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Topic: Islam in Afghanistan

	Afghanistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Afghanistan is a mountainous country with plains in the north and southwest.
		Afghanistan is an extremely poor country, highly dependent on farming and livestock raising.
		International efforts to rebuild Afghanistan lead to the formulation of the Afghan Interim Authority (AIA), as a result of the December 2001 Bonn Agreement, and later addressed at the Tokyo Donors Conference for Afghan Reconstruction in January 2002, where $4.5 billion was collected for a trust fund to be administered by the World Bank.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Afghanistan (2516 words)

	Islam in Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Afghanistan is one of the most solidly Muslim countries in the world.
		Islam is divided into two sects, the Sunni (or Sunnites) and the Shi'a (or Shi'ites).
		In other countries, including Afghanistan, there are pockets of Shi'a, many of whom have suffered discrimination and persecution for their beliefs.
	www.cis2.terry.dtcc.edu /Gibson/cis160032/zia/Afghanistan.htm (892 words)

	Religious Movements Homepage: Islam
		Islam is such a fundamental aspect of everyday life of most Arabs, that the secular societies of the West find difficult to relate to it.
		Islam came to the forefront of American culture when it was adopted by African Americans during the tumultous 1960s, when Malcolm X defined Islam as the religion of his people and a means of "Black Empowerment".
		Islam in the United States: This is a link for Islams in the United States, addressing currentevents, local practices and laws pertaining to their rights and beliefs.
	religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu /nrms/islam.html (7081 words)

	The Berzin Archives - Historical Sketch of Buddhism and Islam in Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Islam was gaining ground in Bactria at this time among the landowners and upper, educated urban classes by the appeal of its high level of culture and learning.
		In 1148, Ala-ud Din of the nomadic Guzz Turks from the mountains of central Afghanistan conquered Bactria from the Qaraqitans and established the Ghurad Dynasty.
		In 1215, Chinggis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire, conquered Afghanistan from the Ghurids.
	www.berzinarchives.com /islam/history_afghanistan_buddhism.html (5651 words)

	Afghanland.com Afghanistan What they say about Islam
		Islam, as practiced by the vast majority of people, is a peaceful religion, a religion that respects others.
		Islam is a faith that brings comfort to a billion people around the world.
		I became more than ever convinced that it was not the sword that won a place for Islam in those days in the scheme of life.
	www.afghanland.com /islam/quotes.html (1993 words)

	JURIST - Afghanistan: Afghan Law, Legal Research, Human Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Nationalist Islamic Mujahideen rebels nonetheless refused to recognize the Soviet-backed regime, eventually forcing the withdrawl of Soviet forces in 1989 and the adoption of an amended multiparty Islamic-oriented Constitution in 1990.
		The socialist government of Afghanistan was ultimately overthrown by the Mujahideen in 1992; the Mujahideen subsequently proclaimed an Islamic State and called elections in which Professor Burhannudin Rabbani was elected President.
		There are currently no functioning law schools in Afghanistan; a faculty of law was established at Kabul University in 1938, but the university - closed at one point under the Taliban regime - is currently in disarray and the status of the law program is unclear.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /world/afghanistan.htm (935 words)

	Afghanistan Online: The Plight of the Afghan Woman
		The vast majority of Afghanistan's population professes to be followers of Islam.
		Over 1400 years ago, Islam demanded that men and women be equal before God, and gave them various rights such the right to inheritance, the right to vote, the right to work, and even choose their own partners in marriage.
		For centuries now in Afghanistan, women have been denied these rights either by official government decree or by their own husbands, fathers, and brothers.
	www.afghan-web.com /woman (448 words)

