Islam during the Ming Dynasty

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Topic: Islam during the Ming Dynasty

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	Saudi Aramco World : Islam in Taiwan
		The first invasion occurred in 1661, after the fall of the Ming dynasty, when a legendary hero called Koxinga (Cheng Cheng-kung) led 25,000 followers from the southern coast of China and seized Taiwan from the Dutch.
		In that year an embassy from the Caliph Uthman was graciously received at the capital of the T'ang dynasty.
		The beginnings of Islam in mainland China are obscure, but the year A.D. 651 is usually accepted as the date for the first official contact between the Caliphate and the Chinese Empire.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/197004/islam.in.taiwan.htm (3326 words)

	ISLAM IN CHINA
		During the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644 CE), a period considered to be the golden age of Islam in China, Muslims fully integrated into Han society by adopting their name and some customs while retaining their Islamic mode of dress and dietary restrictions.
		Under the Ming Dynasty, generally considered to be the golden age of Islam in China, Muslims gradually became fully integrated into Han society.
		Islam's contact with China began during the caliphate of 'Uthman ibn Affan (Allayhi Rahma, ra), the third caliph.
	islamic-world.net /islamic-state/islam_in_china.htm (2402 words)

	phorum - Chinese Culture Forum at Asiawind - Ming dynasty is MUSLIM!!!?
		This is because the Ming dynasty is MUSLIM and the religion of the Ming royal family is ISLAM.
		He claimed that his ancestor had married a Ming princess and thus he was a descendant of Zhu Yuanzhang and knows the secrets of the Islamic religion of the Ming royal family.
		Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the building of a mosque in Nanjing after he ascended the throne and he personally wrote a poem praising Islam and the Prophet Muhammad.
	www.asiawind.com /forums/read.php?f=2&i=945&t=943 (344 words)

	Manchu Qing Dynasty - Part I -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		Manchu reversed the tradition of the astronomy, calendar and firearms introduced by the Muslims during the Mongol Yuan Dynasty as well as the applied sciences introduced by the Jesuits of Ming Dynasty.
		After Manchus were invited by Wu Sangui the gatekeeper for Shanhaiguan Pass, the Manchus used the slogan of 'Restoring Ming Dynasty' to call for cooperation among Ming Chinese remnant armies in the wars against the peasant rebels.
		Manchu Qing China, in the ensuing hundreds of years, had been mostly occupied with "pleasure-seeking and literature-decoration", a 1916 comment by Japanese Prime Minister in regards to Yuan Shi-kai's death and its influence on the rise and fall of the Republic Of China.
	www.uglychinese.org /manchu.htm (14329 words)

	Lost Worlds Page 10 - From 1000AD to 1400AD
		1171AD: Islam: Sultan of Egypt, Saladin, destroys the Fatimite Dynasty there.
		The Ming rulers regularly received tribute from Korea, Mongolia, Chinese Turkistan, Burma, Siam and Vietnam, and sometimes Japan, Java, Sumatra, Ceylon and South India, the East African coast, the Persian Gulf area and Samarkand.
		Circa 1300AD: Islam: Osman I founds Ottoman dynasty in Turkey.
	www.danbyrnes.com.au /lostworlds/timeline/lwstory10.htm (14329 words)

	Eunuch - PakAF.com
		In 1591, despite overwhelming odds, his forces conquered a large swath of sub-Saharan Africa for the Saadi Dynasty and firmly entrenched Islam in the region.
		The highest well-documented mortality rate was when 329 of 1,565 boys from the Miao tribe in southern China died when they were castrated after defeat in battle during the early Ming Dynasty â“ a death rate of 20%.
		In ancient China castration was both a traditional punishment (until the Sui Dynasty) and a means of gaining employment in the Imperial service.
	www.pakaf.com /read/Eunuch (1898 words)

	China from the Mongols to the Ming
		The Ming dynasty did not maintain this trade, Zheng He's expedition, beginning in 1405, being made not for the sake of trade but for geographical exploration and diplomacy - an expedition with sixty-three ships and 27,000 men.
		The Mongols were following their tradition of supporting a variety of faiths - not only Buddhism but Islam, Taoism and the Christianity that was practiced by some of the Mongols in China.
		Mongol military garrisons continued to rule at strategic points in China, but the Mongols were greatly outnumbered and were not prepared to contend with a great rebellion.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h12china.htm (1451 words)

	ISLAM ART
		It was under the Ming dynasty during the 14th Century that the production of tea increased considerably while customs changed with the use of boilers instead of bottles while teapots became much important in the preparation of the beverage.
		This single page of the famous Leningrad Album assembled in Persia during the 18th Century and acquired by Czar Nicholas II who offered it to the Asian Museum of Saint-Petersburg bore a pre-sale estimate of 80,000 FF.
		As these pieces are quite sought, it was therefore not surprising that the pre-sale estimate would be smashed but not at such altitude.
	www.artcult.com /islang.htm (519 words)

