in grammatical descriptions in such a way that normally only a subset of irrealis notions is covered by presumed irrealis morphemes (see Bybee 1998 for a good description of the problem).
		Any possible permutation of the "realis" categories plus any possible permutation of the "irrealis" categories (plus their mirror images) would be a valid semantic map as each accounts for the given data.
	emeld.org /workshop/2004/dehaan-paper.html (3242 words)

	Hyptertextbook Lesson 25
		The corresponding English word real more or less captures the idea: realis is the concrete mood of actuality, of truth (past tense, generic statements); whereas, the irrealis is the mood of the not yet, of the possible, the projected, the future.
		The irrealis sequential in Hebrew is encoded by the past subjunctive.
		However, it is important to notice that this refers to the form of the verb employed, not its modal (ir)realis sequential semantics.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~decaen/hypertextbook/lesson25.html (547 words)

	assemelhar com o modo ‘irrealis’ - similar to the Irrealis mode (Portuguese to English translation glossary) ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The morpheme XXX seems to be similar to the Irrealis mode.
		This is not the same as the negative where in an event did not or will not take place, it simply makes no claims with respect to the actuality of the event or situation described.
		Though I agree with Nadia and her examples of 'irrealis' mode, I don't see how a morpheme can "resemble" or "be similar to" a mode.
	www.proz.com /kudoz/1685202 (367 words)

	Language Log: Strange ifs of the third kind
		My claim is that the patient in the cartoon is using if as a subordinator to introduce a declarative irrealis mood content clause, and that this is one of the grammatical possibilities with the matrix verb prefer.
		The inflectional system of English is much less complex than it was a thousand years ago, and today there is only one verb that has an irrealis form that is (in spelling and pronunciation) different from its preterite.
		And even for be, there are only two contexts in which you can tell the irrealis from the preterite: the first person singular (if I were you) and the third person singular (if he were really smart).
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/003150.html (995 words)

	BGreek: Irrealis in various languages
		Irrealis here means the formal marking of modality (and,
		corresponding positive modality is also marked by the irrealis.
		irrealis, then there will also be a desiderative use.
	www.ibiblio.org /bgreek/test-archives/html4/1998-02/22371.html (1154 words)

	Re: ago24 & replies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		I conclude that {lonu broda} should express realis, > but {lenu broda} can be irrealis.
		> Actually, {lonu broda} could describe irrealis if we > listened to a suggestion (I forgot who made it), which agrees with > worldview of some American Indians very much: irrealis is also a fact.
		So {lonu broda} should be able to describe irrealis only if we have clear ways of whether we're talking about this world or an imaginary one.
	nuzban.wiw.org /archive/9502/msg00080.html (228 words)

	Conditional sentence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		English conditional sentences can be divided into two broad classes, depending on the form of the verb in the protasis.
		The terms "realis" and "irrealis" broadly correspond to the notions of realis and irrealis modality.
		To refer to contrary-to-fact past events, the pluperfect (or past perfect subjunctive) is used in the protasis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Conditional_sentence (872 words)

	Mona Diab Center for Spoken Language Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The imperatives are interesting in that there are four different imperative forms, two of which are recent innovations which, though meeting all the classic definitions of imperatives, have adopted inflectional morphology from the fourth, irrealis paradigm rather than from the existing imperative paradigm.
		Briefly examining other imperative-like constructions which also use the irrealis, I will suggest that the extension of the Arapaho irrealis verbal paradigm can be specifically linked to the evolution of a unified concept of "irrealis" in Arapaho within the domain of commands, requests and wishes, which centers specifically on judgements of relative agency.
		I will close by briefly addressing recent claims that irrealis is not a valid cross-linguistic category from the perspective of the evolution of grammar.
	www.colorado.edu /linguistics/events/LINGCircle/Andrew_Cowell_abstract.html (255 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Upon hearing the first notes of Irrealis, there was a strong sense of déjà vu that just would not quit.
		“Modus Irrealis,” after noises that sound a bit like setting up, presents a melody by the sax and bass in unison with piano pluckings and drum tappings played behind.
		Zakrisson clearly is a talented writer whose piano sound can be a little hard, and Milder, usually thought of as a tenor saxophonist, stays mainly in the high register, producing an alto-like open sound.
	www.allaboutjazz.com /php/review_print.php?id=17004 (461 words)

	BGreek: Re: Irrealis in various languages
		Maybe in reply to: Mari Broman Olsen: "Irrealis in various languages"
		I found the summary of your work about irrealis very interesting.
		found in main clauses, is marked for irrealis (either being a shortened or
	www.ibiblio.org /bgreek/test-archives/html4/1998-02/22372.html (611 words)

	Irrealis - Wikipedia
		Im Deutschen drückt man den Irrealis der Gegenwart mit dem Konjunktiv II (Conjunctivus Præteriti) aus und den der Vergangenheit mit dem Konjunktiv II des Perfekts (Conjunctivus Plusquamperfecti).
		Irrealis der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit können sich im bedingenden (Protasis) und im bedingten Satz (Apodosis) durchaus abwechseln:
		Wenn ich gelernt hätte (Irrealis der Vergangenheit), säße ich nun nicht ahnungslos herum.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Irrealis (213 words)