	AllRefer.com - Afghanistan - Sunni and Shia Islam in Afghanistan \| Afghan Information Resource
		AllRefer.com - Afghanistan - Sunni and Shia Islam in Afghanistan
		The historical divide of Islam into Sunni, or so-called orthodox Islam, and Shia, was caused more by political dispute over successors than doctrinal differences, although differences gradually assumed theological and metaphysical overtones.
		The Sunni: Hanafi, dominant in the Arab Middle East, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan; Maleki, in north, central and west Africa and Egypt; Shafii, in east Africa, Indonesia and southeast Asia; Hanbali, in Saudi Arabia.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/afghanistan/afghanistan59.html (465 words)

	Beneath the veil
		Facts about Afghanistan with maps and photographs, including all the latest news in addition to a history of the country and the Taliban.
		Its largest programme, in Afghanistan, is quickly expanding to provide safe ground and assistance to the hundreds of thousands of returnees moving back to their homes.
		Each of the men profiled in this book hoped to see Afghanistan become a more just and democratic nation back in the 1960's but their visions for their country were radically different and in the end all three failed and were killed or exiled.
	www.channel4.com /life/microsites/A/afghanistan/findout.html (1182 words)

	Women in Islam
		The new transitional government of Afghanistan is especially groundbreaking for the country's women, two of whom have been elected to the de facto cabinet.
		Sister Ruqaiyyah identifies with the "battle to preserve Islam as the one true faith, tolerant, noble, and compassionate - in face of the growth of the 'other Islam' which is extremist and intolerant, and which she regards as both false and dangerous".
		MWL is a nonprofit American Muslim organization working to implement the values of Islam and thereby reclaim the status of women as free, equal and vital contributors to society.
	www.islamfortoday.com /women.htm (4320 words)

	MUSLIM-ANSWERS.org - Main Page
		In conjunction with presenting the pure teachings of Islam, we are involved in an ongoing effort to respond to the misinformation, lies and distortions that have been heaped upon Islam by its enemies.
		Even though Islam and Muslims have their fair share of bigoted critics, the negative stereotypes and bad press that commonly malign Islam these days are ultimately the fault of Muslims since they've allowed themselves to be seduced by nascent modern interpretations of Islam that are often unduly militant, subtly self-righteous and spiritually arid.
		While the outward sciences of Islam were expounded upon by the scholars of Prophetic narration (hadith) and jurisprudence (fiqh), the intricacies of correct iman were clarified by the scholars and schools of creedal belief (‘aqidah).
	www.muslim-answers.org (1215 words)

	Special Report
		As far as Afghanistan is concerned, the history of madaris (religious schools) and taliban (religious students) is as old as the arrival of Islam in that country.
		Since the establishment of Islam in Afghanistan, the taliban, a sort of religious proletariat, have been recognized as an inseparable part of the social fabric.
		Their proven effectiveness in maintaining law and order as well as their adherence to the commandments of Islam and to cultural norms where traditional Afghan women are obedient rather than challenging to men, seem to have won over the predominantly illiterate peasants and working class.
	www.washington-report.org /backissues/0498/9804047.html (970 words)

	AsiaSource Interview with Barnett Rubin
		Afghanistan had had three national elections to a consultative parliament in which almost no political party leaders were involved at all.
		However, the tribal-based state in Afghanistan had made territorial claims against Pakistan, and was the only state that voted against Pakistan’s admission to the United Nations, and had also launched covert wars against Pakistan using the Pashtun border tribes.
		Afghanistan is a landlocked country, so he had to get there through Pakistan, and he is a fairly well known figure to the security services in that area.
	www.asiasource.org /news/special_reports/rubin.cfm (5506 words)

	CNN.com - U.S. gives $43 million to Afghanistan - May 17, 2001
		The Thursday aid announcement follows the return of a U.S. delegation last month from a visit to Afghanistan, where it found the population on the verge of a famine due to a devastating drought.
		The team visiting Afghanistan found the conditions of the camps woefully inadequate, and said that the shelter facilities, water and sanitation was very poor.
		Officials were especially concerned about refugees leaving Afghanistan for bordering countries, such as Pakistan and Iran, and expressed concern that those countries might send the refugees back to Afghanistan.
	www.cnn.com /2001/US/05/17/us.afghanistan.aid/index.html (646 words)

