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	Ishango bone Information
		The Ishango bone is a bone tool, dated to about 9,000 BC, discovered in the African area of Ishango, in the area of what are now the headwaters of the Nile River.
		Ishango is an area around Lake Edward in the mountain of central equitorial Africa on the border between Uganda and Zaire.
		The Ishango bone is a dark brown object like a bone tool handle, it features a sharp piece of quartz at one end which may have been used for engraving or perhaps writing.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Ishango_bone (650 words)

	Ishango bone at AllExperts
		It is a dark brown length of bone, with a sharp piece of quartz affixed to one end, perhaps for engraving or writing.
		The Ishango bone is on permanent exhibition at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.
		The Ishango grouping may have been used to construct a number system, which is speculated to have spread north to Egypt and contributed to the development of mathematics.
	en.allexperts.com /e/i/is/ishango_bone.htm (791 words)

	The Ishango Bone
		This artefact was discovered in the small African fishing village of Ishango, on the border of Zaire and Uganda by the Belgian geologist Jean de Heinzelin.
		It was suggested that the Ishango bone, instead of being a counting device, may instead be some sort of calendar, and there is some circumstantial evidence to suggest this may be the case.
		The Ishango Bone is clearly open to interpretation and there is evidence both for and against it being a calendar or some kind of mathematical device.
	www.simonsingh.net /The_Ishango_Bone.html (741 words)

	A response: African contributions to mathematics. (includes Response to Beatrice Lumpkin by Walter F. Rowe) - HighBeam ...
		The Ishango bone grouped numerical values recorded as tally marks and was probably preceded by simpler tally records.
		The bone was inscribed with 29 equally spaced tallies, perhaps a record of a lunar period.
		Ages of 75,000 to 90,000 years are given for modern-looking toothed harpoon bones found by Yellen et al.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-18158450.html (873 words)

	Ishango bone
		A bone tool handle discovered around 1960 in the African area of Ishango, near Lake Edward.
		At one end of the bone is a piece of quartz for writing, and the bone has a series of notches carved in groups on three rows running the length of the bone.
		Additional markings suggest that the bone was also used a lunar phase counter.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/I/Ishango_bone.html (258 words)

	VZPEU
		The multimedia exhibition "The ISHANGO bone" will be held at the Belgian Institute of Natural Science at the heart of the large hall that houses the dinosaurs.
		The ISHANGO bone: emblem of research in the Brussels-Capital Region.
		The "Ishango artifact" lies at the birth of mathematical logic, one of the universal intellectual models that has helped bring humanity towards the science of today and its multiple possibilities.
	www.eu2001.be /omp/60-01.01-01.02-01.03-01.03-01.02-01.02-01_en.html (529 words)

	PlanetQuest Education
		You see, the Ishango Bone is not the only artifact of that age believed to have had astronomical significance.
		A number of similar bones have been found, the oldest of which date back as far as 30,000 years ago, when Earth was still engulfed in the last Ice Age.
		One of the oldest of these is the Blanchard Bone, a carved segment of reindeer bone that was found in the Blanchard rock shelter in modern day France.
	www.planetquest.org /learn/ishango.html (891 words)

	Prehistoric Mathematics
		Some carved bones have been found with notches in certain patterns, which indicates the first ideas of counting and recording.
		There is also evidence that the people who used the bone had a base-10 numeration system and used the method of duplication, which the Egyptians also used.
		So although mathematics before a proper written language is considered to be very primitive and basic there is evidence that our distant ancestors had the beginnings of a proper number system and, in some cases, had investigated the properties of numbers further.
	www.bath.ac.uk /~ma2jc/prehistoric.html (791 words)

	Mathematics, Very Old \| Macmillan Mathematics
		An early evidence of a "mathematical system" was found on a bone discovered in the Czech Republic.
		It dates from about 30,000 B.C.E. The bone contains fifty-five individual tally marks, divided into eleven groups of five marks each, just as tally marks might be grouped today.
		There is a dividing line, separating the first twenty-five marks from the remaining twenty, that makes totaling the tally marks even easier.
	www.bookrags.com /research/mathematics-very-old-mmat-03 (465 words)

