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	Isaac Beeckman
		Beeckman werd nog geen vijftig, en kon zijn werk niet afronden.
		Beeckman was in de wiskunde geen uitblinker, maar "op physisch gebied de waardige opvolger van Stevin en voorloper van Chr.
		Beeckman vond van Stevin dat hij te veel "addictus mathematicae" was en te weinig fysica erbij deed (III, 52, andersom bij Francis Bacon).
	www.xs4all.nl /~adcs/beeckman/index.html (1278 words)

	Isaac Beeckman Biography \| World of Scientific Discovery
		Beeckman strongly believed that hypotheses should be verified through experimentation, a feeling echoed by Galileo.
		(Beeckman reached this conclusion nearly 30 years before Isaac Newton was born.) Five years later he used his law of inertia to establish the law of uniformly accelerating objects.
		Beeckman believed that mechanical explanations for phenomena were more satisfactory than theories that had been accepted just because they were based on simplicity.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/isaac-beeckman-wsd (246 words)

	Isaac Beeckman
		Isaac Beeckman lernte bei Stevin in Leiden und Saumur und bei Rudolf Snellius (1547 - 1613) der eine neue nicht aristotelische Logik
		Beeckman zeichnete sich durch eine überragende aus - in seinem Lande war das seltener als in Frankreich von anderen europäischen ganz zu schweigen.
		Beeckmans Universum war kopernikanisch; Denken gründete sich auf dem Atomismus den er vor allem durch das "De rerum natura" des antiken Dichters und Lukrez aus dem ersten Jahrhundert vor der kennen gelernt hatte.
	www.uni-protokolle.de /Lexikon/Isaac_Beeckman.html (1059 words)

	Isaac Beeckman - Wikipedia
		Isaac Beeckman (Middelburg, 10 december 1588 – Dordrecht, 19 mei 1637) was een Nederlandse filosoof.
		Isaac Beeckman studeerde letterkunde en filosofie in Leiden en promoveerde in 1618 in geneeskunde te Caen.
		Beeckman is een expert uit de praktijk die altijd heeft geprobeerd om de wetenschap door de ervaring te verklaren en om hem technische toepassingen te geven.
	nl.wikipedia.org /wiki/Isaac_Beeckman (924 words)

	Digital Library > History of science and scholarship in the Netherlands > Author detail
		Beeckman was born on December 10, 1588, in Middelburg, capital of the province of Zeeland.
		From this Journal, it is clear that already in Zierikzee Beeckman had developed a coherent mechanical philosophy of nature, of which atomism, a modern principle of inertia, and a drive for a mathematical interpretation of natural philosophy are the main ingredients.
		Beeckman also rejected the Aristotelian matter theory and embraced atomism, even though he was aware of its problems.
	www.historyofscience.nl /author.cfm?RecordId=1 (958 words)

	The Galileo Project
		Beeckman's grandfather was a well-established merchant in Brabant forced to flee (to London) because of religion.
		Beeckman's father was forced by the intolerance for foreigners to emigrate from London to Middleburg.
		He founded a Collegium Mechanicum, a society of craftsmen and scholars who occupied themselves with scientific problems, especially those that had technological application--for example, a windmill with horizontal sails on a vertical axis, and questions of mater management such as attempts to remove a sandbar from the Middleburg harbor.
	galileo.rice.edu /Catalog/NewFiles/beeckman.html (511 words)

	Math History
		In 1618 Descartes journeyed to Holland, where he met Isaac Beeckman, a thirty year-old student of medicine who was astounded at the range of Descartes' scientific curiosity.
		Beeckman's journal showed us that by the end of 1618, Descartes was already applying algebraic equations to solve geometric problems, and that it was then, not later as many sources say, that he invented analytical geometry.
		Five days before his twenty-third birthday Descartes wrote a letter to Beeckman in which he told him that there was no problem in geometry that cannot be expressed using axes, lines and curves.
	library.thinkquest.org /3531/mathhist.html (956 words)

	Descartes, René (1596–1650) : Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online
		An enthusiastic scientific amateur since his early twenties, Beeckman introduced Descartes to some of the new currents in science, the newly revived atomist ideas, and the attempt to combine mathematics and physics (see Atomism, ancient).
		It was for Beeckman that Descartes wrote his first surviving work, the Compendium musicum, a tract on music theory, then considered a branch of what was called mixed mathematics, along with other disciplines such as mathematical astronomy and geometric optics.
		Exactly a year after first meeting Beeckman, this new path was confirmed for Descartes in a series of three dreams that he interpreted as a call to settle down to his work as a mathematician and philosopher.
	www.rep.routledge.com /article/DA026SECT1 (1638 words)

	Descartes
		The sophistication which Beeckman brought to questions in algebra, and geometry, and his analyses of such notions in mechanics (physics) as motion, rest, and falling bodies greatly stimulated Descartes’s own thinking.
		This shift to the use of mathematical models was of course one of the hallmarks of the New Science.
		Beeckman was generous to a fault to Descartes.
	www.oneworld-publications.com /books/texts/descartes-chapter.htm (4514 words)

