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Topic: Isicathamiya

	Songs of the Night: Isicathamiya Choral Music from KwaZulu Natal
		Zulu isicathamiya groups developed a complex network of weekly competitions; they were prescribed and stately occasions, organized around set pieces, as had been the convention of school and mission competitions.
		Isicathamiya has survived for almost a century, providing a cultural space for Zulu migrant workers whose reality in the cities has been one of dehumanization and dislocation from home, family, and community.
		That the participants of isicathamiya have sought dignity through the very symbols associated with their oppressors - those forces which have denied them dignity and selfhood - demonstrates how symbols can be claimed through performance and reinvented to serve the needs of another in powerful ways.
	www.folklife.si.edu /resources/Festival1997/songsof.htm (1802 words)

	DURBAN LEGENDS Independent on Sunday, The - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It's the time for the songs of the night, the weekly competition of "Isicathamiya", which means "tiptoe guys" or "to walk like a cat", so called because of the soft kicking and dance movements used by the choirs in performance.
		Isicathamiya is a form of music and culture that began more than a century ago, performed by migrant workers - mostly those who worked in the gold mines around Johannesburg.
		Integral to the culture of Isicathamiya is participation from women in the audience, who get up and dance while their favourite choirs are on stage.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20031221/ai_n12746191 (844 words)

	Isicathamiya - Wikipedia
		Isicathamiya is a singing style originated from the South African Zulus.
		As many of the tribesmen became urbanized, the style was forgotten through much of the 20th century.
		Today, Isicathamiya competitions in Johannesburg and Durban take place over the weekends, with up to 30 choirs performing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Isicathamiya (109 words)

	Isicathamiya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Isicathamiya is a singing tradition the South African zulu.
		In order their origin too forgotten and their identity to true, the men did not begin to sing.
		In the present Isicathamiya competitions in Johannesburg or Durban take place on the weekends, in which often 30 choirs go through.
	www.encyclopedia-1.com /i/is/isicathamiya.html (112 words)

	D'ARTS Magazine Internet Edition, Durban, April 1997
		Every Saturday isicathamiya workshops are held at the YMCA Hostel in Beatrice Street, the KwaMehlamnyama Hostel in Point Road, the Stable Theatre and at the Kranzkloof `KK' Hostel at KwaDabeka in Clermont.
		While footwork is light - the original isicathamiya performers had to practise at night in hostels and not wake their colleagues - the correct footwear is shoes and not takkies.
		Loosely translated `isicathamiya' means to move like a cat" and is well defined as `Food for the ears and food for the eyes'.
	www.allaboard.co.za /darts/1997/04/dbnarts2.htm (486 words)

	African Music - MSN Encarta
		This style was introduced to international audiences in an indirect form by the recording “Wimoweh” (1951) by the folk group the Weavers (later a hit pop song for the Tokens under the title, “The Lion Sleeps Tonight”).
		Isicathamiya was popularized worldwide in the 1980s by the group Ladysmith Black Mambazo.
		While popular music is associated with the cultural ferment of Africa’s cities, its influence can now be felt in even the most remote rural regions of the continent as a result of the spread of mass media and portable cassette players.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761560962_2/African_Music.html (1201 words)

	Isicathamiya at AllExperts
		Isicathamiya is an a cappella singing style that originated from the South African Zulus.
		Isicathamiya contrasts with an earlier name for Zulu a cappella singing, mbube, meaning "lion".
		The breakthrough for this style was Paul Simon's album Graceland, which featured such tracks as "Diamonds on the Soles of her Shoes", in which Simon was backed by the haunting voices of Ladysmith Black Mambazo.
	en.allexperts.com /e/i/is/isicathamiya.htm (386 words)

	Australian Immigration - 1995 Global Cultural Diversity Conference - Dr Angela Impey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The origins of ISICATHAMIYA rest in the African-American minstrelsy and ragtime tradition which came to South Africa at the turn-of-the-century by way of vaudeville troupes from the United States.
		ISICATHAMIYA, like countless similar semi-urban South African performance genres which developed during the harsh years of apartheid rule, has been a medium through which a particular cultural group has been able to think aloud about itself and their changing environment around it.
		That the participants of ISICATHAMIYA have chosen to seek dignity through the very symbols which are associated with their own oppressors,those forces which have denied them dignity and selfhood,demonstrates how symbols can be claimed through performance, reinvented and manipulated to serve the needs of another in powerful ways.
	www.immi.gov.au /multicultural/_inc/publications/confer/04/speech17a.htm (1464 words)

	Mail&Guardian: New visions, new voices
		The Zulu Messengers, expert exponents of isicathamiya, the original dance form created by migrant Zulu mine workers, are being applauded in a documentary film.
		Isicathamiya is an a cappella form of music that developed in single-sex hostels inhabited by migrant Zulu workers from KwaZulu-Natal.
		At 10 in the morning the film crew finally wrap things up, but for the singers, by far the most talented assembled, long confrontational chats are in evidence before an arduous but well-known journey home.
	www.chico.mweb.co.za /mg/art/reviews/97aug/21aug-zulumessengers.html (894 words)

