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Topic: Islam in Sudan

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	Science Fair Projects - Islam in Sudan
		Sudan is a religiously mixed country, although Muslims have dominated national government institutions since independence in 1956.
		The term ashraf was also applied in Sudan to the family of Muhammad Ahmad ibn as Sayyid Abd Allah, known as the Mahdi (1848-85).
		In the early 1990s, the Nubians were the second most significant Muslim group in Sudan, their homeland being the Nile River valley in far northern Sudan and southern Egypt.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Islam_in_Sudan (3023 words)

	CCOM - Document download area
		The characteristic expression of Islam in Northern Sudan is not the mosque, but the qubba, the grave, the tomb of the sheikh who was the founder of a particular religious order and who taught his disciples various traditions of prayer and personal devotion.
		Latent in Islam, all around the world, is a kind of messianism, which is looking for the arrival of the Mahdi, the expected one, the one who is going to bring in the age of true Islam, and various movements through history have attempted to bring that to reality.
		The characteristic journey of Islam, and from it Islam dates its very history, is the Hijra; the journey from Mecca to Medina where Mohammad deliberately left the place of rejection and sought a community which he could control and build into an Islamic/Muslim society, one that lived under submission to God.
	www.geocities.com /ccom_ctbi/CCOM_documents/Wheeler_Christianity_Islam_Sudan.htm (3942 words)

	Islam
		The original establishment of Islam is with the emergence of the Koran, which allegedly came to Muhammad over a period of 22 years, starting in 610.
		The core of Islam is the family, the extended family, and from this, society is understood as concentric circles.
		Islam defines the God of Judaism and Christianity as the same as the Koran's, but the religious content and scriptures of the two latter is declared as corrupted by humans.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/islam.htm (1679 words)

	Sudan - THE COMING OF ISLAM
		The coming of Islam eventually changed the nature of Sudanese society and facilitated the division of the country into north and south.
		Islam also fostered political unity, economic growth, and educational development among its adherents; however, these benefits were restricted largely to urban and commercial centers.
		Islam penetrated the area over a long period of time through intermarriage and contacts with Arab merchants and settlers.
	countrystudies.us /sudan/6.htm (870 words)

	Sudan Religion
		Islam had made inroads into the south, but more through the need to know Arabic than a profound belief in the tenets of the Quran.
		Sunni Islam in Sudan is not marked by a uniform body of belief and practice, however.
		In Sudan as in much of African Islam, the cult of the saint is of considerable importance, although some Muslims would reject it.
	www.country-studies.com /sudan/religion.html (1544 words)

	Islam and Islamic Studies Resources
		The War for Islam by Reza Aslan (a prominent Muslim author) discusses how Usama Bin Laden, like Martin Luther for Christianity, is trying to wrest authority from traditional Muslim scholars.
		Muslims believe both that islam is the quintessence of the spiritual impulse present in the earliest humans and that, as "Islam," it is the name of the religious form revealed by God to Muhammad beginning in the year 610 CE.
		Islam: A Mosaic not a Monolith by Vartan Gregorian, Ph.D., the President of the Carnegie Corporation.
	www.uga.edu /islam (1660 words)

	Islam, the Modern World, and the West
		Islam in Algeria from the Country Studies at the US Library of Congress, written in 1993, this is an excellent survey of the history of Islam in Algeria from the 7th century until today.
		Islam in Modern Indonesia A Conference Cosponsored by the United States-Indonesia Society and the Asia Foundation, February 7, 2002, in Washington, D.C. Among the information included at this webpage is the executive summary of the conference as well as detailed summaries of all of the scholarly presentations.
		Islam in Indonesia: The Dissemination of Religious Authority in the 20th Century is an extensive program of research combining the efforts of a number of scholars and academic institutions, among which is the The Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM), Leiden.
	www.uga.edu /islam/countries.html (11155 words)

