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	Anthony Hempell: Groupthink
		Irving Janis created the groupthink model to explain why miscalculations and poor decisions are made in groups, often in the highest-ranking positions, which lead to disastrous failures.
		Irving Janis was a major figure in 20th century social psychological research, in the such areas as propaganda analysis, group dynamics, and decision-making (Turner & Pratkanis, 1998).
		Janis' theory is often criticized because it does not present a framework that is suitable for empirical testing; instead, the evidence for groupthink comes from largely qualitative, historical or archival methods (Sunstein, 2003).
	www.anthonyhempell.com /papers/groupthink (2490 words)

	Communication Theory: A First Look
		Janis originally defined groupthink as ‘‘a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when the members’ strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action."5 According to his definition, groupthink occurs only when cohesiveness is high.
		Janis introduced the concept of groupthink through the popular press in 1971.13 The idea struck a responsive chord with policy planners who had hastily approved courses of action that just as quickly turned out to be major blunders.
		In later extensions of his theory, Janis emphasized that not all bad decisions are the result of groupthink, and not all cases of groupthink end up failing.
	www.afirstlook.com /archive/groupthink.cfm?source=archther (4108 words)

	Groupthink
		Irving Janis did lots of work in the area of group communication.
		Janis defines Groupthink as a "a quick and easy way to refer to a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when the members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action" (Janis 9).
		Janis further states that "Groupthink refers to a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that results from in-group pressures" (Janis 9).
	www.geocities.com /CollegePark/4110/think.htm (1601 words)

	Why War? Keywords: Groupthink (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		to apply the insights of the psychologist Irving Janis on what he called "groupthink." Looking back on the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion in his 1972 book "Vi...
		Groupthink is a term coined by psychologist Irving Janis in 1972 to describe one process by which a group can make bad or irrational decisions.
		In a groupthink situation, each member of the group attempts to conform his or her opinions to what they believe to be the consensus of the group.
	www.why-war.com /encyclopedia/concepts/Groupthink (449 words)

	Groupthink - SourceWatch
		Groupthink is "a concept that was identified by Irving Janis ("a forefather in the study of group dynamics") [in 1972] that refers to faulty decision-making in a group.
		The term, coined in the model of newspeak, is used to describe the process where a group will come to a decision by each member agreeing with what they think the consensus will be, whatever private doubts they might have.
		Janis, Irving, Victims of groupthink, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (1972).
	www.sourcewatch.org /wiki.phtml?title=Groupthink (700 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 88021292 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Now, Irving Janis, one of the world's leading authorities on decisionmaking, presents a comprehensive analysis that shows corporate executives, government and organizational policymakers, and general managers how to avoid making critical errors and ensure quality in making vital decisions.
		Janis also details how executives can deal with challenging threats and opportunities and reveals what specific leadership practices are likely to improve crisis management.
		Janis' highly acclaimed decisionmaking strategies give a powerful advantage to managers in all kinds of organizations, from the smallest family business to the largest corporation and government agency.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/simon031/88021292.html (348 words)

	Amazon.com: Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Janis defines groupthink as the "deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment" in the interest of group solidarity.
		Irving L. Janis culls together evidence regarding three fiascoes, the Bay of Pigs invasion, Pearl Harbor, and the United States' invasion into North Korea, and contrasts those with the Cuban Missile Crisis and Marshall Plan.
		Groupthink is the process described by Janis when a group follows a certain set of patterns that result in disastrous consequences.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0395317045?v=glance (1657 words)

	Groupthink
		Irving Janis developed a study on group decision-making, called Groupthink Theory.
		Janis listed eight symptoms that show that concurrence seeking has led the group in the wrong direction.
		Illusion of Invulnerability: Janis summarizes this attitude as "everything is going to be OK, because we are a special group." Examining few alternatives.
	www.12manage.com /methods_janis_groupthink.html (383 words)

	Janis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Irving Janis, a social psychologist who pioneered the groupthink theory
		Janis, a program by NEA to view nuclear information
		This is a disambiguation page — a list of topics associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Janis (96 words)

	[No title]
		"How could we have been so stupid?" asks Irving L. Janis concerning the Bay of Pigs incident, the gradual escalation of the Vietnam War, and the failure to prepare for the attack on Pearl Harbor.
		How is it possible that a group of the country's most intellectual military men fail so horribly in the decision making process that their mistakes stain history permanently?
		Janis explains that the reason for this unlikely failure is not stupidity, but that the solution is found in the word: Groupthink.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/Lobby/6027/groupthink.htm (765 words)

	Alibris: Irving Lester Janis
		Janis shows corporate executives, organizational policymakers, and general managers how to avoid critical errors and ensure high quality in decision making.
		General persuasibility--a person's readiness to accept social influence from others irrespective of what he or she knows about the communicator or what it is that the communicator is advocating--is studied.
		"Janis is one of psychology's foremost authorities on stress, on attitude change, and on the emotional aspects of decision making...A very important book for any academic psychology collection." --Choice
	www.alibris.com /search/books/author/Irving_Lester_Janis (293 words)

	The following quote is from a chapter written by Irving Janis (1997) for the third edition of the book A First Look at ...
		The following quote is from a chapter written by Irving Janis (1997) for the third edition of the book A First Look at Communic
		The following quote is from a chapter written by Irving Janis (1997) for the third edition of the book
		When Janis and one of colleagues pointed the dynamics of the early quitter’s behavior in a smoking cessation group, the other members reiterated their belief that smoking could only be cured gradually over a long period of time.
	www.psysr.org /Boosters318041.htm (1024 words)

