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Topic: Irrigation

	Irrigation Association of Australia Ltd
		Welcome to a world of information about the irrigation industry and irrigation practices in Australia for irrigators, local government bodies, statutory bodies and tertiary institutions, irrigation consultants and designers, irrigation contractors and installers, manufacturers, importers, distributors and retailers of irrigation equipment and services.
		If you live in SE Qld and work with irrigation systems, this is your best opportunity to develop your skills and experience in irrigation operation.
		In a first for the water industry in Australia, a national set of best practice guidelines for urban irrigation and home garden irrigation was developed in 2006.
	www.irrigation.org.au (563 words)

	Irrigation Scheduling
		Its purpose is to maximize irrigation efficiencies by applying the exact amount of water needed to replenish the soil moisture to the desired level.
		The purpose of irrigation scheduling is to determine the exact amount of water to apply to the field and the exact timing for application.
		Irrigation scheduling methods differ by the irrigation criterion or by the method used to estimate or measure this criterion.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/crops/04708.html (864 words)

	EPA - Ag 101, Crop Production Irrigation
		The need to irrigate is usually driven by the necessity to meet the water needs of the crop from year to year (some areas of the country simply receive too little rainfall during the growing season to support economical crop growth).
		Irrigation types can be further distinguished by whether the equipment is permanently installed in one place (stationary system) or whether it is used until the necessary amount of water is applied, then moved to a different area (traveling system).
		Environmental concerns related to irrigation include depletion of the water source (falling water tables or reduced water levels in streams or reservoirs), soil erosion due to over-application, runoff and leaching of chemicals, and salinization of the soil (salt-buildup) and minerals and nutrients in the irrigation return flow that drains from the irrigated area.
	www.epa.gov /agriculture/ag101/cropirrigation.html (866 words)

	An Introduction to Drip Irrigation
		Drip irrigation is the slow, even application of low pressure water to soil and plants using plastic tubing placed directly at the plants root zone.
		Typically, when irrigation is monitored closely, less nitrogen fertilizer is needed with drip irrigation systems than with furrow irrigation systems because the fertilizer is spoon-fed to the root system and little is lost due to leaching.
		For example, with furrow irrigation, typically at least 4 acre-feet/acre/year of water is applied to onion fields in the Treasure Valley of eastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho.
	www.cropinfo.net /drip.htm (2653 words)

	Smart Irrigation Month
		Irrigation zones are areas of the yard that are watered by the same irrigation valve and plumbing.
		Irrigation lines should be installed at a depth where aeration and other lawn maintenance will not interfere with them.
		Irrigation systems are exposed to the elements year-round, as well as everything from lawn mower blades to the family dog.
	www.irrigation.org /SIM/default.aspx?pg=basics.htm&id=233 (2316 words)

	Drip Irrigation for Home Gardens
		Slopes are inefficient to irrigate because gravity pulls water downhill, causing runoff and water waste.
		Trees larger than 25 feet at maturity may be impractical to irrigate with drip because of the extensive nature of tree root systems and mass of the trees.
		Irrigation systems operate under dynamic (flowing) water pressure that is reduced with elevation gain and friction loss through rubbing on the sides of pipes.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/garden/04702.html (3669 words)

	Utah History Encyclopedia
		A small irrigation ditch was dug to divert water from City Creek to the sunbaked and hardened soil.
		Irrigation schemes often were hastily planned, quickly blossomed on paper, but dried up just as quickly when it came to constructing the canals, leaving many irrigators high and dry.
		The story of irrigation in Utah is the saga that began with the individual irrigator, shovel in hand, coaxing a trickle of water onto the dry land.
	www.media.utah.edu /UHE/i/IRRIGATION.html (2173 words)

	Efficient Irrigation AG-508-6
		Sprinkler irrigation may be as simple as a single sprinkler attached to a garden hose, or it may be a complex system of underground pipes and pop-up spray heads.
		Drip irrigation is recommended for use on trees, shrubs, and flowers in the high- and moderate-water-use zones of the landscape to maximize efficiency.
		Several types of drip irrigation systems can be adapted to suit a variety of applications, from watering individual trees and shrubs to beds of annuals, herbaceous perennials, ground covers, or mixed borders.
	www.bae.ncsu.edu /programs/extension/publicat/wqwm/ag508_6.html (3035 words)

