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Topic: Islam in Ghana

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	Islam in West Africa
		Islam was accepted as early as 850 C.E. by the Dya'ogo dynasty of the Kingdom of Tekur.
		Islam reached the Savannah region in the 8th Century C.E., the date the written history of West Africa begins.[17] The Muslim-Arab historians began to write about West Africa in the early 8th century.
		With the introduction of Islam in Kanem, it became the principal focus of Muslim influence in the central Sudan and relations were established with the Arab world in the Middle East and the Maghrib.
	members.tripod.com /worldupdates/islamintheworld/id26.htm (3657 words)

	Islam. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In Africa, Islam is the principal religion in Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Senegal, Somalia, and Sudan, with sizable populations also in Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Tanzania (where the island of Zanzibar is predominantly Muslim), and Nigeria.
		At the core of Islam is the Qur’an, believed to be the final revelation by a transcendent Allah [Arab.,=the God] to Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam; since the Divine Word was revealed in Arabic, this language is used in Islamic religious practice worldwide.
		Islam views the Message of Muhammad as the continuation and the fulfillment of a lineage of Prophecy that includes figures from the Hebrew Scriptures and the New Testament, notably Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, and Jesus.
	www.bartleby.com /65/is/Islam.html (1102 words)

	Ghana
		Ghana's role as a focus of the gold, ivory, and slave trade resulted in the construction of an entire string of colonial forts along its coastline, and many remain as picturesque legacies of that era.
		Ghana experienced the highest GNP on the continent before an economic crisis in the late 1970s, and it experienced the trauma of military takeovers long before that became a trend in the region.
		Ghana stabilised in the mid-1980s and political reform began A new Constitution was approved in a referendum in April 1992 and political parties were unbanned.
	us-africa.tripod.com /ghana.html (3356 words)

	Ghana Christianity and Islam in Ghana
		Islam is based on what Muslims believe are the divine revelations received in seventhcentury Arabia by the Prophet Muhammad.
		The spread of Islam into West Africa, beginning with ancient Ghana in the ninth century, was mainly the result of the commercial activities of North African Muslims.
		Sufism, involving the organization of mystical brotherhoods (tariq) for the purification and spread of Islam, is not widespread in Ghana.
	www.country-studies.com /ghana/christianity-and-islam-in-ghana.html (1040 words)

	Religion: Islam
		At the core of Islam is the Qur'an, believed to be the final revelation by a transcendent Allah to Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam; since the Divine Word was revealed in Arabic, this language is used in Islamic religious practice worldwide.
		In Islam, religion and social membership are inseparable: the ruler of the community (caliph) has both a religious and a political status.
		The Sunna is almost as important to Islam as the Qur'an, for in it lie the elaborations of Qu'ranic teaching essential to the firm establishment of a world religion.
	www.afghan-network.net /Islam (807 words)

	An Introduction to Ghana
		Ghana is one of the five African nations along the northern coastline of the Gulf of Guinea.
		Ghana's rich history centers on the once-great Ashanti empire, which rose to power during the late 17th century and continued to prosper as a center of the 18th century slave trade.
		Although Ghana, then known as the Gold Coast, was largely considered a British territory by the latter half of the 19th century, it wasn't until 1900 that the British succeeded in defeating the Ashanti and the area's other strong kingdoms.
	www.geographia.com /ghana (484 words)

	www.ghana.co.uk - Religion
		Islam is strongest in the extreme north and in the larger urban centres of Ghana, and was introduced through two main sources.
		In 1985 estimate showed that the Muslim population of Ghana rose to 15 percent, with the religion penetrating down south to the coast of Ghana where the number of conversions are continuing to increase.
		Based at Saltpond in the central region their practices differed from the original Islam, in that wherein the North Kornic private shcools were promoted, the Ahmadiyya Movement founded its own schools and colleges which catered not only for Arabic education, but a curriculum that covered many subjects in the western education system.
	www.ghana.co.uk /religion/religions_group/islamic.htm (151 words)

	AllRefer.com - Ghana - Health Care \| Ghanaian Information Resource
		The result is reflected in the decline in infant mortality from 120 per 1,000 live births in 1965 to 86 per 1,000 live births in 1989, and a rate of overall life expectancy that increased from an average of forty-four years in 1970 to fifty-six years in 1993.
		The medical system in Ghana comes under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health, which is also charged with the control of dangerous drugs, narcotics, scientific research, and the professional qualifications of medical personnel.
		Insofar as the Ghana Medical Association and the various nurses associations were concerned, better salaries and working conditions in Nigeria, for example, were significant variables in explaining the attraction of that country for Ghanaian physicians and other medical personnel.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/ghana/ghana64.html (1276 words)

	Islam in Ghana - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mande speakers (who in Ghana are known as Wangara) traders and clerics carried the religion into the area.
		Sufism, involving the organization of mystical brotherhoods (tariqa) for the purification and spread of Islam, is not widespread in Ghana.
		Ghana · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Kenya · Lesotho · Liberia · Libya · Madagascar · Malawi · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Morocco · Mozambique · Namibia · Niger · Nigeria · Rwanda · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Seychelles · Sierra Leone · Somalia · South Africa · Sudan · Swaziland · Tanzania · Togo · Tunisia · Uganda · Zambia · Zimbabwe
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Islam_in_Ghana (413 words)