	Groupthink (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		It is based on human social behavior in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is felt as more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner.
		The final four are signs of strong conformity pressure within the group.
		Illusion of Invulnerability: Janis summarizes this attitude as ‘‘everything is going to work out all right because we are a special group." Examining few alternatives.
	www.valuebasedmanagement.net /methods_janis_groupthink.html (430 words)

	Groupthink Readings
		Below are links to some brief excerpts from the book by Janis as well as a fuller discussion of the concept by Psychologists for Social Responsibility
		Irving Janis lists 8 “symptoms of groupthink.”; Choose an example of a bad decision caused by “groupthink”; and describe how several of those symptoms apply to that example.
		You may choose an example from your own experience – a bad decision made by you or someone else or the whole group in a family crisis, school group, church group, or cultural group.
	www.middlesex.cc.nj.us /faculty/Robert_Roth/groupthinkf2f.htm (490 words)

	Swans Commentary: Excerpt from 'Victims of Groupthink,' by Irving L. Janis - xxx099
		Swans Commentary: Excerpt from 'Victims of Groupthink,' by Irving L. Janis - xxx099
		In order to test generalization about the conditions that increase the chances of groupthink, we must operationalize the concept of groupthink by describing the symptoms to which it refers.
		Irving L. Janis (1918-1990) obtained a Ph.D. in Social Psychology from Columbia University.
	www.swans.com /library/art9/xxx099.html (870 words)

	Groupthink
		CRM Learning’s film, GROUPTHINK, is a riveting look at the events and group decision-making that led up to the Challenger disaster.
		Irving Janis, a forefather in the study of group dynamics, explains the fundamental concepts of groupthink.
		Then, the video analyzes the historic meetings that proceeded the Challenger launch.
	www.groupthinkfilm.com (184 words)

	Groupthink - Irving Janis (1972;1982)
		Home : University : Psychology : Social Influence : Groupthink - Irving Janis (1972;1982)
		Janis was interested by major policy-making decisions, such as
		After analysing a variety of these events, he concluded that a set of small group processes were at work.
	www.revision-notes.co.uk /revision/989.html (135 words)

	Janis - Beauty & Fitness - Irving, TX, 75062 - Citysearch
		Janis - Beauty & Fitness - Irving, TX, 75062 - Citysearch
		2700 N O Connor Rd Irving, TX 75062
		Make reservations for Thanksgiving Day dinner, or host your own no-stress holiday with caterers and gourmet takeout for Turkey Day.
	dallas.citysearch.com /profile/39993980 (176 words)

	Amazon.com: Groupthink in Government : A Study of Small Groups and Policy Failure: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes by Irving L. Janis
		In his pioneering research on collective decision making, Irving Janis introduced the concept of "groupthink"--a deliberately Orwellian neologism--to describe such occurrences.
		Now, in the first book-length study of groupthink since Janis's work, Paul `t Hart has provided a rigorous and systematic version of this influential theory which opens several new avenues for research.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0801848903?v=glance (897 words)

	WOSU Presents Ohioana Authors \| Elsie Janis
		A Little Love (But Not for Me), words by Elsie Janis, music by Jerome Kern, from Miss Information.
		All the World is Wonderful, words by Elsie Janis, music by W. Kernell; from The Follies of 1921, London: Chappell and Co., Ltd., 1921
		The Bonus Blues, words by Elsie Janis; I've Waited All My Life, words and music by Elsie Janis; from Elsie Janis and Her Gang, Irving Berlin, Inc., 1922
	www.ohioana-authors.org /janis/works.php (482 words)

	Biblio: Groupthink : Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes by Janis, Irving L: Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Biblio: Groupthink : Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes by Janis, Irving L: Details
		Janis, Irving L: Groupthink : Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes
		Note: Cover may not represent actual copy or condition available
	www.biblio.com /books/isbnnu/31146685.html (85 words)

	Biblio: COUNSELING ON PERSONAL DECISIONS Theory and Research on Short-Term Helping Relationships by Janis, Irving L. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Biblio: COUNSELING ON PERSONAL DECISIONS Theory and Research on Short-Term Helping Relationships by Janis, Irving L. (editor): Details
		Janis, Irving L. (editor): COUNSELING ON PERSONAL DECISIONS Theory and Research on Short-Term Helping Relationships
		Very Good in Very Good- dust jacket; Spine ends & corners of book.
	www.biblio.com /books/isbnnu/12572677.html (362 words)

	Irving L. Janis - Books - compare prices, reviews and buy at NexTag - Price - Review
		Irving L. Janis - Books - compare prices, reviews and buy at NexTag - Price - Review
		All Categories : Books : Irving L. Janis
		Last updated: November 14, 2005 19:21 1438272859 v1x5
	www.nextag.com /Books--zzIrving+L.+Janisz200000zB6z5---html (76 words)

	Analysis of groupthink Free Essay
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		In “Groupthink” by Irving Janis written in 1983, he explains how we as humans tend to think as a group and gives numerous examples of historical and non-historical situations that were a product of a groupthink.
		Irving’s background consists of teaching psychology at Yale University and author of numerous articles for scholarly journals and magazines, that earned him numerous international prizes and fellowships.
	www.findfreepapers.com /viewpaper.php?request=8792 (182 words)

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