	Black Praxis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Isicathamiya, a style developed by migrant Zulu workers, is usually performed in contests in which choirs compete against each other.
		Another interesting correlation between isicathamiya and jubilee music is the inclusion of texts protesting oppression.
		Isicathamiya originated during harsh racial relations in South Africa and its texts display this same type of protest.
	cscwww.cats.ohiou.edu /aas/blackpraxis/articles/robbie1.html (1413 words)

	FFWD Weekly - September 25, 2003
		"Isicathamiya" is a descriptive term for a capella choral music that is primarily performed by Zulu men in South Africa.
		Regardless of its roots, the popularity of isicathamiya saw an increase after the end of the First World War and became closely linked to the Zulu working class.
		Their greatest innovation was the modification of the dance choreography to make it softer and more reflective of the rolling lyrics.
	www.ffwdweekly.com /Issues/2003/0925/mus5.htm (521 words)

	Isicathamiya - Sound Clip - ninemsn Encarta
		This media item will not play in the internet software you are currently using.
		Isicathamiya, a vocal tradition that has been popular with migrant labourers of South Africa for more than fifty years, was brought to international prominence by the a cappella harmony group Ladysmith Black Mambazo.
		A quieter "tiptoe" dance style known as cothoza mfana was also developed.
	au.encarta.msn.com /media_1481568309/Isicathamiya.html (104 words)

	Isicathamiya \| THG Lexikon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Isicathamiya ist eine Gesangstradition der südafrikanischen Zulu und wird ausschließlich von Männerchören praktiziert.
		Isicathamiya unterscheidet sich vom traditionellen Mbube-Gesang („Löwe“), der lauter und kraftvoller gesungen wird.
		Beim Isicathamiya wird hingegen mehr Wert auf das harmonische Zusammenspiel der verschiedenen Stimmen gelegt.
	www.thgweb.de /lexikon/Isicathamiya (195 words)

	The Calvin College Chimes Online
		One of the only glimpses into these hardships that was shared during the conversation came from a founding member of the group who reminisced about being able to avoid the military police enforcing the apartheid-imposed curfew by simply singing them a song.
		Isicathamiya was the traditional style of music in South Africa until the men were sent off to work in mines for the British.
		Joseph Shabalala, the founder and songwriter for Black Mambazo, took that reformed, all male Isicathamiya style and shaped it into the one-of-a-kind sound that his group is known for today.
	www-stu.calvin.edu /chimes/2004-02-20/AandE/AandE2.html (1131 words)

	South Africa: Isicathamiya - Sound Clip - MSN Encarta
		South Africa: Isicathamiya - Sound Clip - MSN Encarta
		Performed at Saturday night mining town parties and all-night competitions, isicathamiya was accompanied by choreographed, energetic dancing.
		The loud, stomping dancing sometimes cracked the wooden floors of the workers' huts, forcing guards to clamp down on the festivities.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /media_631547768/South_Africa_Isicathamiya.html (141 words)

	Zulu indigenous beliefs: to what extent do they influence the performance practices of isicathamiya musicians?: Sector ...
		Isicathamiya is a popular urban vocal music genre of Zulus who constitute the majority of about a dozen ethnic groups of people in South Africa.
		Data obtained from the researcher's observation of performances, attendance of competitions, and interviews of isicathamiya musicians, supported with audio video recordings are analyzed.
		The researcher discovers that the influence of Zulu indigenous beliefs on isicathamiya has been waning since the 1990s and, therefore, concludes that such beliefs, to some extent, influence the performance practices of isicathamiya musicians.
	portal.unesco.org /culture/es/ev.php-URL_ID=21794&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (291 words)

	isicathamiya
		One of the larger research projects I embarked on after my arrival in South Africa was devoted to isicathamiya, the now world-famous tradition of choral singing and dance popular with Zulu-speaking migrant workers.
		In 1982, the isicathamiya scene in Durban and other urban centers was thriving and Ladysmith Black Mambazo, the group that brought the tradition to the attention of audiences around the world, was already one of the country's best-selling acts.
		But what really went on in the hostels migrant workers were forced to live in and how isicathamiya was an essential part of hostel life, was known to but a handful of insiders.
	www.utexas.edu /cofa/music/erlmannseries/VEIT/isicathamiya.html (155 words)

	Music: Somebody Say... (Memphis Flyer . 02-09-98)
		Though its roots reach deep into African cultural history, the specific style of a cappella music Shabalala and Ladysmith perform, called isicathamiya or “township jive,” dates back to the 19th century, when South African fls, even then subjugated to the white minority, were forced to work in the country’s diamond mines.
		During the days of apartheid, isicathamiya was an important source of hope for the oppressed fls of South Africa and a way for them to retain their cultural identity.
		Now, with a newfound sense of self-determination, the spirit of tradition represented by isicathamiya has become essential so that the country’s young people don’t lose their way in a society that puts no limits upon them.
	www.weeklywire.com /ww/02-09-98/memphis_mus.html (1149 words)