	Islam - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In Islam, religion and social membership are inseparable: the ruler of the community (caliph; see caliphate) has both a religious and a political status.
		The unitary nature of Islam, as a system governing relations between a person and God, and a person and society, has contributed to the appeal and success of Islam.
		The Sunna, the spoken and acted example of the Prophet, collected as hadith, is an important traditional source that is used to supplement and explicate the Qu'ran.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-islam.html (1303 words)

	Islam, the Modern World, and the West
		Islam in Algeria from the Country Studies at the US Library of Congress, written in 1993, this is an excellent survey of the history of Islam in Algeria from the 7th century until today.
		Penetration of Islam in Eastern Africa by Ahmed Binsumeit A. Badawy Jamalilyl of Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman.
		Islam in Indonesia: The Dissemination of Religious Authority in the 20th Century is an extensive program of research combining the efforts of a number of scholars and academic institutions, among which is the The Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM), Leiden.
	www.uga.edu /islam/countries.html (11155 words)

	Civilizations in Africa: The Islamic Invasions
		After the death of Muhammad, the rasul, or "messenger," and prophet of Islam, in 632, the first caliph ("deputy of the prophet") of Islam, Abu Bakr, ambitiously undertook a series of military conquests to spread the new faith across the world.
		The initial spread of Islam is the single most dramatic cultural change in the history of the world, and it loomed large in the subsequent history of African civilizations.
		Islam, however, as a religion of the book, spread writing and literacy everywhere it went.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/CIVAFRCA/ISLAM.HTM (500 words)

	Islamic History
		Islam and Islamic History in Arabia and the Middle East This is a well-written survey in some detail (more than the previous link) and organized according to dynasty.
		Islam in Africa In this article, Professor 'Abdur Rahman Doi of Ahmadu Bello University in Nigeria discusses the early history of Islam in Africa, from the year 615 CE until the early eighth century CE.
		The Spread of Islam in West Africa In this article, Professor 'Abdur Rahman Doi begins with the 8th Century CE and discusses the history of Islam in the ancient empires of Western Sudan: Ghana, Mali, Songhay, Kanem-Bornu, and Hausa-Fulani land.
	www.uga.edu /islam/history.html (1699 words)

	Ghana THE PRECOLONIAL PERIOD - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		Strictly speaking, ghana was the title of the king, but the Arabs, who left records of the kingdom, applied the term to the king, the capital, and the state.
		Ghana succumbed to attacks by its neighbors in the eleventh century, but its name and reputation endured.
		Although none of the states of the western Sudan controlled territories in the area that is modern Ghana, several small kingdoms that later developed in the north of the country were ruled by nobles believed to have immigrated from that region.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/ghana/ghana_history_the_precolonial_period.html (1473 words)

	Muslim Population
		Sheikh Hassan Khalid, a prominent Ghanaian Islamic Daawa activist said that Islam reached through Daawa activists who visited the country from the neighboring African countries, whose sole aim was to spread Islam to their neighbors.
		Sheikh Hassan told DAAWA magazine that many of Ghana’s Daawa activists got their Islamic education in mosques where the activists from the neighboring countries used to give instruction to the Muslims, adding that the mosque in Ghana is playing a prominent role in the lives of the Muslims here.
		Sheikh Hassan Khalid said that the Daawa activists of Ghana are now focusing their attention on the Muslim youths, so as to prevent them from going astray, and lead them toward the proper path and the correct Islamic practices.
	www.islamicpopulation.com /ghana_muslim.html (301 words)

	Ghana - Home
		The first of them in Ghana were the states of Bono and Banda, which occupied the northern orchard bush before expanding south.
		* Ashanti was one of the most well known and powerful of the kingdoms of Ghana, by late in the 17th century it had conquered the majority of the earlier states and turned its attention to controlling trade routes to the coast; their capital was Kumasi.
		Ghana continues to be heavily dependent on foreign aid.
	www.africanet.com /africanet/country/ghana/home.htm (1591 words)

	islam-usa.com
		When Malcolm X left the Nation and embraced the true Islam, he was responding to the call of Islam.
		Islam erases the past as it did to that of Caliph Umar bin Khattab who was a violent man before accepting Islam.
		There is nothing in Islam that teaches one to judge a man by the color of his skin.
	www.islam-usa.com /Malcom.htm (2377 words)

	[No title]
		CWNews.com– Ghana has long been a bastion of Christianity in West Africa: 20 years ago, more than 60% of the population claimed to be Christian.
		While the persecution of Christians is not as violent as in the nearby country of Nigeria, the rise of Islam in the West African country of Ghana is of great concern to the followers of Jesus as they face an uncertain future.
		Emmanuel Dankwa-Mireku is Director of The Voice of the Christian Martyrs, in Ghana.
	www.cbn.com /CBNnews/CWN/021706ghana.asp (975 words)

