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Topic: Irredentist

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	Irredentism — www.greenwood.com
		During the Cold War, irredentist projects were largely subordinated to the ideological struggle between East and West.
		His central argument is that irredentist states confront two potentially contradictory forces: domestic nationalism and pressure from the international community.
		Irredentist leaders are forced to reconcile their nationalist policies with pressures from the international plane.
	www.greenwood.com /books/bookdetail.asp?sku=C7260 (243 words)

	Irredentism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A common way to express a claim to adjacent territories on the grounds of historical or ethnic association is by using the epithet "Greater" before the country name, as in Greater Serbia, Greater Albania or Greater Morocco.
		Not all territorial disputes are irredentist, although they are often couched in irredentist rhetoric to legitimize such claims both internationally and within the country.
		The implication is that the national minority is caught between the nationalizing state within whose borders it exists, and the external homeland to which it is seen as belonging.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Irredenta (1107 words)

	New Balkan Politics - Issue 2
		An irredentist demand may not be serious if (a) the irredentist country has simply lodged minor claims upon its neighbors, as is the case of several Southeast Asian states, or (b) the irredentist state is very small and weak and the anti-irredentist state is large and powerful.
		As the irredentist power expresses its'concern for the status of the ethnic minority in the neighboring state, hope grows within the ethnic, minority that it will be incorporated into the revisionist state or that, with the support of the revisionist power, it may achieve separate statehood.
		The effects of irredentist claims on the internal political structure and on the political culture of the anti-irredentist political system depend very much on the magnitude of the threat from the revisionist state and on the degree of ethnic homogeneity in the anti-irredentist country.
	www.newbalkanpolitics.org.mk /OldSite/Issue_2/weiner.eng.asp (6906 words)

	Post-Independence Low Intensity Conflict In Kenya
		OUTLINE Thesis: Although Kenya battled the pro-Somali insurgent irredentists who fought to liberate the Northern Frontier District and annex it to Somalia, the predicament is still unresolved.
		The Somalis irredentist (Shifta) were more shrewd in their tactics and approach throughout the period.
		The shortage of vehicles and breakdowns, exacerbated by bad weather conditions, together with the anti-tank mine dilemma made it almost impossible for operations to be conducted deep in enemy areas.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1992/BHK.htm (7453 words)

	Irredentism: Ethnic Conflict and International Politics // Abstract
		It will be argued that potential irredentists confront two potentially conflicting forces: domestic nationalism and the policies of the international community.
		The degree to which relevant external actors are acquiescent to the policies of an irredentist state will significantly determine the success of such a policy.
		If the impact of the international community were nil, then this level of nationalism would translate almost directly into the level of irredentism (barring defeats on the battlefield and other military considerations).
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /ndsu/ambrosio/irredentism/abstract.html (844 words)

	BENEDETTO CAIROLI - LoveToKnow Article on BENEDETTO CAIROLI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The prestige personally acquired by Benedetto Cniroli was augmented by that of his four brothers, who fell during the wars of Risorgimento, and by the heroic conduct of their mother.
		After his marriage with the countess Elena Siz~o of Trent, he permitted the Irredentist agitation to carry the country to the verge of a war with Austria.
		General irritation was caused by his and Count Cortis policy of clean hands at the Berlin Congress, where Italy obtained nothing, while Austria-Hungary secured a European mandate to occupy Bosnia and the Herzegovina.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CA/CAIROLI_BENEDETTO.htm (809 words)

	Background on the Balkans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Nationalism, the desire of an ethnic group to have a nation of their own both combines and competes with irredentism, which is the concept that areas settled by an ethnic group should be ruled by that ethnic group.
		Balkan history is filled with instances of ethnic clashes caused by nationalist and irredentist motives.
		Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the barbarian invasions of the Byzantine Empire in the fifth to seventh centuries, the northern Balkan peninsula was left sparsely-populated and became settled by Slav and Bulgar peoples.
	www.phoenixcommand.com /hell1.htm (1784 words)