	Horror Vacui? - Isaac Beeckman (1588-1637) - IMSS
		After meeting Descartes, in Breda in 1618, he befriended him, initiating a relationship which, despite its instabilities, was extremely fruitful on the intellectual level, and remains of great interest both for the history of philosophy and the history of science.
		A Copernican in cosmology, Beeckman shared Harvey's ideas on the circulation of the blood, and developed a perspective in physics with atomistic tendencies.
		From 1613, his studies on dynamics lead him to recognise the principle of inertia and of identical velocities for falling bodies in a vacuum.
	galileo.imss.firenze.it /vuoto/ebeeck.html (251 words)

	102: Introduction to Philosophy: Knowledge and Reality
		One of his two main aims in philosophy was to provide a conceptual foundation for the new mechanical physics based on the Copernican system, which tried to explain everything in the created world external to human beings solely by the shapes, sizes, and motions of bodies.
		In his early twenties he began working on problems in mathematics and mechanics under the influence of the Dutch scientist Isaac Beeckman, and he first conceived of developing a unified science of nature.
		In late 1628, as the result of a speech in Paris in which he argued that the sciences must be founded on certainty, he was en- couraged by Cardinal Pierre de Berulle (1575-1629) to develop his own philosophical system.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/sbarbone/Desbio.html (1081 words)

	Horror Vacui? - Isaac Beeckman (1588-1637) - IMSS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Nei locali del collegio, Beeckman impiantò, nel 1628, la prima stazione meteorologica europea, intraprendendo una accurata raccolta di dati sulle precipitazioni, le variazioni di temperatura, la velocità e direzione dei venti, e compiendo numerose osservazioni astronomiche.
		Copernicano in cosmologia, Beeckman condivise le idee di Harvey sulla circolazione del sangue, e sviluppò una prospettiva fisica tendenzialmente atomistica.
		Nei suoi studi di pneumatica, Beeckman rifiutò le spiegazioni dell'ascesa dell'acqua nelle pompe basate sulla teoria dell'horror vacui, riconoscendo nella pressione dell'aria la causa del fenomeno.
	www.imss.firenze.it /vuoto/ibeeck.html (249 words)

	The New Yorker: PRINTABLES
		He was interested in applying mathematics to mechanics, explaining regularities in physical phenomena in terms of the behavior of their minute constituents—an approach to science which began to flourish in Holland in the late sixteenth century.
		The two men struck up a close friendship, and Descartes became, in effect, Beeckman’s apprentice, using his mathematical skills (which were by all accounts superior to Beeckman’s) to solve problems set by his master.
		It is unclear whether or not Beeckman was one of the catalysts for the revelation that Descartes claims to have had at the age of twenty-three, a year to the day after his first meeting with him.
	www.newyorker.com /printables/critics/061120crbo_books (3322 words)

	Rene Descartes
		The stranger, who happened to be Isaac Beeckman, the head of the Dutch College at Dort, offered to do so if Descartes would answer it; the placard being, in fact, a challenge to all the world to solve a certain geometrical problem.
		Descartes worked it out within a few hours, and a warm friendship between him and Beeckman was the result.
		This unexpected test of his mathematical attainments made the uncongenial life of the army distasteful to him, but under family influence and tradition he remained a soldier, and was persuaded at the commencement of the Thirty Years' War to volunteer under Count de Bucquoy in the army of Bavaria.
	www.thocp.net /biographies/descartes_rene.htm (2786 words)

	CORNELIUS DREBBEL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The first image of a compound microscope is preserved on the back of one of Drebbel's letters to King James.
		Isaac Beeckman copied this letter in the 1630s; and added the sketch of a Drebbelian microscope.
		Isaac Beeckman, Instrumenta Drebbeliana, from Le Journal d'Isaac Beeckman
	shl.stanford.edu /Eyes/MICRO_FINI/drebbel/cornelius_drebbel.htm (140 words)

	Descartes' Life and Works (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Notes that Descartes kept related to his correspondence reveal that he and Beeckman had become more than simple acquaintances-their relationship was more one of teacher and student (Descartes being the latter).
		Further, although the Geometry would seem to have come out of nowhere, there is evidence in Descartes's notes to himself, from which Clerselier reconstructed some of Descartes's correspondence, that he had been working on some version of it as early as 1619.
		In a letter to Beeckman, dated 26 March 1619, for example, Descartes discusses the subject matter that is found in the Geometry, and in a letter dated 23 April 1619, he explicitly mentions the book's title.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/descartes-works (4863 words)

	Descartes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		He furthered his knowledge of mathematics, the only subject he considered worthwhile, and mechanics under Isaac Beeckman, a Dutch scientist.
		While on an extensive trip through Europe from 1620 to 1628 (with his aristocratic background he never had to consider earning a living) Descartes was in Paris when he made contact with Mersenne, the 17th century French mathematician, famous for his investigation of large prime numbers.
		From his Holland home he continued his contacts with Mersenne, with Beeckman, as well as with Mydorge, Hortensius, Huygens, and Frans van Schooten the Elder.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /scirev/SciRev_rdescartes.html (879 words)