	Detail Page
		Little is known of the Ishango people except that they hunted, fished, and farmed in the area before volcanic eruption destroyed their village.
		The bone itself has a quartz writing tool at one end, while the body is made of bone etched with three rows of notched marks with each row having its own mathematical significance.
		The Ishango Bone is an important indicator of the scientific progress in Paleolithic Africa.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=AFR0278 (275 words)

	[No title]
		In this lecture, the topics covered consisted of the median age of mathematics, Ishango Bone, the ancient civilizations, and Egyptian ways of counting, addition, and multiplication.
		He then did an introduction of the Ishango bone and gave some possibilities of its meaning and purpose.
		The time period of the bone 3000BC, is about the same time women were still the spiritual leaders of the clans.
	public.csusm.edu /DJBarskyWebs/330CollageAug22.html (1604 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		A very brief history of pure mathematics,The Ishango Bone University of Western Australia School of Mathematics - accessed January 2007.
		The Ishango bone was found in 1960 by Belgian Jean de Heinzelin de Braucourt while exploring what was then the Belgian Congo.
		The Ishango grouping may have been used to construct a number system.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Ishango_bone (738 words)

	Amazon.com: "Ishango Bone": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		Along the Ishango Bone, as it is now called, is a series of notches arranged in three distinct columns.
		A bone that has been subjected to much speculation is the Ishango bone found by archaeologist Jean de Heinzelin at Ishango near the border between Uganda and Zaire (...
		Called the Ishango bone, it was discovered in 1960 in the mountains of central equatorial Africa.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Ishango-Bone (564 words)

	an old Mathematical Object
		The most interesting, of a large number of tools discovered in 1960 at Ishango, is a bone tool handle called the Ishango Bone (now located on the 19th floor of the Royal Institute for Natural Sciences of Belgium in Brussels, and can only be seen on special demand).
		However, the Ishango bone appears to be much more than a simple tally.
		However, the Lembombo Bone in Swaziland is still 10,000 years older, consistent with iron ore mining there going back 43,000 years ago.
	www.math.buffalo.edu /mad/Ancient-Africa/ishango.html (622 words)

	Graphic Ghana - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		It was called the Ishango Bone and in case you think I am kidding, Jomo, contact the Belgium Embassy in Accra, and they will confirm that the world’s first computer, which Africa produced, is on permanent exhibition at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences in Brussels.
		It was a primitive device all right, made as it was, of animal bone, but it was a device designed along the same basic mathematical principles as the computer, oh yes.
		Now that there is an opportunity for us to stake a rightful claim to a share of the benefits of this cyber age successor of the Ishango Bone, by using ICT to catch up with the white man, we appear to have fallen into yet another kind of stupor.
	www.graphicghana.info /article.asp?artid=14416 (1032 words)

	// Digital DJs // Respect Due Discussion Board : General Discussion : Evidence of the Congolese Invention of Mathematics
		It was unearthed by archaeologists working in the Ishango region of Congo on the shore of Lake Edward.
		The first row of patterns on the bone shows three notches carved next to six, four carved next to eight, ten carved next to two groups of five, and finally a seven.
		Ishango is in Congo, only 15 km far from of the Equator, on bank of the Edward lake.
	www.digital-djs.com /talk/thread-view.asp?threadid=2005 (1912 words)

	context weblog :: march 2002
		de Heinzelin discovered a bone at Ishango, a village at the sources of the Nile, on the border of Congo and Uganda.
		It is about a human ancestor who throws a bone in the air that turns into a space ship.
		The sequence can be considered as a metaphor to illustrate the progress of mankind, from apparently very simple discoveries up to the technology of the space age.
	www.straddle3.net /context/02/blog_0203.en.html (4029 words)

	Detail Page
		However, discoveries such as the Ishango Bone in central Africa have forced archaeologists to rethink prior theories regarding the scientific knowledge of ancient African peoples.
		This notched bone, which is thought to be an early calendar and counting tool, dates to ca.
		The knowledge of mathematics and units of measurement that the Ishango Bone represents are the bedrock of scientific thought.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=AFR0469 (343 words)

	The Prime Glossary: Ishango bone
		Are the four notches on the Ishango bone an intentional list of primes?
		There is also a Czechoslovakian wolf's bone with 57 notches that dates from 30,000 BC.
		Williams' The oldest mathematical object (An overly enthusiastic view of the Ishango Bone)
	primes.utm.edu /glossary/page.php?sort=IshangoBone (280 words)