	Irredentism bei eLexi - das Onlinelexikon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This originally referred to Austro-Hungarian rule over Italian-inhabited territories in the northern Adriatic during the 19th and early 20th century.
		An area subjected to an irredentist claim is sometimes called an irredenta.
		Not all territorial disputes are irredentist, although they are often couched in irredentist terms to strengthen public support.
	www.elexi.de /en/i/ir/irredentism.html (454 words)

	Abstract and Bio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Irredentist Urbanism: Border Dispute, Rapprochement and Modern Architecture in the Alsace-Lorraine, 1945-1965
		Looking to the border region of formerly ancestral enemies France and Germany, I argue that the twenty-year period of reconstruction after WW II marks a time of irredentist urbanism: a period in which architectural and city development were part of a means to negotiate wartime territorial breaches and restitution during peacetime.
		The modern architectural development in the Alsace-Lorraine region at mid-century made legible a rising new relationship among European nation-states in the form of the European Union.
	www.docomomo2004.org /rec_11.htm (258 words)

	Today's Home News
		The latest instance of an irredentist map and text was apparently detected within the pages of a textbook used by junior high school pupils in FYROM.
		In broadening the issue beyond just maps and periodic irredentist language long considered a nuisance by successive Greek governments, Koumoutsakos referred directly to the previously strife-ridden former Yugoslav state's European prospects.
		Finally, the spokesman said any next move -- as far as UN-mediated efforts to resolve the "name issue" are concerned -- must hail from the FYROM side, while noting that whereas contacts are continuing, a lull has been observed in terms of real developments.
	www.ana.gr /anaweb/user/showplain?maindoc=3112107&service=10 (631 words)

	[No title]
		In practice, cases of potential irredentist conflict are usually alleviated by negotiations between the “big countries” involved, which wish to avoid persistent international tension over the issue.
		Thus, these potentially irredentist enclaves typically receive high levels of autonomy and “special status” within their state.
		Irredentist parties are actually quite rare in Western democracies: the Republican parties of Northern Ireland are the best-known examples (the Unionist parties could be considered “reverse irredentist” or “anti-irredentist” parties).
	www.yale.edu /leitner/xseshcpsanon.doc (7056 words)

	2001 General Assembly of the European Alliance - August
		As members of Greece's ethnic Macedonian minority, and as the sole minority party from the Balkan region represented in the European Parliament through the European Free Alliance, we are compelled in response to the crisis in the Republic of Macedonia to express our profound concern with regard to current developments in the Balkans.
		We believe that everything we in the Balkan region have been living through for the past ten years is rooted in the nationalistic and irredentist ideologies that have been paramount in the Balkans from the creation of the region's nation states to the present.
		Permit me to point out that in the Balkans the term "nationalistic" has a negative connotation, associated both with the irredentist concepts that have led and continue to lead to armed conflict as well as with the chauvinist policy of ethnic cleansing.
	www.florina.org /html/2001/2001_efa_assembly.html (1039 words)

	Jesuits, Hiroshima & irredentism
		In this sense, China's policy on Taiwan and Japan's policy on the Northern Territories (Hoppou Ryoudo) are irredentist.
		Possibilities: (1) I'm missing the sense in which the "unreachability" is irrendentist (2) There is some special Jesuit or Catholic analytical usage of the term "irredentist" (I'm not Catholic; I couldn't find this in the on-line Catholic Encyclopedia) (3) some other term is meant.
		A little more background: Malachi Martin is presenting the idea that Arrupe was particularly well prepared to recognize the "unreachability" of Japan, since Arrupe is a Basque, and the Basques are famous for being unassimilable into the rest of Europe.
	www.mail-archive.com /fukuzawa@ucsd.edu/msg11851.html (312 words)

	irredentism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Agitation took place both inside Austria-Hungary and in Italy itself.
		The liberation of Italia irredenta was perhaps the strongest motive for the entry of Italy into World War I. The Treaty of Versailles (1919) satisfied most of the irredentist claims.
		The term irredentism has, by extension, been applied to nationalist agitation in other countries, based on historical, ethnic, and geographical reasons, for the incorporation of territories under foreign rule.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ir/irredent.html (171 words)