	Timurid Architecture in Samarkand
		Around the time when Timur was beginning his rise to power, in 1368, the Mongol Yuan dynasty had been overthrown and the Ming dynasty had been established.
		Another reminder of the regal aspirations of Timur and his dynasty is the large white stone slab, called the kok-tosh ("green stone"), upon which the Timurid coronation ceremonies took place, which is located in the courtyard outside the mausoleum.
		These former nomads who had converted to Islam while members of the Golden Horde had become disaffected with a life of riding and raiding and were intent on settling in Transoxiana and adopting a sedentary way of life on the the trade routes that ran through Central Asia.
	www.oxuscom.com /timursam.htm (7656 words)

	Islam Is Great Religion Part 3 - Religion - http://maxpages.com/umarkhan/islam_is_great_part_3
		Muzaffarid dynasty: conquers Kirman [1340], Shiraz [1353], and Isfahan [1354].
		1391-98 Amir Temur annexed Muzaffarid territory [1391], Jalayar territory, Baghdad [1393]; marched to Moscow and defeated the Duke of Moscow [1394]; defeated Toktamish, Sarai destroyed, Golden Horde Khanate (of Volga valley) rule ends [1395], annexed Khurasan principality [1396], and Delhi [1398].
		1346 Shah Mir, ruler of Kashmir [1346-1349], founder of Shah Mir dynasty.
	www.maxpages.com /umarkhan/islam_is_great_part_3 (7656 words)

	Islam Is Great Religion Part 3 - Religion - http://maxpages.com/umarkhan/islam_is_great_part_3
		Ghazi Malik, the Khilji governor of Punjab, defeated Khusro Khan near Delhi and restored Delhi sultanate; assumed the title 'Ghiasuddin Tughluq'.
		Muzaffarid dynasty: conquers Kirman [1340], Shiraz [1353], and Isfahan [1354].
		Khilji rule extends to the southernmost tip of India.
	www.maxpages.com /umarkhan/islam_is_great_part_3 (7656 words)

	A timeline of the Mongols
		: the Ming dynasty is founded by a Chinese peasant and former Buddhist monk turned rebel, Chu Yuanchang, under whose leadership China regains independence from the Mongols
		Muhammad Giray II Islam Giray II Ghazi Giray II Ghazi Giray II Salamat Giray I
		Giray II Mengli Giray II Salamat Giray II Salim Giray II Arslan Giray
	www.scaruffi.com /politics/mongols.html (7656 words)

	timur_architecture
		Around the time when Timur was beginning his rise to power, in 1368, the Mongol Yuan dynasty had been overthrown and the Ming dynasty had been established.
		These former nomads who had converted to Islam while members of the Golden Horde had become disaffected with a life of riding and raiding and were intent on settling in Transoxiana and adopting a sedentary way of life on the the trade routes that ran through Central Asia.
		As Timurid power in Transoxiana faltered after the deaths of Shah Rukh and Ulugh Beg, the city ceased to be as important as it had been.
	www.mertebe.org /English/Turkmenistan/history/timur_architecture.html (7630 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Martyrs in China
		Islam had been introduced into Central Asia, and in China, the native dynasty of Ming, replacing the Mongol dynasty of Yuan, had not followed the policy of toleration of their predecessors; the Hungarian, Matthew Escandel, being possibly the first martyr.
		at Krems, Austria, 1603), a Jesuit, and companion of Father Michel Boym, in the Kwang-si province, who had been very successful during the Ming dynasty, was killed by the Manchu invaders on 12 December, 1651.
		With the revival of the missions in China with Matteo Ricci, who died at Peking in 1610, the blood of martyrs was soon shed to fertilize the evangelical field; the change of the Ming dynasty to the Manchu dynasty, giving occasion for new prosecution.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09746b.htm (7630 words)

	Re: Chinese as the original Muslims in the area, Impossible
		Earlier, during the early Ming Dynasty period, many Chinese Muslims settled in Sumatra, Borneo and Java where they spread Islam to the indigenous people.
		Hui Chinese and other non-Muslim Chinese were accepted as royalty and aristocracy by the natives during the Ming Dynasty.
		Chinese had been traversing the Malay Archipelago as early as the Western Han Dynasty period, the native Malay cultures of the region were therefore not alien to them.
	www.centurychina.com /plaboard/posts/3665652.shtml (7630 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Martyrs in China
		Islam had been introduced into Central Asia, and in China, the native dynasty of Ming, replacing the Mongol dynasty of Yuan, had not followed the policy of toleration of their predecessors; the Hungarian, Matthew Escandel, being possibly the first martyr.
		With the revival of the missions in China with Matteo Ricci, who died at Peking in 1610, the blood of martyrs was soon shed to fertilize the evangelical field; the change of the Ming dynasty to the Manchu dynasty, giving occasion for new prosecution.
		The first Christian martyrs in China appear to have been the missionaries of Ili Bâliq in Central Asia, Khan-Bâlig (Peking), and Zaitun (Fu-kien), in the middle of the fourteenth century.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09746b.htm (7630 words)

