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	Kazakhstan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Kazakhstan is the ninth-largest country in the world by area, but its semi-deserts (steppe) make it only the 57th country in population, with approximately 6 persons per sq km (16/mi²).
		Kazakhstan is a constitutional republic with a strong presidency.
		Kazakhstan is a bilingual country: the Kazakh language, spoken by 64.4% of the population, has the status of the "state" language, while Russian is declared the "official" language, and is used routinely in business.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kazakhstan (3793 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Kazakhstan
		Kazakhstan, republic in Central Asia, bounded on the north by Russia; on the east by China; on the south by Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan; and on the west by the Caspian Sea and Russia.
		Kazakhstan was the only Soviet republic in which the titular nationality (or ethnic group for which a republic was named) constituted less than 50 percent of the population.
		Kazakhstan is also a member of the United Nations (UN); the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE); and the Partnership for Peace program of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), established to provide for limited military cooperation between NATO and non-NATO states.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761566451__1/Kazakhstan.html (8008 words)

	Islam. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		At the core of Islam is the Qur’an, believed to be the final revelation by a transcendent Allah [Arab.,=the God] to Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam; since the Divine Word was revealed in Arabic, this language is used in Islamic religious practice worldwide.
		Islam views the Message of Muhammad as the continuation and the fulfillment of a lineage of Prophecy that includes figures from the Hebrew Scriptures and the New Testament, notably Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, and Jesus.
		In Islam, religion and social membership are inseparable: the ruler of the community (caliph; see caliphate) has both a religious and a political status.
	www.bartleby.com /65/is/Islam.html (1102 words)

	Islam in Kazakhstan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As elsewhere in the newly independent Central Asian states, the subject of Islam's role in everyday life, and especially in politics, is a delicate one in Kazakstan.
		As part of the Central Asian population and the Turkic world, Kazaks are conscious of the role Islam plays in their identity, and there is strong public pressure to increase the role that faith plays in society.
		Soviet authorities attempted to encourage a controlled form of Islam as a unifying force in the Central Asian societies while at the same time stifling the expression of religious beliefs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan (624 words)

	All words on Kazakhstan
		In 1997 the capital of Kazakhstan was moved from Almaty located in the Southeast of the country to Akmola (Akmolinsk), later renamed to Astana, a city closer to the geographic center of the country.
		Main article: Politics of Kazakhstan Although Kazakhstan is considered to have made greater progress in the field of democratic reforms, compared to the other Central Asian countries, the situation is far from perfect and international and non-governmental human rights organizations often point to frequent violations of human rights by state officials.
		Interestingly, the ambassador from Kazakhstan to the United Kingdom was insulted by the character claiming it was far from an authentic representation of Kazakhstan.
	www.allwords.org /ka/kazakhstan.html (1237 words)

	New Page
		Evidence since the study has also shown that many young Kazakhs were beginning to convert to Islam, mainly because of the moral emptiness that was left in society generated by the lack of morality demonstrated by their government.
		Kazakhstan was in effect torn between its identity with Russia and Central Asia.
		In order for Kazakhstan to move forwards economically and culturally, Nazarbayev needed to push his country further and further away from the towering menace known as Russia on the northern borders.
	www.bu.edu /econ/faculty/kyn/newweb/economic_systems/NatIdentity/FSU/Central_Asia/Kazakhstan/pettibone.htm (622 words)

	CULTURAL HERITAGE AND CONTEMPORARY CHANGE
		The World of Islam is rightly proud of the great achievements in the field of spiritual culture that distinguished it in the history of the mankind and gave it a well-deserved place in the global civilizing process.
		Islam is open to the constructive dialogue, partnership, co-operation of the East and the West, of religion and science; it is capable of ethical contacts and cultural-historical interaction with the other cultures and religious beliefs.
		Islam is devoid of a spirit of intolerance and fanaticism – that is why many people in all parts of the globe accepted it, and why it spread overtime, while at the same time remaining loyal to the unique and peculiar postulates of its theology.
	www.crvp.org /book/Series03/IIIC-2/chap-1.htm (12642 words)

	RCNet - Catholic Church in Kazakhstan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Kazak Islam was subject to violent persecution in the 17th and 18th century by hordes of Kalmuk Buddhists, until the arrival of Russian armies in the mid 18th century.
		The conversion of the ‘Kagan’ of the Turks is attributed to this bishop.
		Archbishop Marian Oles is Apostolic Nuncio to Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.
	www.rc.net /kazakhstan/jp/En/fides.html (6212 words)