	Ghana Health and Welfare
		In precolonial Ghana, as in the rest of sub-Saharan Africa, traditional priests were important in providing treatment for the sick.
		In the treatment of illness, therefore, the usual process was for the priest to use divination to determine the source of the malady and to suggest sacrifices to appease the causal agents before herbal medicine was prescribed for the patient.
		Since the introduction of Islam in Ghana in the fourteenth century, Muslim clerics have also been known to provide spiritual treatment and protection in the form of charms and amulets derived from the Quranic beliefs.
	country-studies.com /ghana/health-and-welfare.html (677 words)

	Mr. Dowling's Ghanian Page
		The rivers were important to Ghana because its economy was based on trade, and before the modern age, rivers were the fastest way to carry goods.
		The people called their nation Wagadu; we know it as Ghana because that was the name of their war chief.
		The gold and salt mines all lay beyond the borders of the empire, but the power of Ghana was based on the superior skill of their people in working with iron.
	www.mrdowling.com /609-ghana.html (302 words)

	The Lutheran Media Ministry in Ghana
		The traders involved Ghana in what was known as the "Trade Triangle." Cloth, guns, beads and liquor were carried from Europe to the west coast of Africa in exchange for gold, slaves, ivory and pepper.
		Ghana is primarily an agricultural country, with nearly 60 percent of its working population living on
		There is also increasing concern over the growing influence of Islam and a lack of mission zeal among Christians in Ghana.
	www.lutheranmedia.net /ghana/facts.htm (325 words)

	Muslim-Christian Relations in Ghana: "Too Much Meat Does Not Spoil the Soup"
		Ghana is a former British colony in West Africa with an estimated population of 18 million, comprising about 64 different language and people groups.
		Islam entered present-day Ghana in the 14th century, mainly from the north.
		The notion of a Muslim amongst the majority of Ghanaian Christians is that of a dirty, illiterate watchman from the north or uncouth bunch of strangers living in the dirtiest and filthiest part of the city.
	wcc-coe.org /wcc/what/interreligious/cd36-01.html (2571 words)

	Trade and the Spread of Islam in Africa \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The spread of Islam throughout the African continent was neither simultaneous nor uniform, but followed a gradual and adaptive path.
		The strongest resistance to Islam seems to have emanated from the Mossi and the Bamana, with the development of the Segu kingdom.
		But although Islam has influenced a wide range of artistic practices in Africa since its introduction, monumental architecture is the best-preserved legacy of its early history on the continent.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/tsis/hd_tsis.htm (991 words)

	Civilizations in Africa: Ghana
		Unlike the Ghanaians, the Berbers, calling themselves Almoravids, fervently converted to Islam and, in 1075, declared a holy war, or jihad, against the state of Ghana.
		In another, the Ghanaians also convert to Islam and join the Almoravids in their attempt to spread Islam across Africa.
		Nonetheless, Ghana ceases to be a commercial or military power after 1100; for a brief time (1180-1230), the Soso people, who were rabidly anti-Muslim, controlled a kingdom making up the southern portions of the Ghanaian empire, but the Almoravid revolution effectively halted the growth of kingdoms and empires in the Sahel for almost a century.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/CIVAFRCA/GHANA.HTM (715 words)

	Ghana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Ghana became a republic under the 1960 Constitution and the first prime minister, Kwame Nkrumah, was elected President.
		The Ghana Law Reform Commission established in 1968 was given the task of reviewing statutory and customary laws and suggesting reforms.
		Existing law is defined as the written and unwritten laws of Ghana predating the current Constitution, as adapted to conform to the Constitution.
	www.law.emory.edu /IFL/legal/ghana.htm (1908 words)

	Islamic Da'wah Academy
		I have eaten from the same plate with people whose eyes were the bluest of the blue, whose hair was the blondest of blond, and whose skin was the whitest of white.
		True Islam removes racism, because people of all colors and races who accept its religious principles and bow to the One God, Allah, also automatically accept each other as brothers and sisters, regardless of differences in complexion.
		It gives him the incentive to develop, to be identified collectively in the brotherhood of Islam with the brothers in Islam; at the same time this has the psychological effect of giving him incentive as an individual.
	www.idauk.org /pub/leaf/dawah/5.html (1263 words)

	The Problem with the "Nation of Islam"- by Michael Young
		In Islam the ascribing of partners to God, referred to as shirk, is the greatest of all sins.
		A third area of non-compliance with Islam, and the one which receives by far the greatest attention in the secular media, is the issue of race.
		The present "Nation of Islam" leader, Louis Farrakhan, is on record as having made objectionable anti-Jewish (as distinct from anti-Zionist) remarks.
	www.islamfortoday.com /nationofislam.htm (1588 words)

	Empires of the Western Sudan: Ghana Empire \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Ghana (Wagadu), the earliest known empire of the western Sudan, first entered the historical consciousness of North Africa near the end of the eighth century but probably originated long before.
		Ghana's preeminence faded toward the end of the eleventh century, when its power was broken by a long struggle with the
		Ghana subsequently fell to the expanding Soso kingdom.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/ghan/hd_ghan.htm (350 words)

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