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Topic: Irrigation scheduling

	Irrigation Scheduling
		The purpose of irrigation scheduling is to determine the exact amount of water to apply to the field and the exact timing for application.
		The importance of irrigation scheduling is that it enables the irrigator to apply the exact amount of water to achieve the goal.
		Irrigation scheduling methods differ by the irrigation criterion or by the method used to estimate or measure this criterion.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/crops/04708.html (863 words)

	Basic Irrigation Scheduling in Florida
		Irrigation is necessary because of the nonuniform distribution of rainfall, the very limited water-holding capacities of typical sandy soils, and the extreme sensitivity of many specialty crops to water stress.
		Irrigation can be minimized by anticipating rainfall and providing soil storage capacity (that is, irrigating to less than field capacity to leave room for rainfall storage when the probability of rainfall is high) to increase rainfall effectiveness.
		Irrigation scheduling methods that are currently applicable in Florida are 1) a water budget method requiring estimation of daily ET and soil water content, and 2) the use of soil moisture measurement instrumentation.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /AE111 (4891 words)

	CIMIS - [ Irrigation Scheduling ]
		Irrigation is timed depending on a management allowable depletion (MAD), which is the percent of available water which the irrigator will allow plants to deplete before irrigating or the depth of water that the irrigator will allow plants to extract from the root zone between irrigations.
		Determining the amount of water to actually apply through the irrigation system is done by dividing the amount of water required to replenish the soil reservoir by the efficiency of the irrigation system.
		This is an irrigation schedule for a specific field and crop that is based on historical weather data.
	wwwcimis.water.ca.gov /cimis/infoIrrSchedule.jsp (1204 words)

	Irrigation Scheduling. Programming Controllers/Timers for Landscape Sprinkler and Drip Watering Systems.
		Proper irrigation scheduling is a tricky skill that surprisingly few landscape professionals have mastered.
		Thus, irrigation scheduling must begin with an examination of the plants to be watered.
		Irrigation scheduling for water-loving plants is easy, you just give them as much water as you can find or afford.
	www.irrigationtutorial.com /irrsch.htm (1463 words)

	SOIL, WATER, AND CROP CHARACTERISTICS IMPORTANT TO IRRIGATION SCHEDULING
		Irrigation scheduling decisions are often based on the assumption that crop yield or quality will not be reduced as long as the amount of water used by the crop does not exceed the allowable depletion volume.
		Three plant factors must be considered in developing a sound irrigation schedule: the crop's effective root depth, its moisture use rate, and its sensitivity to drought stress (that is, the amount that crop yield or quality is reduced by drought stress).
		Irrigation scheduling decisions should be adjusted to reflect changes in crop water consumption during the growing season.
	www.bae.ncsu.edu /programs/extension/evans/ag452-1.html (2596 words)

	AgriMet Irrigation Guide -- Bureau of Reclamation
		Irrigation is therefore necessary to make up the difference between available water and crop water demand.
		Scientific irrigation scheduling is a general term describing various techniques to deliver the right amount of water to the plants at the right time.
		Good irrigation scheduling means applying the right amount of water at the right time---in other words, making sure water is available when the crop needs it.
	www.usbr.gov /pn/agrimet/irrigation.html (883 words)

	IRRIGATION SCHEDULING TO IMPROVE WATER- AND ENERGY-USE EFFICIENCIES
		Irrigation scheduling is the use of water management strategies to prevent overapplication of water while minimizing yield loss due to water shortage or drought stress.
		When irrigation is scheduled during early growth stages before maximum root development, assume that the rate of root elongation increases linearly from planting time up to the maximum effective depth of 12 inches at midseason.
		Scheduling irrigation is more difficult for mechanical-move type irrigation systems (center pivots or hard hose travelers) because the irrigator must anticipate the time required for the system to move across the field.
	www.bae.ncsu.edu /programs/extension/evans/ag452-4.html (4634 words)

	Economic Importance of Irrigation Management in Potato Production Systems of Idaho
		The importance of scheduling irrigations to closely match water use (ET) of the potato crop is highlighted in Figure 1.
		The maximum irrigation interval for potatoes based on maintaining the optimal soil moisture range between irrigations is shown in Table 2 for different soil types and root zone depths based on a peak daily crop water use of 0.33 in/day.
		In 1997, irrigation intervals of 4, 5, 6, and 7 days during tuber development were included in the study, while in 1999, irrigation intervals of 4, 6, and 8 days were evaluated.
	www.uidaho.edu /aberdeen/econ_import.htm (1369 words)