	The Ishango bone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		You can completely decipher the bone in the special exhibition.
		But the bone’s exotic touch is not only due to its features… The location of its discovery is an idyllic part of Africa.
		This researcher at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences was the discoverer of the bone!
	www.naturalsciences.be /museum/halls/prehist/ishango/noflash/bone (89 words)

	BBC/OU Open2.net - Discovery of Science - Ancient maths
		The bone, which is engraved with a series of notches, has recently been carbon-dated to c.20 000 BCE.
		But other scholars have criticised this view, suggesting instead that the notches can be better explained by relating them to time-keeping and a count of periods of the moon.
		And that interpretation should take account not only of the content of the source but also of the context in which the source was produced.
	open2.net /historyandthearts/discover_science/ancientmaths.html (680 words)

	How Menstruation Created Mathematics
		The evidence points to women as the first people to do mathematics and to menstruation as the motivation for this activity.
		A microscopic analysis of the incisions on this bone shows that it is a six month lunar calendar (Marshack, 1972, p.
		This bone has been dated between 25,000 and 20,000 B.C.E. The Ishango Bone
	www.tacomacc.edu /home/jkellerm/Papers/Menses/Menses.htm (809 words)

	The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
		See "Deciphering the Bone" at the first Brussels Museum for Natural Sciences link.
		This appears to be the oldest known mathematical object.
		Brussels Museum for Natural Sciences, The Ishango Bone.
	www.research.att.com /~njas/sequences/A100000 (275 words)

	Tally stick
		Principally there are two different kinds of tally sticks, the single and the split tally.
		The single tally stick is an elongated piece of bone, ivory, wood, or stone which is marked with a system of notches.
		The single tally stick serves predominantly mnemonic purposes.
	cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at /index.php?id=319 (370 words)

	From Ishango Bone to the Pyramids : Black History Month - October 2006 - Acts of Achievement
		From Ishango Bone to the Pyramids : Black History Month - October 2006 - Acts of Achievement
		BAA is not responsible for any errors contained in any of the events posted.
		No images or content may be duplicated for use in any publication or promotion there are no exceptions to this.
	actsofachievement.org.uk /2006/detail.php?EventID=66 (60 words)

	Without Africa \| Progressive U
		Human remains were discovered at Omo in Ethiopia that were dated at 195,000 years old, the oldest known in the world.
		The Ishango bone is a tool handle with notches carved into it found in the Ishango region of Zaïre (now called Congo) near Lake Edward.
		The bone tool was originally thought to have been over 8,000 years old, but a more sensitive recent dating has given dates of 25,000 years old.
	www.progressiveu.org /160757-without-africa (702 words)

	Looking for identification --- paleolithic bone engraving. \| Anthropology.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		I ran across a picture of a bone engraving, similar to the Blombos cave findings, but I'm unable to find where or what the image was from.
		It was a bone that was shaped into an oval with marks etched into it in a spiral pattern.
		This artifact is called the the Blanchard Bone Plaque.
	anthropology.net /forums/anthropology/archaeology/looking_for_identification_paleolithic_bone_engraving (487 words)

	L (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		And I count on my fingers the mysteries of Ishango.
		I will go, I will go early the morning on Akagera, on the muddy water of Kadiogo.
		And so their fathers created the laws, built the cities, invented great civilizations.
	www.clicmusic.be /ishango_bone-pacere.htm (246 words)

	Volume 7 number 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-20)
		Lunar markings found on prehistoric bone fragments show how early women marked their cycles and thus began to mark time.
		Similar calendar bones, dating back as much as 30,000 years, have been found in Europe.
		Thus far the oldest such incised bone, discovered in southern Africa and having 29 incisions, goes back about 37,000 years.
	web.nmsu.edu /~pscott/isgem71.htm (3182 words)

	Two Cents
		For instance, in Ishango, archeologists came across a bone
		The Ishango bone dates back about 25,000 years.
		methods used on the Ishango bone were used in the Rhind Mathematical papyrus from Egypt that
	www.atlanticrock.com /TwoCents_0014.html (1193 words)

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