	[No title]
		Until 962 CE, Afghanistan witnesses different regional rules, periodically controlled by the Umayyad and the Abbasid caliphates and other locally-based rulers.
		750 CE: Early Islam - The Abbasids overtake the rule of the Islamic world (except for Spain which falls under the rule of a descendant of the Umayyad family) and move the capital to Baghdad in Iraq.
		Abd al-Rahman of the Umayyad dynasty flees to Spain to escape the Abbasids and is responsible for the "Golden Caliphate" in Spain, the greatest Islamic civilization yet known.
	eawc.evansville.edu /chronology/ispage.htm (2032 words)

	Afghanistan
		Afghanistan, approximately the size of Texas, is bordered on the north by Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, on the extreme northeast by China, on the east and south by Pakistan, and by Iran on the west.
		In the 19th century, Afghanistan became a battleground in the rivalry between imperial Britain and czarist Russia for control of Central Asia.
		UN: Afghanistan tells Assembly Taliban is a mercenary force for Pakistan, during debate.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107264.html (1564 words)

	City Journal Spring 2004 \| When Islam Breaks Down by Theodore Dalrymple
		Islam, with no separate, secular sphere where inquiry could flourish free from the claims of religion, if only for technical purposes, was hopelessly left behind: as, several centuries later, it still is.
		The control that Islam has over its populations in an era of globalization reminds me of the hold that the Ceausescus appeared to have over the Rumanians: an absolute hold, until Ceausescu appeared one day on the balcony and was jeered by the crowd that had lost its fear.
		Islam in the modern world is weak and brittle, not strong: that accounts for its so frequent shrillness.
	www.city-journal.org /html/14_2_when_islam.html (3588 words)

	Pacific News Service Content
		Pakistan fears the fact that the Taliban are predominantly Pushtun, an ethnic group that comprises roughly half of Afghanistan's population and a sizable minority in Pakistan (where they also dominate the Pakistani army).
		Should Afghanistan gain a new stability under a Sunni Islamic order, that appeal will be greatly enhanced as Pakistan itself descends into a kind of political madness.
		Should they succeed in Afghanistan, their impact will be felt not just in neighboring Pakistan but in Tajikistan, Russia and India, where the vast majority of Muslims are also Sunnis.
	www.pacificnews.org /jinn/stories/2.20/960930-afghanistan.html (943 words)

	Afghanistan - Atlapedia Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is bound by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan to the north and China to the northeast.
		RELIGIONS: The official religion is Islam with approximately 74% of the population Sunni Muslims while 24% are Shiite Muslims and 2% belong to the other Islamic sects.
		On Apr. 14, 1988 a UN-mediated agreement was signed which provided for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, the creation of a neutral Afghan state and the repatriation of millions of Afghan refugees.
	www.atlapedia.com /online/countries/afghan.htm (1272 words)

	AfghanWebLinks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Analyzing Afghanistan: A webquest for 11th and 12th grade English /Language Arts or Social Studies
		A Muslim Response to 9/11 and the War in Afghanistan
		Afghanistan's Taliban: Not a valid interpretation of Islam
	www.aems.uiuc.edu /HTML/AfganWebLinks.htm (334 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Afghanistan's recent history is a story of war and civil unrest.
		Afghanistan's economic outlook has improved significantly since the fall of the Taliban regime in 2001 because of the infusion of over $2 billion in international assistance, recovery of the agricultural sector, and the reestablishment of market institutions.
		Despite the progress of the past few years, Afghanistan remains extremely poor, landlocked, and highly dependent on foreign aid, farming, and trade with neighboring countries.
	www.cia.gov /cia/publications/factbook/geos/af.html (1433 words)