	The Silk Road
		With the disintegration of the Mongol empire, the revival of Islam and the isolationist policies of the Ming dynasty, the barriers rose again on the land route between East and West.
		Although the East was considerably more stable, especially under the rule of Kubilai, it also succumbed to a resurgence of Chinese nationalism, and after several minor local rebellions in the first few decades of the fourteenth century, principally in the south of China, the Yuan dynasty was finally replaced by the Ming dynasty in 1368.
		Kubilai completed the conquest of China, subduing the Song in the South of the country, and established the Yuan dynasty.
	www.ess.uci.edu /~oliver/silk.html (7630 words)

	Admiral Zheng He (1371-1433)
		Zheng He was captured by Ming Dynasty forces during their military cleansing of the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) in Yunnan, around 1381.
		Zheng He (also known as Cheng Ho) was born in what is now Jinning County, Kunming City of Yunnan Province in 1371, the fourth year of the Hongwu reign period (1368-1398) of the Ming Dynasty.
		As a result, the prince chose Zheng He to serve as his personal bodyguard during his quest to become emperor.
	www.china.org.cn /english/features/zhenhe/131897.htm (7630 words)

	multi0page.txt
		All these foreign nationalities in 7 belief of Islam fused with others under certain historical contexts and finally formed the Hui nationality in the later Ming dynasty.
		3.2.5 History, Culture of the Dongxiang nationality The Dongxiang nationality was generated from the amalgamation of the Huihui people, the 10 Mongolians, the Han people and the Tibetans who lived in the Dongxiang Region during the transition period of the Yuan and Ming dynasties in the later 14'h century.
		Similar to other nationalities in belief of Islam, the Dongxiang nationality has also 3 important festivals-the Lesser Bairam, the Gurbang Festival and the Shengji Festival.
	www-wds.worldbank.org /servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2002/08/09/000094946_02080104031170/Rendered/INDEX/multi0page.txt (7630 words)

	Islam in China (650 - 1980 CE)
		During the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644 CE), a period considered to be the golden age of Islam in China, Muslims fully integrated into Han society by adopting their name and some customs while retaining their Islamic mode of dress and dietary restrictions.
		The Ancient Record of the Tang Dynasty describes a landmark visit to China by Saad ibn Abi Waqqas (ra), one of the companions of Prophet Muhammad (s) in 650 C.E. This event is considered to be the birth of Islam in China.
		Anti-Muslim sentiments took root in China during the Ch'ing Dynasty (1644 - 1911 CE), which was established by Manchus who were a minority in China.
	www.cyberistan.org /islamic/islchina.htm (7630 words)

	Manchu Qing Dynasty - Part I -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		Manchu reversed the tradition of the astronomy, calendar and firearms introduced by the Muslims during the Mongol Yuan Dynasty as well as the applied sciences introduced by the Jesuits of Ming Dynasty.
		After Manchus were invited by Wu Sangui the gatekeeper for Shanhaiguan Pass, the Manchus used the slogan of 'Restoring Ming Dynasty' to call for cooperation among Ming Chinese remnant armies in the wars against the peasant rebels.
		As to Uygurs, Manchu adopted the policy of disparaging on Islam and sowing dissension among Muslims and non-Muslims.
	www.uglychinese.org /manchu.htm (14263 words)

	WORLD HISTORY TIMELINE: The Mongols
		Kublai Khan's sons were incompetent leaders, so a peasant and former monk named Hung Wu led a rebellion that ended the Yuan dynasty and founded the Chinese Ming dynasty
		A monk named John of Pian de Carpine visited the Mongol capital at Karakorum and tried to establish an alliance with the Mongols against Islam.
		Genghis Khan's son Og”dei was chosen by Mongol clan leaders to become the new khan
	courses.wcupa.edu /jones/his101/TIMELINE/T%2DMONGOL.HTM (476 words)

	History of the Philippines - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They were, to varying extents, under the Hindu-Malayan empires of Sumatra, Indochina, and Borneo and then, beginning with the Ming Dynasty, under the Chinese sphere of influence.
		Around 1405, the year that the war over succession ended in the Majapahit Empire, Sufi traders introduced Islam into the Hindu-Malayan empires and for about the next century the southern half of Luzon and the islands south of it were subject to the various Muslim sultanates of Borneo.
		The modern Filipino lives in a culture that is a fascinating blend of Asian (Vedic,Theravada Buddhist, Hindu, Islam), Spanish and American pop culture, that continues to both intrigue and baffle scholars today.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_Philippines (476 words)