	CULTURAL HERITAGE AND CONTEMPORARY CHANGE
		Islam and Arabic culture have enriched the Turks and the latter have simultaneously developed a doctrine which resulted in an excellent new culture born as a synthesis of the Arabic and Islamic world and the Turk environment and way of understanding the world.
		The world of Islam is rightly proud of the highest achievements in the sphere of spiritual culture that constitutes its glory in the history of the humankind and supports the rise of the Islamic culture, literature and philosophy.
		In Uzbekistan the suburban population is 61%, in Turkmenistan – 54.6%, Tajikistan – 71%, in Kyrgyzstan – 64%, in Kazakhstan – 44%.
	www.crvp.org /book/Series03/IIIC-2/chap-5.htm (17328 words)

	Islam in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan (The Nurcu Movement and the Hizb ut Tahrir) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Islam in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan (The Nurcu Movement and the Hizb ut Tahrir)
		When I was in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan between the years 1997-1999, the Wahhabis and Taliban were considered the main threat to the region and Islam.
		Nurcus are also slow to acknowledge that their form of Islam, considered extreme in relation to the moderate form of Islam practiced by Kazakhs and Kyrgyz, may be creating a rift between them and the main Muslim population in these two countries.
	www.amerasianworld.com /islam_in_kazakhstan.php (2382 words)

	NCSJ - Central Asian, Jewish Leaders Meet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Kazakhstan has been chosen as a host for such a meeting because it is seen as a suitable venue for interethnic and interconfessional dialogue.
		In 1998, Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev moved the country's capital to Astana in the north of the country, where most of the Russian population of the mostly Muslim republic is concentrated.
		Kazakhstan is also a major hope for the West, and not only because of the oil reserves that could become an alternative to Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states, but also because of the moderate Islam of the region.
	www.ncsj.org /auxpages/021303Almaty.shtml (3527 words)

	kazakhstan.neweurasia.net » Blog Archive » Soviet Muslims’ shape
		Kazakhstan was not an exception to this and the desire to revive the religious traditions of the past appeared to be obvious.
		Even the idea of a stronghold of Islam in Usbekistan, Tadjikistan and Turkmenistan is more or less an illusion, except for some hotbeds of religious renaissance, e.g.
		So, it seems that the revival of Islam in Kazakhstan and in Central Asia is limited to cultural development.
	kazakhstan.neweurasia.net /?p=47 (471 words)

	Kazakhstan
		Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, IPA /qɑzɑqˈstɑn/; Russian: Казахстан, Kazakhstán, IPA /kɐzəxˈstɐn/), also spelled Kazakstan, is a country that stretches over a vast expanse of Asia.
		Single mandate districts popularly elect 67 seats in the Mazhilis; there also are 10 members elected by party-list vote rather than by single mandate districts.
		The Government of Kazakhstan plans to double its Gross domestic product (GDP) by two times in 2008 comparing to 2000 and triple by 2015 comparing to 2003.
	creekin.net /n94-kazakhstan.html (3181 words)

	The Carnegie Moscow Center - Publications - Books - Islam in the Post-Soviet Newly Independent States: the View from ...
		Previously the two were really quite separate, but now in many parts of the newly independent states people expect the government to be the champion of their faith, or at least to provide the preconditions necessary for it to flourish.
		He begins by detailing the development of Islam in Kazakhstan, how it was spread among the Kazakhs in stages, and why customary law traditionally played a greater role than Sharia’ law.
		Jusupov then looks at the evolving role of Islam in Kazakhstan, and the increasing religiosity of the population, especially in the southern regions of the country, concluding with public opinion data which details the loss of public confidence in certain parts of the government.
	www.carnegie.ru /en/pubs/books/volume/36603.htm (1689 words)

	Kazakhstan
		Kazakhstan lies in the north of the central Asian republics and is bounded by Russia in the north, China in the east, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan in the south, and the Caspian Sea and part of Turkmenistan in the west.
		Kazakhstan has the potential for becoming one of central Asia's richest countries because of its huge mineral and oil resources and its liberalized economy, which encourages Western investment.
		Kazakhstan: Government - Government Under the constitution of 1995, Kazakhstan is headed by a strong executive president,...
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107674.html (979 words)

	Country profile :: Kazakhstan at a glance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Kazakhstan is rich in natural resources, mainly oil, gas and minerals, but being a land-locked country it needs to develop multiple transportation routes to fully benefit from its huge mineral and energy resources.
		The main economic priority for Kazakhstan is to avoid overdependence on its oil and gas and minerals sector, but to use these natural assets to build a modern, diversified, highly-technological, flexible and competitive economy with a high value-added component.
		In 2002 Kazakhstan signed bilateral agreements with Russia and Azerbaijan on delimitation of the Northern Caspian seabed and the joint development of the Khvalynskoe, Tsentralnoe and Kurmangazy off-shore oilfields with Russia.
	www.kazakhstanembassy.org.uk /cgi-bin/index/57 (2452 words)

	kazakhstan.neweurasia.net
		No sooner had the Centre’s team announced their verdict than they were attacked for “whitewashing a rigged election” because of petroleum interests in the region (and implicitly because of alleged oil-money flowing into the organization).
		Not only did the Russian culture leave a deep mark on all Central Asian societies due to centuries of a ‘mutual’ history, the migration flow back and forth is also a reminder that there is still a lot of interaction between the two entities.
		Here in London, the Caspian Information Center (which has sent their own team of observers to Kazakhstan) is slated to publish their verdict on the elections on Monday.
	kazakhstan.neweurasia.net (2185 words)