	Islam in the Medieval Sudan
		All shared the majestic simplicity of starkly monotheistic faith in Allah, "submission" (islam) to whom was expressed in adherence to the five "pillars" or fundamental practices of the new religion: a profession of faith, daily prayer, fasting, almsgiving, and pilgrimage.
		Wandering Berber, Arab, Egyptian, and Sudanic scholars and clerics ('ulama')--some of whom claimed to be sharifs or descendants of Muhammad--found their way south of the Sahara, where they might gather a few pupils or disciples around them, set up a more formal madrasa or school, or even come to be advisors and confidants of kings.
		In conclusion, the presence of Islam in the medieval Sudan was a complex phenomenon.
	www.islamawareness.net /Africa/Sudan/medieval.html (1289 words)

	Hassan al-Turabi: Sudanese leaders deal with the issues
		Dialogue has to be two ways culturally: Muslims know a great deal about Christianity because it is part of their historical heritage and tradition of Islam, and most of the leadership of this revival have been educated in the west, they know so much about the language, the categories of thought.
		Sudan Islamized the banking system, and they are very jealous because this exposed them actually; other rich countries should have islamized before Sudan, which is a poor country.
		Sudan is not hungry, it is not terrorist; it is developing.
	www.aboutsudan.com /interviews/hassan_al_turabi.htm (4940 words)

	frontline: hunting bin laden: who is bin laden?: interview with osama bin laden (in may 1998) \| PBS
		It is an invitation that we extend to all the nations to embrace Islam, the religion that calls for justice, mercy and fraternity among all nations, not differentiating between fl and white or between red and yellow except with respect to their devotedness.
		This is what we have to say and we pray to Allah to preserve the nation of Islam and to help them drive their enemies out of their land.
		Tell the Muslims everywhere that the vanguards of the warriors who are fighting the enemies of Islam belong to them and the young fighters are their sons.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/who/interview.html (4345 words)

	Anti Jihad NEWS--Islam in the Sudan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Arab and Islamic invasion of Sudan started in about 700, and this was resisted by the Sudanese Christian kingdoms up to the year 1505, when the last kingdoms were thus superseded by Sudanese Islamic kingdoms such as the Fung Sultanate in the East and the Islamic Sultanate of Darfur in the West.
		The second wave of Islamic expansion in the Sudan was the Turko-Egyptian invasion mainly in the form of military slave expeditins from 1820.
		The last civil war was sparked by the abolition of Sudan's secular constitution and the unilateral declaration of September Laws (a.k.a.
	www.antijihad.org /sudan.html (1370 words)

	Amazon.com: Inside Sudan: Political Islam, Conflict, and Catastrophe: Books: Donald Petterson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Sudan, governed by an Islamic fundamentalist dictatorship, has come into conflict with the United States and other countries not because of its religious orientation but because of its record of human rights abuses and support for terrorism.
		The title of this book, Inside Sudan: Political Islam, Conflict and Catastrophe, implies that the work will addressteh history of the conflict in the sudan as well as some discussion of the workings of Islam within the country's politics.
		Donald Petterson served as U.S. Ambassador to Sudan from 1992 to 1995, and met with all the major political figures of the country (Gurang, Turabi, Bashir, Taha, Machar, etc.).
	www.amazon.com /Inside-Sudan-Political-Conflict-Catastrophe/dp/0813336570 (2372 words)

	The "Green Peril": Creating the Islamic Fundamentalist Threat
		Islam in Algeria, as in other parts of the Middle East, has often thrived on the martyrdom of political oppression.
		Instead of viewing Islam as a monolithic force, Western analysts and policymakers should recognize that it is a diverse civilization, divided along cultural, ideological, religious, ethnic, and national lines.
		Moreover, neither Islam nor Islamic fundamentalism is by definition "anti-Western." As noted, the anti-American attitudes of Islamic groups and movements in the Middle East are not directed against Christianity or Western civilization per se.
	www.cato.org /pubs/pas/pa-177.html (11909 words)