	Palestine Media Watch
		In other words, he is trying to keep 5-10 percent of the land that belongs to the Palestinians.
		It is, in fact, the founding of the State of Israel that was based on irredentist extremism.
		Let me remind you that it was the Zionists who claimed Palestine –a land inhabited by the Palestinians- as their homeland.
	www.pmwatch.org /pmw/db/gadflies/display_message.asp?mid=706 (535 words)

	[lbo-talk] O'Reilly vs Churchill: treason? sedition? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Churchill >is a Native American activist raising the legitimate protests of Indians >against the world-historic genocidal usurpation of the Western Hemisphere >by >Europeans.
		In other words, he is the absolute opposite of an "irredentist".
		"Irredentist" is a totally wrong concept >to apply to the leaders of oppressed nations who are protesting imperialist >usurpation of their land !
	mailman.lbo-talk.org /pipermail/lbo-talk/Week-of-Mon-20050214/003589.html (1186 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It is possible to distinguish between three types of irredenta: state-state, decolonization, and state collapse.
		This tripartite division of irredentist cases reflects the distinction made within international law and the practice of third-party states toward irredentist conflicts.
		In order to illustrate these differences, a number of brief accounts of irredentist conflicts are examined, corresponding to the different types: state-state (Somali invasion of Ethiopia and the invasion of South Korea by North Korea); decolonization (India-Goa and Indonesia-East Timor); and lastly, state collapse (Serbia, Croatia, Armenia).
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /ndsu/ambrosio/abstractirredentism.html (219 words)

	Cesare Battisti: Italian Patriot,Hero,Martyr - Stirpes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Those members of this movement in Italy, or in the 'occupied' lands were called Irredentists.
		The Irredentist movement was the subject of much discussion and controversy.
		Mussolini then was anti-militarist, a pacifist and an internationalist and as such he couldn't agree with Battisti's Irredentist views.
	forum.stirpes.net /showthread.php?t=286 (1523 words)

	Papers on Finno-Ugric Peoples and other Minority Issues
		However, they are not exactly successful, because of Russian irredentist claims to the Estonian nation, and Hungarian own irredentist claims to neighbouring countries.
		The issue of Finnish and Karelian nationalisms is further complicated by historical irredentist claims of the former.
		The Finno-Ugric project would be useful for Estonia and Finland to justify own policies in relations with Russia, to respond to its irredentist claims by reference to the disastrous situation of their ethnic kin in Russia.
	www.suri.ee /papers/zamjatine.html (6608 words)

	FAQ about Macedonia ,Hellenic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		For the embargo to end, the flag, certain articles in its constitution, and the hostile propaganda have to be changed ("small package"), while the name can be decided in later negotiations.
		Naming a country after a neighboring region is a de facto irredentist strategy aimed at destabilizing the region, and hoping that the country, will absorb the neighboring region.
		The Greek state feels that the "inexplicable" adoption of an irredentist name and flag by FYROM are hostile and provocative acts designed to establish future claims on Greek Macedonia.
	www.datatone.com /~angelos/macfaq.html (2776 words)

	Europe-Asia Studies: Pan-Turkism. From Irrendentism to Cooperation. - book reviews
		While Russian rule in Central Asia did not bring economic hardships to the conquered territories, the russifying and Christianising efforts of the Russians were conducive to the emergence of Pan-Turk sentiments.
		In Landau's words, 'while it has failed to become a popular ideology or a mass movement in the Republic of Turkey, it has nonetheless achieved enough importance in recent years to bring about a vehement public condemnation (along with revived Islamism) by the State President in 1976' (p.
		The author distinguishes Pan-movements aiming at common policy as an expression of cooperation, such as Pan-Americanism, from Pan-movements 'of a militantly nationalist character, aiming at political union' (p.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3955/is_n7_v48/ai_19226505 (1033 words)