	Gojal - TheBestLinks.com - Central Asia, Islam, Kazakhstan, Northern Areas, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Located in the Upper Hunza region, Gojal is geographically the largest Tehsil of the Northern Areas of Pakistan and borders the Xinjiang-Uighur region of China.
		The population is about 20,000 and the majority speaks Wakhi language; while Burushaski and Domaski languages are also spoken in some villages.
		Gulmit is the main town and seat of government while Sust is the border check-post and gateway for Pakistan-China overland trade.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Gojal.html (187 words)

	NEWS: Central Asia's Great Awakening - Christianity Today Magazine
		He is steering Kazakhstan toward a more authoritarian state by attacking the free press and banning his main political opponent.
		Christianity in Kazakhstan is still predominantly an urban phenomenon, leaving many rural areas with little access to the gospel.
		Their 1999 report on Kazakhstan details the government's transition from parliamentary republic to authoritarian presidential republic, as well as incidents of religious intolerance and restrictions on the freedom of the press.
	www.christianitytoday.com /ct/2000/008/20.29.html (1092 words)

	Folk Islam in Kazakhstan
		However, because of the religious oppression of the Soviets, most Kazaks have never read the Qur'an or been to a mosque.
		Kazaks do not practice strict orthodox Islam like Arabs in the Middle East.
		They fear the evil eye, which is the constant fear of hurt or destruction caused by other people's envy.
	www.kazakinfo.com /Default.aspx?tabid=53 (161 words)

	Peace Corps Kazakhstan (1997-1999) Karatau, Kazakhstan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		I served as a US Peace Corps Volunteer in the Republic of Kazakhstan from June, 1997, until July, 1999.
		While serving as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Kazakhstan, I was lucky to able to live with a Kazakh host family during my two years in Karatau.
		Read my accounts on Islam in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan to get a personal perspective to Islam in Central Asia.
	www.amerasianworld.com /peacecorps.php (1503 words)

	Kazakhstan-Islam and Middle East (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Kazakhstan Stock Exchange: up to date stock quotes, issues, markets sectors, news, financial market news, and reviews.
		U.S. energy information administration: Kazakhstan: States the importance of the Kazakhstan on world energy markets due to it's significant oil and natural gas reserves as well as links to other topics in Kazakhstan's natural resources.
		Union of chambers of commerce and industry: lists the major offices, information on the structure of the UCCI RK, evaluation of the economy by the UCCI RK, and information on international activity and small business'.
	www.ou.edu /mideast/country/kazakhst.htm (268 words)

	Eurasia Insight
		Kazakhstan: Astana Seeks OSCE Rotating Chairmanship In 2009
		Kazakhstan: Implications for President Appear to Be Waning as Bribery Case Drags on
		Kazakhstan: Former KGB Headquarters Reopened As A Museum
	www.eurasianet.org /resource/kazakhstan/articles/index.shtml (2493 words)

	IREX - Promoting Internet Development > IATP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Their contribution to the country's democratic transformation is gradually growing, and we can see the alumni achievements in business, education, and other spheres." The discussion served to highlight the importance of alumni’s contributions to democratic development in Kyrgyzstan.
		Alijon Mingboyev (CC 03), imam of the Hojailgor mosque in Ferghana, said that in order to improve knowledge of Islam in his community, he and his colleagues are conducting extra-curricular lectures in local high schools.
		The alumni described the ubiquity of mosques and Islamic centers in the United States, the existence of interfaith dialogue, collaboration among believers of various religions, religious freedom, and American opportunities for both religious and secular education that starts from kindergarten.
	www.irex.org /programs/iatp/news/2004/1119_ca.asp (2663 words)

	Islam in the Digital Age: Bibliography
		This page represents the on-line bibliography of Islam in the Digital Age: it contains URLs to all the web-based references in the book.
		Islam for Today, ‘Muslims against Terrorism’, www.islamfortoday.com/terrorism.htm, 25 October 2001.
		Islam Online, Ask the Scholar, Response to question from ‘Zainab, Canada’, ‘Ulama’s Fatwas on American Muslim Participating in US Military Campaign’, 16 October 2001 www.islamonline.net/fatwaapplication/english/display.asp?hFatwaID=52014
	homepage.mac.com /gary_bunt/liminal/idabibliography.htm (2500 words)

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