	WorldNetDaily: Sudan jihad forces Islam on Christians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Sudan's militant Muslim regime is slaughtering Christians who refuse to convert to Islam, according to the head of an aid group who recently returned from the African nation.
		Sudan's holy war against the south was reaffirmed in October by First Vice President Ali Osman Taha.
		Aladin Omer Agabni Mohammed, who left Islam 11 years ago to become a Christian, is subject to the death penalty under Sudanese criminal law for "apostasy." According to a church leader, two other converts face a similar situation.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=26672 (1387 words)

	Sudan on the Internet
		"Sudan’s peace process is entering its final, most difficult phase and it is essential that the United States make a clear commitment to its bilateral relationship with Sudan and remain closely involved in the post-agreement process.
		Sudan Liberation Movement and the Sudan Liberation Army (SLM/A) In Arabic and English.
		Sudan Archaeological Society in Berlin/ Die Sudan-archaologische Gesellschaft zu Berlin E.V. Based at Humboldt-Universitat, describes their projects, has tips for travelers to the Sudan, table of contents of its bulletin, photographs of wall paintings, temples, many links to other Sudan archaeology web sites, and an annotated bibliography of publications on the Sudan.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/sudan.html (8374 words)

	IBA Programs on Islam
		Islam has been a constant of our radio productions since 1981.
		Islam in North Africa: the clash of Islamism and secular modernisation in Tunisia, Algeria and the Sudan (NPR)
		Islam in Britain: a four part NPR series about issues facing young Muslims in Britain today as evolves into a multi-cultural society.
	www.ibaradio.org /Islam/index.htm (107 words)

	Islam in Africa \| Islamic Africa \|Arican Muslims \| Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Islam in South Africa Islam in South Africa Mosques, Imams...Data Tayob Abdulkader.
		Islam in South Africa: mosques, imams, and sermons...however, that the history of Islam...
		Islam, Continuity and Change in the Modern World (Chap.
	www.questia.com /library/religion/islam-in-africa.jsp (636 words)

	Religion, Nationalism and Peace in Sudan: Religion and Peacemaking: U.S. Institute of Peace
		The first day of the September conference reviewed the larger issues of religious identity and intolerance in Sudan's civil war, with a particular emphasis on the policies of the National Islamic Front (NIF), while the second day focused more specifically on the requirements for resolving the civil war and the implications for U.S. policy.
		While the war is not simply a matter of religious differences, it was argued that the various factors contributing to the conflict have found expression in religious terms.
		Finally, (3) what are the legal and institutional requirements for religious tolerance and pluralism in a post-conflict situation, either in a unified state or as two separate states.
	www.usip.org /religionpeace/rehr/sudanconf.html (1678 words)

	Osama bin Laden
		Bin Laden was incensed that non-believers (American soldiers) were stationed in the birthplace of Islam.
		He eventually wound up in Sudan, where he worked with Egyptian radical groups in exile.
		U.S. cruise missile attacks against targets in the Sudan and Afghanistan in Aug. 1998 are not believed to have seriously hampered bin Laden's network.
	www.infoplease.com /spot/osamabinladen.html (1125 words)

	CNN.com - Purported bin Laden tape denounces West's response to Hamas - Apr 23, 2006
		The speaker, believed to be Osama bin Laden, called on Muslims to "prepare for a long war" in Sudan.
		On the tape, bin Laden slammed U.S. and British efforts and their past actions in Sudan, where bin Laden lived in the mid-1990s before being expelled by the Sudanese government.
		Sudan denies a genocide and widespread accusations that the militias have government backing.
	www.cnn.com /2006/WORLD/meast/04/23/binladen.tape/index.html (977 words)

	Cox & Forkum: Death Dealers
		The paper quoted Beshir as telling supporters in the central region of Gezira following Friday prayers that the real aim of the campaign against his country was not the situation in Darfur but to derail the growth of Islam in the country.
		"The international concern about the Darfur issue is targeting the status of Islam in Sudan," claimed Beshir, who seized power in a bloodless Islamist coup in 1989.
		Sudan will retaliate against international troops if they are sent to intervene in the troubled Darfur region, Khartoum's foreign minister has said.
	www.coxandforkum.com /archives/000383.html (212 words)

