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Topic: Ischnocera

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	Ischnocera
		The Ischnocera are a large suborder of lice mostly parasitic on birds but including a large family (the Trichodectidae) parasitic on mammals.
		The genus Trichophilopterus is also found on mammals (lemurs) but probably belongs to the "avian Ischnocera" and represents host switch from birds to mammals.
		Many of the avian Ischnocera have evolved an elongated body shape.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/is/Ischnocera.html (100 words)

	Phthiraptera
		This is reflected in their classification, and they divided into around sixty homogenous genera, whilst the Ischnocera are contained by over a hundred and fifty genera, of which around three quarters are confined to birds.
		Ischnocera confine themselves to feeding on the downy part of feathers and softer fur.
		His study supported the monophyly of the Phthiraptera, with Anoplura and Rhyncophthirina forming a monophletic group, sister group to the Ischnocera; the Amblycera are the sister group of this assemblage.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Phthiraptera&contgroup=Hemipteroid_assemblage (1379 words)

	Lice \| Insect Ecology & Veterinary Parasitology \| University of Bristol
		In the veterinary literature, the Amblycera and Ischnocera are usually discussed together and described as the Mallophaga which, in older textbooks, is accorded status as a sub-order in its own right.
		Mallophaga literally means 'wool eating' and the Amblycera and Ischnocera are known as chewing lice.
		The description 'biting lice', sometimes used to describe the Anoplura, is a misnomer, because all lice bite.
	www.bio.bris.ac.uk /research/insects/lice.html (323 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		A brief historical overview is given of the most relevant taxonomic studies of insect groups vectors of transmissible diseases in Brazil, from the "heroic" times of the foundation of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz in Rio de Janeiro up to the present.
		Three suborders occur in Brazil: Anoplura, Amblycera, and Ischnocera, the latter two united before under the Order Mallophaga, which Lyal (1985) showed to be paraphyletic.
		Ischnocera - Over 600 species, in 106 genera distributed among three families are known for the world.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?oc00167 (3617 words)

	LAB9 page 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		These are also from the Ischnocera and show the same general morphological features as Trichodectes canis.
		unlike Ischnocera, the antennae are recessed into lateral depressions on the head.
		Be able to differentiate on sight the suborders of chewing lice: Amblycera and Ischnocera.
	cal.vet.upenn.edu /paraav/labs/lab9pg3.htm (574 words)

	Comparative coevolution among bird lice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Avian lice are divided into two suborders (the Ischnocera and Amblycera) of about 100 genera each.
		Because each suborder has a similar distribution across birds, these two suborders offer the possibility of a replicated "natural experiment." By comparing the degree to which the two suborders have cospeciated with their hosts we can gain insight into the factors affecting coevolution.
		The primary goal would be to obtain a morphological phylogeny of Amblyceran lice to compare with bird phylogeny and quantify the extent of cospeciation.
	taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk /studentships/studentship.html (693 words)

	Costica ADAM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Malofagele (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) parazite pe pasarile din fauna mondiala (morfologia, sistematica, faunistica, biologia si ecologia)
		ADAM, C., A. SANDOR, 2004 - New data on the chewing louse fauna (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) from Romania.
		ADAM, C., A. SANDOR, 2005 - New data on the chewing louse fauna (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) from Romania.
	www.antipa.ro /specialisti/cadam.html (474 words)

	Insect Orders
		The chewing lice are sometimes consisted to be two suborders, the Amblycera and Ischnocera.
		They are important pests of domestic fowl and animals, but they do not live on man. About 1/6 to 3/16 inch long when mature.
		The chicken head louse, Cuclotogaster heterographus (Nitzsh) (Phthiraptera; Ischnocera: Philopteridae) is an example.
	insects.tamu.edu /fieldguide/orders/phthiraptera.html (250 words)

	Trichodectidae
		This is a stylistic preference and does not reflect any disagreement with the proposed phylogeny.
		Lepikentron Kéler, 1938 (a subgenus of Bovicola) [Ischnocera: Trichodectidae]
		Spinibovicola Lyal, 1985 (a subgenus of Bovicola) [Ischnocera: Trichodectidae]
	www.phthiraptera.org /classification/Trichodectidae/Thomomydoecus.html (216 words)

	Biology, Natural History, and Ecology of Mallophaga - Chewing Lice
		The range in size from 0.5 to 10 mm long dorsoventrally flattened with reduced compound eyes and no ocelli.
		The antennae are 3 to 5 segmented and capitate (with a knob on the end) and recessed into the head in the Amblycera but filiform (thin and linear) in the Ischnocera and may be modifiesd as clasping organs in the male.
		Their mouthparts are designed for biting and they have no cerci, there is some suggestion that they may have evolved from the Psocoptera (Book and Bark Lice)."-- (Earth Life)
	www.discoverlife.org /nh/tx/Insecta/Phthiraptera/Mallophaga (414 words)

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