	Is Europe evolving to "supranationalism," that is a United States of Europe, or are nationalistic and ethnic ...
		Coursework and Essays: By Level: College and University: Politics: Is Europe evolving to "supranationalism," that is a United States of Europe, or are nationalistic and ethnic irredentist designs creating devolution or splitting of existing states
		Below is a short sample of the essay "Is Europe evolving to "supranationalism," that is a United States of Europe, or are nationalistic and ethnic irredentist designs creating devolution or splitting of existing states?".
		If you sign up you could be reading the rest of this essay in under two minutes.
	www.coursework.info /i/45685.html (405 words)

	FUTURISM AND THE FUTURISTS - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The disputed areas, inhabited by an Italian majority and including the Trentino, Trieste, Istria, Fiume, and parts of Dalmatia, were known as Italia irredenta (unredeemed Italy) and gave rise to the Italian nationalist "irredentist" movement.
		The liberation of Italia irredenta was perhaps the strongest motive for the entry of Italy into World War I. In 1915 the Treaty of London promised Fiume and part of Dalmatia to Italy in return for Italian help to the Allies.
		Gabriele D'Annunzio, poet, novelist, dramatist and soldier, was born in Pescara in 1863.
	www.futurism.org.uk /notes/fiume.htm (500 words)

	Self-Determination and Disorder
		On Rosalyn Higgins' interpretation, the right to self-determination as guaranteed in international law is more general than the quest for independence; it addresses the right of individuals to practice their culture and the right of all the 'peoples' within a territory to jointly self-determine their fate.
		Thus, international law does not require redrawing borders in response to secessionist or irredentist movements, which is what one might think is exactly what a "right to self-determination" demands.
		This was clearly seen when German self-determination involved the destruction in turn of Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland--states which, ironically enough, had shortly before themselves been set up in the name of national self-determination").
	www.stevesachs.com /papers/paper_selfd.html (3798 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Greece imposed a set of trade sanctions as retortion measures on Skopje on 16 February in a bid to retaliate FYROM intransigence.
		It demands that the neighbouring state change its flag, name and Constitution containing irredentist designs against Greece's northern province of Macedonia.
		Meanwhile, Foreign Minister Karolos Papoulias was due to leave for New York today for talks Thursday with UN mediator for the FYROM issue Cyrus Vance.
	www.b-info.com /places/Bulgaria/news/94-06/jun14.gr (843 words)

	bitterlemons-international.org - Middle East Roundtable
		If this is violated and a Kurdish state is created in northern Iraq, it is assumed that it would develop irredentist claims in Turkey and would invariably support the PKK, which still exists in northern Iraq.
		They are deeply distrustful of the US, and despite reassurances from the US and the Iraqi Kurdish leadership, they fear this development.
		No one believes that an Iraq Kurdish state would not be irredentist; very few Turks believe a Kurdish state could be benign.
	www.bitterlemons-international.org /previous.php?opt=1&id=21 (4590 words)

	[No title]
		In this proposal he was guided by the idea of preventing future manifestations of the irredentist spirit within the schools of the nationalities that were contrary to the interests of the Hungarian state.
		In his justification of the proposal he explained that the state recognized the right of the churches to sponsor schools and even helped them financially to exercise this right; but there is one condition to this aid and to the recognition of the churches' mission: Every school should provide faultless education in patriotic citizenship."
		On the contrary; the evidence is overwhelming that the provisions regarding increased teaching of the Hungarian language as well as those pertaining to the display of the national flag and seal on school buildings only enhanced the anti-Hungarian irredentism of the Romanians.
	www.hungarianhistory.com /lib/biro/biro11.htm (11818 words)

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