	2•3•5•2. The Irrealis Continuous (فعلِ ...
		In the Tajik idiom, the irrealis continuous is generated by means of the following pattern (see
		The irrealis continuous does not occur with a
		اگر داشت باران می‌آمد (irrealis continuous) ناودان دوباره سروصدا راه می‌انداخت‌.
	www.fazel.de /dastur/EN/2-3-5-2_irrealis_continuous.html (186 words)

	Amazon.com: "irrealis marker": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		1.1 Basic concepts realis 'remote past' and irrealis 'future', with the realis marker -ell and the irrealis marker -eb on the verb in the subordinate clause, are: ho bu-busal-en age qo-m pig SIM-run out-3SG+DS+REAL 3PL hit-3PL+REM.
		Those speakers who preferred gon as an irrealis marker were either HCE speakers or HPE speakers from the more decreolised islands of Maui and Oahu.
		The symbol [LY] represents a palatalized voiceless lateral, and futurity is one interpretation of the irrealis marker (IRR).
	www.amazon.com /phrase/irrealis-marker (520 words)

	ORLAPUBS P. L53: CONDITIONALS IN ENGLISH
		(Surrealis is an overmarked subcategory of irrealis expressions; see irrrealis and surrealis in the index to Bailey, Essays on time-based linguistic analysis [Oxford University Press], 1996).
		The surrealis environment can be created by "make/be sure," expressions of hope, and of course an infinitive in the main clause.
		Had begins a past conterfactual (irrealis) hypothesis; did begins a present counterfactual (also irrealis).
	www.orlapubs.com /AL/L53.html (1573 words)

	Amazon.com: "irrealis event": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Affirmation is the contrast between affirmative and negative clauses.
		A realis mode event happens in the real world; an irrealis event either does not happen at all or happens in a possible rather than real world.
		The sequence pa va to negate an IRREALIS event is ungrammatical in HC, R& union Creole, other French-lexicon Creoles, and certain regional varieties of French.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/irrealis-event (468 words)

	sueno_all hearts
		Thought experiment methodology is a priori, rather than empirical, in that it does not proceed by observation or physical experiment.
		Thought experimentation is an a priori, rather than an empirical process, in that the experiments are conducted within the imagination (i.e., Brown’s (1993) "laboratory of the mind"), and never in fact.
		Thought experiments, which are well-structured, well-defined (rather than ill-defined) hypothetical questions that employ subjunctive reasoning (irrealis moods) -- "What might happen (or, what might have happened) if.
	www.azart.co.uk /pics.htm (2047 words)

	Flaidish
		The basic meaning of the irrealis tense (epesec) is uncertainty, and its simplest use is for present or past events the speaker cannot vouch for.
		Here the switch from the habitual to the irrealis indicates that the speaker is now imagining a specific but fictional instance of a cat scratching, as opposed to a general fact about cats (cf.
		The irrealis is used when the consequent would be doubtful even if the condition were true:
	www.zompist.com /flaidish.htm (8469 words)

	ORLAPUBS P. L3: ENGLISH PROCESSUAL VERB MODALITIES
		, makes a statement irrealis and can be stylistically employed to mitigate one's assertiveness, as in "Did you wish to leave on tomorrow's flight, Madam?" The shifting of time to an earlier time make statements involving present or past time counterfactual, as in these contrasting hypothesis clauses:
		Notice that was is often reversed to were in the last, irrealis clause; this is not optional when if is omitted in such clauses (see below).
		In the surrealisenvironment (a posterior environment--illustrated here in hypothesis clauses), the irrealis effect is dubitative rather than one of counterfactuality:
	www.orlapubs.com /AL/L3.html (1448 words)

	Learn Spanish online for free: curso de español (Online Spanish Course)
		Translate the following sentences to conditional clauses of a) Realis, b) Irrealis present tense and c) Irrealis past tense.
		Realis, Irrealis present tense, Irrealis past tense (use the form with -iera).
		If he goes now he won't come back.
	www.learn-spanish-online.de /exercises/level2_uses/2_1_conditional_clauses.htm (260 words)

	Der Irrealis (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab-11.cs.princeton.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Irrealis: Der Sprecher hält den Inhalt des bedingenden Satzes für nicht wirklich.
		Protasis und Apodosis (Bedingung und Folgerung) stehen für die
		Ausnahme: Für den Irrealis der Vergangenheit Aktiv tritt der Konj.
	www.tggaa.de.cob-web.org:8888 /Latein/Irrealis.htm (137 words)

	Glutus irrealis intervallum - GFXartist.com - Served over 20,000,000 artworks
		Glutus irrealis intervallum - GFXartist.com - Served over 20,000,000 artworks
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	absolute-naut.gfxartist.com /artworks/111815 (353 words)

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