	Richmond.com - Feature Story: 'The Scene ' for (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		They called themselves "Cothoza Mfana," Zulu for "tip-toe guys." The name referred to the low murmur of their voices and soft footsteps, designed to avoid catching the attention of the security guards.
		That mine music, known as "isicathamiya," followed the workers back to their villages and towns, where it became a form of competition.
		Isicathamiya is the music we grew up singing.
	www.richmond.com /MUSIC/output.aspx?id=3291142 (986 words)

	AFRICAN MUSIC THREADS
		That book mentions that "imubube" is the "first genuine isicathamiya style" and "its pioneer {is} Solomon Linda {page 165).
		"Isicathamiya" is an urban music that dates from 1891.
		However, isicathamiya's four part choral songs are very much indebted to Zulu wedding songs and their accompanying choreography.
	www.cocojams.com /african_music_threads.htm (490 words)

	Music feature: Tip toeing to stardom
		On this recording they go back to their roots, to isicathamiya, a genre that has its origin in the South African mines.
		Ladysmith Black Mambazo, which was formed by Joseph Shabalala in 1964, sang isicathamiya at competitions in community halls until music producer, West Nkosi, introduced them to the mainstream music scene in the 1970s.
		Ladysmith is the hometown of the group leader Shabalala; 'Black' refers to a fl ox that's considered to be the strongest on the farm.
	www.news24.com /City_Press/Entertainment/0,,186-1698_1829592,00.html (1012 words)

	Rock Paper Scissors - Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Raise Your Spirit Higher (Heads Up) - South African soul The a cappella ...
		Albert Mazibuko began singing isicathamiya as child, long before he joined Joseph Shabalala in the visionary group Ladysmith Black Mambazo, which returns on Sunday to the Troy Music Hall.
		Shabalala, an ordained minister, converted to Christianity in the late 1950s, and used Ladysmith to merge the vocal traditions of isicathamiya and gospel.
		Mazibuko says that at home the group has released a number of straight-up isicathamiya releases over the past few years, strictly for the South African audience.
	www.rockpaperscissors.biz /index.cfm/fuseaction/current.articles_detail/project_id/122/article_id/1868.cfm (816 words)

	ISAM - discourse - iSicathamiya
		They state that the roots of isicathamiya reach back to the turn of the twentieth century when large groups of males, for economic reasons, left their homelands and families to find work and lived in all-male hostels in the cities and near the mines.
		To a certain point the researchers also silently admit this point in that they say that “these migrants did not form football (soccer) teams or the like, but instead turned towards singing as a means to stay close to their roots”.
		Regardless of its roots, the popularity of isicathamiya increased after the end of the First World War when it became closely linked to the Zulu working class.
	www.puk.ac.za /music/isam/discourse/isicathamiya.html (548 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Pupils are introduced to isicathamiya through watching and/or listening to an isicathamiya performance.
		If pupils accomplish this easily within ten minutes, the teacher may ask for volunteers to sing the "bass" part with her, explaining that in isicathamiya the bass should be the most predominant part.
		She may explain to the class that isicathamiya comes from the word "catha" - to walk softly.
	www.nu.ac.za /music/t_drum/isicath.html (531 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		An Isicathamiya male choral group performing on the Cape Town waterfront.
		Isicathamiya (from the Zulu word meaning "to walk or step on one's toes lightly") groups were formed by groups of young males who left their rural homes to work in the cities and mines in the early twentieth century.
		The groups were used to preserve the bonds of home and tribe in the crowded urban environments that offered jobs.
	www.hackneys.com /africa/hackney10D/image099.htm (99 words)

	Learn Essays about Discuss in detail the main characteristics of two of the following forms of African popular music
		In the second half of the essay I shall be discussing juju music which up until the 1980s was the main recreational music of the Yoruba people.
		Isicathamiya is ‘a capella’ choral music performed by Zulu men in South Africa.
		Although the music is called isicathamiya, the name is really describing the choreography in its performance.
	www.learnessays.com /show_essay/123831.html (1019 words)

	All About Jazz \| Email This Article
		But a more general meaning is equally valid, and it has pan- African connotations.
		isicathamiya - From a Zulu word “to walk or step on ones toes lightly.” Derived from traditional call-and-response vocal music, combined with an open church-like sound.
		Isicathamiya choirs still appear in weekly competitions in Johannesburg and Durban.
	www.allaboutjazz.com /php/article_email.php?id=1954 (1245 words)

	deseretnews.com \| Ladysmith celebrates democracy and music
		Mazibuko said it was created by their forefathers while they were working in mines away from their homes.
		Mazibuko said that in order to keep isicathamiya alive, competitions were held on Saturday nights.
		But over a period of six months, Shabalala had a series of dreams, wherein he heard a unique version of isicathamiya and his grandmother telling him that his brothers were waiting for him.
	deseretnews.com /dn/view/0,1249,650203940,00.html (694 words)

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