	Irrigation Scheduling with Evaporation Pans
		To schedule irrigations using the water budget method, the irrigation system manager must be able to measure or estimate the rate at which water is being used by a crop.
		However, this is not a serious limitation for irrigation scheduling, because irrigations are normally scheduled to maintain favorable soil-water contents and to avoid crop water stresses.
		The irrigation amounts shown in Table 2 are the amounts required to be stored in the crop root zone to restore the soil-water content to field capacity.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /AE118 (3367 words)

	Surface irrigation management in real time in southeastern Australia: Irrigation scheduling and field application
		The predominant types of soil in the irrigated areas of southeastern Australia are cracking clay and sandy loam soils commonly called 'duplex soils' because of their characteristic loam to clay upper layer overlying a medium to heavy texture B horizon.
		Traditionally, irrigation scheduling is considered as a decision-making process used by irrigators to decide when to irrigate their crops and determine the appropriate quantity of water to apply.
		Conventional irrigation scheduling is carried out by assessing the water content of the soil profile using water balance models, measuring the soil moisture content of the soil, or a combination of both.
	www.fao.org /docrep/W4367E/w4367e0d.htm (5154 words)

	Scheduling Irrigation Using Evapotranspiration Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Today, irrigation managers are accountable not just for the condition of the landscape, but for the amount of irrigation water used and the amount of energy consumed to apply it.
		Evapotranspiration data, or ET, is the measurement of plant water use and indicates the two ways in which water moves from the landscape to the atmosphere -- evaporation, the movement of water from the wet soil to the air, and transpiration, the movement of water from the plant to the air.
		In order to formulate an accurate scheduling regimen, you need to know the site's soil type, the root depth of the plant material being irrigated and how much water can be stored in the soil where the roots live.
	www.igin.com /Irrigation/scheduling.html (1047 words)

	Irrigation - Water balance scheduling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Irrigation scheduling is the decision of when and how much water to apply to an irrigated crop to maximise net returns.
		Water-balance irrigation scheduling is the day-to-day accounting of the amounts of water coming into and going out of the effective root zone of a crop.
		Irrigation depth is calculated from the duration and rate of application of the irrigation system, or by dividing the total net amount of water applied by the irrigated area (this allows for the efficiency of the irrigation system, as none is 100% efficient).
	www.dpi.qld.gov.au /fieldcrops/10908.html (2196 words)

	Irrigation Scheduling: Checkbook Method (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		On most sandy soils the irrigation depth should be 80-100 percent of the soil water deficit during the crop's critical growth period.
		For example, research on irrigated corn in west central Minnesota has shown that to reduce the risk of stress with an underdesigned system, the allowable deficit should be set no greater than.75 inch starting in mid-vegetative stage (about 10th leaf) and continuing until late dent.
		In the past, irrigations were planned to prevent the soil water deficit from becoming greater than 50 percent of the total available water capacity in the rooting zone.
	www.extension.umn.edu /distribution/cropsystems/components/DC1322_02.html (3582 words)

	An Introduction to Drip Irrigation
		Irrigation scheduling can be managed precisely to meet crop demands, holding the promise of increased yield and quality.
		Typically, when irrigation is monitored closely, less nitrogen fertilizer is needed with drip irrigation systems than with furrow irrigation systems because the fertilizer is spoon-fed to the root system and little is lost due to leaching.
		For example, with furrow irrigation, typically at least 4 acre-feet/acre/year of water is applied to onion fields in the Treasure Valley of eastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho.
	www.cropinfo.net /drip.htm (2653 words)

	Efficient Irrigation Scheduling
		The grower decides how much to irrigate by not replacing more than the accumulated ETc. Note that we have come to clear decisions as to when to irrigate and how much to apply; the requirements for successful irrigation scheduling.
		Irrigating at the correct time is achieved by not allowing the soil in Malheur county, Oregon to become drier than -60 kPa.
		Irrigation with the right amount of water is possible using sprinkler irrigation, by only applying the amount of water necessary to refill the soil's water holding capacity in the root zone.
	www.cropinfo.net /irrigschedule.htm (1741 words)