	Jonah Goldberg on Radical Islam on National Review Online
		"I call on the mujahedin and their supporters in Sudan and the Arabian Peninsula to prepare all that is necessary to wage a long-term war against the crusaders in western Sudan," Bin Laden declared.
		Radical Islam is globalization for losers: It appeals to those left out of modernization, industrialization, and prosperity — particularly to young men desperate for order, meaning, and pride amid the chaos of globalization.
		The Iranian Revolution was a harbinger of the transformation toward a more "universal" Islam that was also more doctrinaire: "Islam of the high church as opposed to Islam of the street fair," Zakaria writes.
	www.nationalreview.com /goldberg/goldberg200604280604.asp (737 words)

	Embassy of Sudan in South Africa - The People \| Culture
		When the Turks invaded Sudan in 1824, Mohamed Ali Pasha, who was very keen on the modernization of the Nile Valley, introduced the Modern Elementary Education, yet he based the experience on the traditional (khalwa) school.
		The department was headed by Jean Pier Greenlow a British artist and art teacher hewent into history as the founder of the modern art movement in Sudan.
		Many traders make their goods in the marketplace: old tin cans are cut and soldered into cooking pans and lamps; tailors make up the loose white gowns worn by men; and leather is punched and stitched into bags and saddles for donkeys and camels.
	www.sudani.co.za /people_culture_art.htm (613 words)

	TheReligionofPeace.com - Islam: Making a True Difference in the World
		It's too bad Western feminists have a blind spot for Islam, because there are a lot of women who suffer.
		Europeans seem to have lost the will to fight for their culture and values, even with the growing realization that the political and social essence of Islam is incompatible with Western liberalism.
		This is a religion that is so comfortable with its own ingrained double standards that its people are simply unaware of the duplicity that is so blatant to the rest of us.
	www.thereligionofpeace.com (3014 words)

	Internet Islamic History Sourcebook
		A clear narrative, and excellent maps on the penetration of Islam across the Sahara and in East Africa.
		The Status of Jews and Christians in Muslim Lands, 1772 CE A question on the position of Jews in Islam, and the answer of the Shaikh Hasan Al Kafrawi, The Shafiite [Professor of canon law in Cairo, d.
		Islam and Islamic History in Arabia and The Middle East [At islamic.org]
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/islam/islamsbook.html (5127 words)

	Islam and Muslims in Sudan
		21/04/06 As the genocide in Darfur goes on, chaos and killing spread to Sudan's neighbours
		07/10/05 Darfur wasn't genocide and Sudan is not a terrorist state - Guardian
		08/08/04 Sudan forces Darfur refugees from safety of camps to be killed by Arab militiamen
	www.islamawareness.net /Africa/Sudan (406 words)

	Review of Politics and Islam in Contemporary Sudan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		With skill, the author considers the four decades of independent Sudan, showing how the fundamentalist movement grew even as the country deteriorated.
		Although his account may ascribe a bit too much to plotting, he convincingly portrays the current government as the culmination of a process that began in the 1950s.
		Sidahmed also effectively exposes the fundamentalist movement's "cynicism and shameless pursuit of partisan interests at the expense of religious morality and principles." In all, his dry, depressing analysis ranks as one of the most important studies of recent Sudanese politics as well as one of the most pessimistic.
	www.danielpipes.org /article/1085 (234 words)

	Al-Beshir: The World is targeting Islam in Sudan - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Sudanese President Omar al-Beshir has accused the international community of targeting Islam in his country as the government is facing mounting international pressure over the Darfur crisis, Al-Anbaa reported Saturday.
		Al Beshir was quoted as telling supporters in the central region of Gezira that the ulterior motives of the campaign against his country was not the situation in the troubled western region of Darfur, but to slow down the growth of Islam in the country.
		An agreement between the government and southern rebels of the Sudan People’s Liberation Army on power-sharing and disputed strategic areas of Africa’s largest country was made in May.
	www.aljazeera.com /me.asp?service_ID=2827 (734 words)

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