	Landscape Network \| Landscape Design Ideas - Irrigation
		Irrigation design is fairly complex, requiring expert knowledge of pipe size and material, ways of boosting water pressure, routing and concealing irrigation plumbing and hardware, safety and water quality protection.
		The goal for a landscape irrigation plan is 100 percent survival rate of plants, using the minimum amount of water to do the job.
		Generally, micro irrigation is not suited for lawns and turf, but groundcover, shrubs, and even dwarf fruit trees are good candidates for drip or trickle irrigation.
	www.landscapenetwork.com /topics/irrigate.shtml (1453 words)

	Landscape Network \| Landscape Design Ideas - Irrigation
		Irrigation design is fairly complex, requiring expert knowledge of pipe size and material, ways of boosting water pressure, routing and concealing irrigation plumbing and hardware, safety and water quality protection.
		The goal for a landscape irrigation plan is 100 percent survival rate of plants, using the minimum amount of water to do the job.
		Generally, micro irrigation is not suited for lawns and turf, but groundcover, shrubs, and even dwarf fruit trees are good candidates for drip or trickle irrigation.
	landscapenetwork.com /topics/irrigate.shtml (1453 words)

	Ancient Irrigation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Promising irrigation areas thus may have natural salts in rocks or soils that will easily be transferred into fields as soon as irrigation water is applied, and even that water may come from rivers that have become saltier from evaporation along their courses.
		Irrigation works therefore had to be passive in construction, and built relatively high along the river bank so that they dealt only with the peak of the flood.
		Most likely, irrigation systems began with small springs and in small drainages, and as engineering techniques were developed, they could be applied to larger rivers and to larger areas of plains.
	www.geology.ucdavis.edu /~cowen/~GEL115/115CH17oldirrigation.html (2767 words)

	Collapse: Mesopotamia
		Farming in the region depended on irrigation from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
		Irrigation has a Catch-22: if irrigation water is allowed to sit on the fields and evaporate, it leaves behind mineral salts; if attempts are made to drain off irrigation water and it flows through the soil too quickly, erosion becomes a problem.
		The irrigated soil is becoming increasingly salty, as is the water table.
	www.learner.org /exhibits/collapse/mesopotamia.html (512 words)

	Vegetable Crop Irrigation
		Irrigation is likely to increase size and weight of individual fruit and to prevent defects such as toughness, strong flavor, poor tipfill and podfill, cracking, blossom-end rot and misshapen fruit.
		Irrigation rate will depend on soil type but application rates should not exceed 0.40 inch per hour for sandy soils, 0.30 inch per hour for loamy soils or 0.20 inch per hour for clay soils.
		An irrigation of 0.50 to 0.75 inches immediately after planting should be applied to settle the soil and to start seeds germinating.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /depts/hort/hil/hil-33-e.html (1428 words)

	Irrigation water use, from USGS Water Science.
		Throughout the world, irrigation (water for agriculture, or growing crops) is probably the most important use of water (except for drinking and washing a smelly dog, perhaps).
		Irrigation withdrawals were 40 percent of total freshwater withdrawals and, when excluding thermo-electric power, 65 percent of total freshwater withdrawals.
		Irrigated acreage in these States were located in areas where average annual precipitation typically is less than 20 inches and is insufficient to support crops without supplemental water.
	ga.water.usgs.gov /edu/wuir.html (713 words)

	CHAPTER 2. BASIN IRRIGATION
		Basin irrigation is generally not suited to crops which cannot stand in wet or waterlogged conditions for periods longer than 24 hours.
		The height of bunds is determined by the irrigation depth and the freeboard.
		Irrigation water is led directly from the field channel into the basin through siphons, spiles or bundbreaks (see also Annex 1).
	www.fao.org /docrep/s8684e/s8684e03.htm (3087 words)

	Nasal irrigation
		Irrigation is also used to treat long-term users of inhalants, such as illicit drugs (cocaine), or such occupational toxins as paint fumes, sawdust, pesticides, and coal dust.
		Nasal irrigation may also be used in occupational medicine to monitor workers for exposure to airborne glass fibers, asbestos, and similar materials.
		Before nasal irrigation, the patient is instructed not to open his or her mouth or swallow during the procedure.
	www.healthatoz.com /healthatoz/Atoz/ency/nasal_irrigation.jsp (614 words)