	The discrepancy between irrigation scheduling and actual water distribution: An analysis and suggestions for possible ...
		Point of departure is the fact that in most irrigation projects the actual distribution of water to the (groups of) farmers deviates strongly from the irrigation schedules determined by the project management.
		To meet the irrigation scheduling requirements, irrigation systems are generally designed to facilitate regulation and, possibly, measurement of flows at most bifurcating structures (division structures, offtakes, etc.).
		Clearly, the assumptions on design and irrigation scheduling to deliver water through irrigation systems in predetermined quantified flows in litres per second may have no bearing on operational reality, where water flows are qualified from a different perception.
	www.fao.org /docrep/W4367E/w4367e0y.htm (2825 words)

	H2ouse.org : Take Action : Lawn Irrigation Scheduling
		Some new technologies to control irrigation based on weather patterns are being tested across the country (see Irrigation Future Trends), but until these products reach the mass market, irrigation scheduling and clock programming is a regular chore for many homeowners.
		Ideally, the irrigation control clock should be adjusted on at least a weekly basis to conform with current weather conditions, but even with monthly adjustments your lawn can be maintained healthy and happy.
		Irrigating during or right after a rainstorm is one of the most pointless and wasteful irrigation practices.
	www.h2ouse.org /tour/details/element_action_contents.cfm?elementID=12E32A2A-4A30-4AC5-92DF4F2327372D65&actionID=4CF410E4-E139-42A8-9041-DA93E1A39ACA (1148 words)

	Scientific Irrigation Scheduling
		Irrigation scheduling is a prime factor in meeting the crop water requirements for maximum yield, maximum irrigation efficiency, and to minimize chemical leaching into groundwater.
		Better irrigation management means less water and energy use and less ground water contamination.
		Irrigation Scheduling Program - Center for Irrigation Technology, Fresno CA The Irrigation Association - this organization promotes modern water management skills and techniques for irrigated agriculture.
	www.idwr.state.id.us /energy/aim/sis.htm (191 words)

	Irrigation Scheduling Methods
		Irrigation requires a relatively high investment in equipment, fuel, maintenance and labor, but offers a significant potential for increasing net farm income.
		To schedule irrigation for most efficient use of water and to optimize production, it is desirable to frequently determine the soil water conditions throughout the root zone of the crop being grown.
		For irrigation systems that require several days to cover a given field (such as a center pivot), it will be necessary to anticipate how high the tension will go before the system reaches a given location in the field.
	www.engr.uga.edu /service/extension/publications/b974-cd.html (3678 words)

	Welcome to Wateright
		Irrigation scheduling is a generic term for a number of techniques that aide the irrigator in determining when and how much to irrigate.
		That is, do you want to irrigate to avoid stress or, as is the common situation with a crop like wine grapes, irrigate to induce a certain amount of stress.
		That is, is IE determined for the individual irrigation on a field, for an entire season on the field, for the farm, for the irrigation district, etc.?
	www.wateright.org /FAQs.asp (1354 words)

	Irrigation Scheduling
		Irrigation scheduling is a generic term, covering a variety of techniques.
		Irrigation scheduling can be an important tool in increasing irrigation efficiencies.
		It is never recommended that a water-budget irrigation scheduling system be the sole ruler of when to irrigate.
	www.westlandswater.org /wtrcon/handbook/sched.htm (643 words)

	Rain Bird - Landscape Irrigation: Technical Articles: Irrigation Scheduling: Use "ET" to Save Water
		Today’s irrigation systems use a controller, which is an automatic timer that regulates when and for how long your sprinklers run, depending on the watering schedule you enter.
		Irrigation professionals, landscape architects and homeowners alike, want a quick and easy solution to scheduling, good enough to get in the "ballpark".
		It is derived from proven turf science, it beats guessing, and it helps establish a usable benchmark schedule for most residential and light commercial applications.
	www.rainbird.com /landscape/technical/articles/scheduling.htm (1400 words)

	Irrigation tutorials; sprinkler & drip systems, design, install and repair.
		Before you purchase any irrigation equipment, be sure to check with your local water provider to see if they are offering any freebies.
		A complete course in sprinkler irrigation design that is used as the text for many college classes.
		Drip irrigation is the most efficient, easiest to design, most forgiving, and easiest to install type of permanent irrigation system.
	www.irrigationtutorials.com (1540 words)

	Irrigation BC
		ET data can be used to help an irrigator schedule an irrigation system to ensure that the right amount of water is applied to the crop at the right time.
		Additional factsheets are provided on Farmwest to help develop an irrigation schedule using ET data.
		Irrigation Audits to identify the efficiency of an irrigation system and make recommendations for improvements to the watering schedule and / or equipment.
	www.irrigationbc.com /index.cfm?method=pages.showPage&pageid=10 (281 words)

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