	Ancient Mosque in the Orient Opens After 70 Years - IslamicSydney.com
		Today the Niujie Mosque is one of the treasure houses of Chinese Islamic culture, containing such artefacts as tablets carved with Arabic calligraphy, a plaque inscribed with an "imperial edict" of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty and a 300-year-old hand-written copy of the Koran.
		It is a sign of the respect under which Islam and Muslims were held by the Chinese imperial houses that this huge mosque was continually enlarged and renovated by the following Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
		The mosque, completed in 996 AC, was constructed under the watchful eyes of the Arab scholar Nasruddin, under orders of the emperor of the Liao Dynasty.
	islamicsydney.com /story.php?id=963 (476 words)

	Timurid Architecture in Samarkand
		Around the time when Timur was beginning his rise to power, in 1368, the Mongol Yuan dynasty had been overthrown and the Ming dynasty had been established.
		These former nomads who had converted to Islam while members of the Golden Horde had become disaffected with a life of riding and raiding and were intent on settling in Transoxiana and adopting a sedentary way of life on the the trade routes that ran through Central Asia.
		Timur's cenotaph is a massive slab (the largest in the world) of nephrite (dark green jade) which was brought back from Mongolia by Ulugh Beg in 1425 and subsequently broken in half in the eighteenth century when the invading Persian ruler, Nadir Shah, tried to remove it from the chamber.
	www.oxuscom.com /timursam.htm (7656 words)

	Timurid Architecture in Samarkand
		Around the time when Timur was beginning his rise to power, in 1368, the Mongol Yuan dynasty had been overthrown and the Ming dynasty had been established.
		These former nomads who had converted to Islam while members of the Golden Horde had become disaffected with a life of riding and raiding and were intent on settling in Transoxiana and adopting a sedentary way of life on the the trade routes that ran through Central Asia.
		Timur's cenotaph is a massive slab (the largest in the world) of nephrite (dark green jade) which was brought back from Mongolia by Ulugh Beg in 1425 and subsequently broken in half in the eighteenth century when the invading Persian ruler, Nadir Shah, tried to remove it from the chamber.
	www.oxuscom.com /timursam.htm (7656 words)

	China & The World Cultual Exchange www.ZWWHJL.com.cn / www.ZWWHJL.com
		Linxia's brick carving as a folk art was first created in the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127) and matured in the Ming and Qing dynasties (from about 700 to 100 years ago).
		Mosques in Linxia vary in their styles, but what all those follow is that a crescent-shape model is decorated on the top of each of the mosques, because crescent is said to be the symbol of the Islamic world.
		Linxia used to be a strategically important town on the conjunction of ancient Silk Road, Tang Dynasty-Ancient Tibet Passage and Gansu-Sichuan Official Road.
	www.zwwhjl.com.cn /news/e5.asp?articleid=88 (7656 words)

	ummah.com forum - Islam in China
		Prominent Muslims had taken part in the establishment of the Ming dynasty, and later, in the reign of Yongle from 808 to 836 (A.D. 1405-32), the eminent Muslim statesman Zheng.
		The influx of Muslim immigrants increased dramatically in the 13th and 14th centuries when the Mongol Dynasty installed many Islamic bureaucrats, soldiers and businessmen in favour of the indigenous Chinese population.
		The majority of Chinese Muslims are involved in commerce and industry, and cooperation between China and Islamic countries has its salutary and positive effect on the Muslim community in China, said the Deputy President.
	www.ummah.org.uk /forum/printthread.php?t=31318&pp=40 (7656 words)

	Timurid Architecture in Samarkand
		Around the time when Timur was beginning his rise to power, in 1368, the Mongol Yuan dynasty had been overthrown and the Ming dynasty had been established.
		Clavijo was present in Samarkand for the victory celebrations after the defeat of the Ottomans, as the conqueror prepared for what was to be his greatest exploit yet, the conquest of China.
		The decoration of the madrasah, as elsewhere in Samarkand, emphasizes the color blue, with light and dark blue tiles in hazarbaf technique forming various designs, including the calligraphic representation of sacred names within geometric outlines on the facade, the exterior walls, and the secondary entrances.
	www.oxuscom.com /timursam.htm (7656 words)

	Abu Muslim -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Online Article
		Short essay on the Muslim presence in China during the reign of the Tang, Sung, Yuan, and Ming dynasties.
		Muslim jurist and theologian whose systematization of Islamic legal doctrine was acknowledged as one of the four canonical schools of Islamic law.
		In the 3rd century of Islam's history the scholar Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari was a brilliant interpreter of the Koran and the compiler of an exhaustive history of his religion.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article?tocId=9354447 (7656 words)

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In the News (Sun 27 Dec 09)