	Isaac Beeckman \| Scienca (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Er war Lehrer von Johan de Witt und eng mit René Descartes befreundet, welcher ihm eines seiner ersten Werke widmete.
		Später zerstritten sie sich über die Frage, ob Beeckman für die mathematischen Erkenntnisse Descartes' mitverantwortlich war.
		Zu dieser Zeit wurde Beeckman zu den gelehrtesten Personen Europas gezählt.
	www.scienca.de /wiki/Isaac_Beeckman (124 words)

	Descartes
		Beeckman extended this idea to the microscopic world; he attempted to quantitatively describe macroscopic phenomena—hydrostatics, optics, gravitation and acoustics—in terms of microscopic mechanical parts, generally just simple particles.
		And that is where we take up the story, with Beeckman and Descartes; the story of how music led to the most important advances in mathematics since the discovery algorithmic arithmetic, to the creation of modern algebra, to the synthesis of algebra and geometry, and thence to Newtonian dynamics.
		These ideas can also be seen in the mechanical world-view he had learned from Beeckman: explanation in terms of a microscopic mechanics of components and process which were clearly and distinctly understood from everyday life such as solid physical parts moved by pushes and pulls.
	members.cox.net /edremler/Papers/Worldview/Descartes/Text.html (8564 words)

	Descartes biography
		In 1618 he started studying mathematics and mechanics under the Dutch scientist Isaac Beeckman, and began to seek a unified science of nature.
		His friendship with Beeckman continued and he also had contact with Mydorge, Hortensius, Huygens and Frans van Schooten (the elder).
		Descartes was pressed by his friends to publish his ideas and, although he was adamant in not publishing Le Monde, he wrote a treatise on science under the title Discours de la méthode pour bien conduire sa raison et chercher la vérité dans les sciences.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Descartes.html (1628 words)

	Rene Descartes
		It was on this date, March 31, in 1596, that the French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes was born in Touraine, France.
		Descartes was educated in Scholasticism at a Jesuit college in Anjou until age 18, took a law degree at Poitiers in 1616, served in the military, then studied mathematics and mechanics under the self-taught Dutch scientist Isaac Beeckman.
		The offspring of a wealthy family, from 1620-1628 Descartes traveled throughout Europe.
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/0331almanac.htm (447 words)

	Amazon.com: "Isaac Beeckman": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		France in 1618 and went to the Dutch Republic, he had, as is well known, the good luck to meet Isaac Beeckman.
		One other topos, to be encountered often in exchanges between 17th- century scientists, is a host of remarks like one Isaac Beeckman made in a letter of 1 October 1629 to Marin Mersenne,...
		The son of a Low Countries merchant, he had been taught in Isaac Beeckman's school in Rotterdam (from 1620 to 1624)...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Isaac-Beeckman (527 words)

	Amazon.com: "The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		See all pages with references to The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton.
		The Problem of the Earth's Shape from Newton to Clairaut: The Rise of Mathematical Science in Eighteenth-Century Paris and the Fall of 'Normal' Science by John L. Greenberg
		Whiteside, The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton, Volumes I-VII (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1969).
	www.amazon.com /phrase/The-Mathematical-Papers-of-Isaac-Newton (567 words)

	rHull.html
		But gentlemen scientists also buried results in desk drawers out of laziness, or caution, or failure of nerve - or because the incentives and opportunities to publish were deficient.
		Both were deficient in the tenacity of purpose and powers of concentration required to systematize, finish, record, and publish their inquiries, even if only in one field.
		Although today we tend to think that it is "natural" to want to solve problems no one else has ever solved before and to get public credit for it, I think even a brief look at the early history of science and especially at traditional societies (cf.
	www.indiana.edu /~koertge/rHull.html (6243 words)

	Rene Descartes
		In 1618 he started studying mathematics and mechanics under the Dutch scientist Isaac Beeckman.
		It was at this point that he began to seek a unified science of nature.
		It was first published in 1641, the year before Galileo died and Isaac Newton was born.
	www.math.psu.edu /tseng/class/descartes.html (2049 words)

	Dictionary of the History of Ideas
		Beeckman and Hariot are two fascinating and un-
		Beeckman was the mentor of both Descartes and
		Beeckman, Hariot, and Galileo all were concerned with
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-22 (4982 words)

	Beeckman, Isaac - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Although his recorded scientific work is largely confined to his Journael (diary) and notes, he influenced scientific development through his personal acquaintance with such famous contemporaries as René Descartes, Pierre Gassendi, and Marin Mersenne, and through his rectorship of the Latin school at Dordrecht.
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Beeckman, Isaac" at HighBeam.
		More information is at your fingertips at HighBeam Research:
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-beeckman.html (237 words)

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