	Holidays & Attractions
		This festival dates back to the time when Zoroastrianism was still a powerful religion, long before Islam arrived in Afghanistan.
		Afghanistan's national airline is Ariana Afghan Airlines (FG).
		Nearby are Mahipar Falls, the spectacular Kabul Gorge, the Babur Garden Tomb (where a descendant of Tamerlane is buried), Istalif and Charikar (Buddhist stupas from the 2nd and 3rd centuries).
	www.afghan-network.net /Culture/attractions.html (2408 words)

	Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan (Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, )
		Ansar al-Islam fi Kurdistan (Supporters of Islam in Kurdistan) is one of a number of Sunni Islamist groups based in the Kurdish-controlled northern provinces of Iraq.
		Its bases are in and around the villages of Biyara and Tawela, which lie northeast of the town of Halabja in the Hawraman region of Sulaimaniya province bordering Iran.
		Documents discovered in an al-Qaeda guest house in Afghanistan by the New York Times discuss the creation of an "Iraqi Kurdistan Islamic Brigade" just weeks prior to the formation of Ansar al-Islam in December 2001, and some Ansar al-Islam members in PUK custody have described in credible detail training in al-Qa'ida camps in Afghanistan.
	www.hrw.org /backgrounder/mena/ansarbk020503.htm (3084 words)

	Islam in Afghanistan: The major players (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		There are three main schools of Islamic thought; Sunni, Sufism and Shi'ism are involved in the events in Afghanistan.
		They are the mystics of the Islam world.
		Knowledge of these groups is important for understanding the present day conflict in Afghanistan.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~afgann/islam.html (238 words)

	A Pure
		He was approved, recruited, trained and sent to Afghanistan where he fought well.
		They would like a return to what they imagine was Islam in the 7th century, during the leadership of Mohammed.
		If the United States spills too much blood in Afghanistan then the consequences could be dire within the Pakistan Army in a year's time.
	www.zmag.org /aliqa.htm (1019 words)

	Afghania Portal :: Afghans Online Community! Afghan MP3 Music, Forums, Chat and more! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		KABUL/ISLAMABAD, August 10 (Pajhwok Afghan News): Pakistani labourers working in the construction industry in Afghanistan are leaving the country due to their maltreatment by local police.
		More than 70,000 Pakistani labourers have been involved in the ongoing rebuilding process in different cities of Afghanistan since the ouster of the Taliban regime in 2001.
		The 1,600-year-old statues, which stood on the Silk Road in the Bamiyan Valley, were destroyed by the Taleban in 2001.
	www.afghania.com (557 words)

	Afghan Daily - Afghanistan News
		KANDAHAR, Afghanistan (Reuters) - Taliban guerrillas have executed an Afghan woman after accusing her of spying for U.S.-led forces, officials said on Wednesday.
		KABUL - One US soldier and at least 16 militants were killed in a clash after insurgents attacked a patrol of Afghan and US troops in southern Afghanistan, the American m...
		Afghanistan's famous Bamiyan Buddhas are due to be recreated by multicoloured laser images projected onto the cliffs where they once stood.
	www.afghandaily.com (478 words)

	Taliban Islamisten Sunniten Sufi Deoband
		Maulana Fazalur Rahman, Chef der "Jami'at Ulama-i Islam" (die für den Aufbau der Taliban-Streitmacht sorgte), nutzte sein Schlußwort, um gegen die Präsenz der Vereinigten Staaten in der Golf-Region zu opponieren und drängte die Muslimischen Staaten, den US-Monopolismus zu beenden.
		Die Parteien, in denen sich die Pashtunen Afghanistans fanden, waren meist von nur lokaler Relevanz und die pashtunischen Kriegsherrn hatten regional begrenzte Macht.
		Der mächtige Kriegsherr Hikmatyar und seine "Hizb-i Islam", die sich als Vertreterin der Pashtunen präsentierte, hatte seine Basis in Pakistan, nicht in Afghanistan, während die übrigen "warlords" von Rang und Namen Tajiken, Uzbeken und Hazara waren.
	www.afghanistan-seiten.de /afghanistan/bios_parteitaliban.html (1876 words)

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