	Healthy Landscapes: Drip Irrigation
		Drip irrigation applies the water slowly at the plant root zone where it is needed.
		Drip irrigation has more commonly been used in commercial nursery and agricultural operations, however, homeowners are beginning to take advantage of its uses and benefits.
		The cost of a drip irrigation system will vary depending on the size of the area to be irrigated and the type of emitters and tubing used.
	www.uri.edu /ce/healthylandscapes/dripirrigation.htm (1161 words)

	Toro - Irrigation
		Toro irrigation products help turf professionals maintain the most challenging sports field environments, with the strength, endurance and reliability to stand up to the toughest professionals, game after game.
		Toro offers a complete line of irrigation products that are trusted by many of the world’s finest golf courses.
		Toro's agricultural irrigation systems help grow fruits, vegetables and nuts using the most efficient technology available.
	www.toro.com /watermgmt (178 words)

	Introduction to Micro-irrigation
		In irrigated agriculture, micro-irrigation is used extensively for row crops, mulched crops, orchards, gardens, greenhouses and nurseries.
		Micro-irrigation systems are ideal for high value installations such as orchards, vineyards, greenhouses, and nurseries where traditional irrigation methods may not be practical.
		Irrigation pipeline systems are generally described as branching systems (Figure 6).
	www.ag.ndsu.edu /pubs/ageng/irrigate/ae1243w.htm (2237 words)

	P2185 Soybean Irrigation
		Irrigation will almost always result in a yield increase; however, weather conditions throughout the growing season have significant influence on yield response to supplemental water.
		Using plant indicators to time irrigation is less desirable since they indicate the plant is already stressed and the optimum irrigation opportunity is past.
		Flood irrigation is typically 50 to 60 percent efficient.
	www.msucares.com /pubs/publications/p2185.htm (2993 words)

	P2185 Soybean Irrigation
		Irrigation will almost always result in a yield increase; however, weather conditions throughout the growing season have significant influence on yield response to supplemental water.
		Using plant indicators to time irrigation is less desirable since they indicate the plant is already stressed and the optimum irrigation opportunity is past.
		Flood irrigation is typically 50 to 60 percent efficient.
	msucares.com /pubs/publications/p2185.htm (2993 words)

	Irrigation: Irrigation techniques
		The system is called flood irrigation -- water is pumped or brought to the fields and is allowed to flow along the ground among the crops.
		If you consider that the majority of irrigation occurs in the western U.S., where water is relatively scarce, you can see how important it is for farmers to find the most efficient methods of using their irrigation water.
		Leveling of fields: Flood irrigation uses gravity to transport water, and, since water flows downhill, it will miss a part of the field that is on a hill, even a small hill.
	ga.water.usgs.gov /edu/irmethods.html (893 words)

	AZ Master Gardener Manual: Care (Cont.)
		Irrigation is essential for the production of fruit in the arid desert environment of Arizona.
		Basin irrigation is an excellent way to irrigate fruit trees but certain principles need to be followed.
		In basin irrigation water should be applied to a depth of 4 inches.
	ag.arizona.edu /pubs/garden/mg/fruit/irrigation.html (1400 words)

	UC Vegetable Research & Information Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The chapter in your Master Gardener Handbook on Soil, Fertilizers, and Irrigation in the Home Garden includes extensive information on soil water, the water-holding capacity of various soil types, plant-available water and irrigation, including methods to determine irrigation frequency and the amount of water to use at each irrigation in the home garden.
		Irrigation as it applied to home vegetable gardens is presented here in a very brief format.
		If you plan to use furrow irrigation, use raised beds that are 5 or 6 inches high and 32 to 40 inches apart from center to center.
	vric.ucdavis.edu /veginfo/commodity/garden/caring.html (1141 words)

	Grounds Irrigation Systems \| Hydration systems for your grounds & landscapes
		Some professionals may think irrigation installation and maintenance are easy, but there is always something that can and will go wrong....
		Irrigation systems consist of many parts and pieces, but you can describe them basically as a collection of sprinklers turned on and off with an automatic...
		The irrigation designer trying to cover a steep slope has arrived at what many consider...
	grounds-mag.com /irrigation/index.html (457 words)

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