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Topic: Islam in Indonesia

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	Indonesia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Indonesia is a unitary state, and was governed by Sukarno, leader of the national freedom struggle, and military dictator Suharto for most of its modern history.
		Indonesia borders Malaysia on the island of Borneo (Indonesian: Kalimantan), Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea and East Timor on the island of Timor.
		Islam is Indonesia's main religion, with almost 88% of Indonesians declared Muslim according to the 2000 census, making Indonesia the most populous Muslim-majority nation in the world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indonesia (4014 words)

	Islam in Indonesia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Islam in Indonesia is the dominant religion by far with the greatest number of religious adherents.
		Islam probably came to these regions in the form of mystical Sufi tradition.
		Unlike coastal Sumatra, where Islam was adopted by elites and masses alike, partly as a way to counter the economic and political power of the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms, in the interior of Java the elites only gradually accepted Islam, and then only as a formal legal and religious context for Javanese spiritual culture.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia (2524 words)

	Islam Writing @ HigherPower.org (Higher Power) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca is the holiest mosque; the Al-Aqsa mosque (adjacent to the Dome of the Rock, in Jerusalem) is the third holiest in Islam.
		Muslims hold that Islam is essentially the same belief as that of all the messengers sent by God to humanity since Adam, with the Qur'an (the text used by all sects of the Muslim faith) codifying the final revelation of God.
		The Pilgrimage (Hajj) to Kaaba, Masjid al Haram, Mecca, is one of the five pillars of Islam or one of the roots of religion (for the Shi'a).
	higherpower.org /encyclopedia/Islam (5101 words)

	NationMaster.com - Encyclopedia: Islam in Indonesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Turkish:MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Persian:Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam.
		Regardless of its intent, the economic and political consequences of the transmigration policy contributed to religious conflicts in Maluku, Central Sulawesi, and to a lesser extent in Papua.
		Islam probably came to these regions in the form of mystical Sufi (A Muslim who represents the mystical dimension of Islam; a Muslim who seeks direct experience of Allah; mainly in Iran) tradition.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Islam-in-Indonesia (3903 words)

	The Politics of Islam in Indonesia
		Islam has sometimes appeared as ethnic identification, sometimes as a symbol of economic protest and at other times as an attack on bureaucratic rule.
		This did not give pre-eminence to Islam, or enjoin Muslims to adhere to syariah law, but the very fact that Islam was the religion of the vast majority of Indonesian people made it a critical element in determining what was defined as Indonesian.
		Islam's importance for regime legitimacy is such that it is a relatively protected venue for debate.
	www.irja.org /politics/islam.htm (1757 words)

	ZNet Commentary: Indonesia Teaching France About Freedom?
		On paper, Indonesia is a secular country, but it's illegal not to have a religion there.
		In Suharto's Indonesia, not to have a religion was synonymous with being an atheist, a Marxist and therefore, an outlaw.
		And this is Indonesia ; a country often described as "moderate" and fairly "secular".
	www.zmag.org /sustainers/content/2004-10/22vltchek.cfm (1366 words)

	Asia Times: Southeast Asia
		Indonesia's President Megawati Sukarnoputri, who leads the largest Islamic population in the world, went to the US one week after September 11, and, sitting in the Oval Office with a beaming George W Bush, expressed her unqualified support for his administration (in return for a considerable amount of aid).
		In Indonesia, however, a complex mix of cultural factors combined with a real fear of the potency of Islam fundamentalism, go some way to explain why the government and the police steadily lost ground against the Islamic radicals and have never taken seriously the charges that part of this network operated on their sovereign territory.
		Their militant and aggressive interpretations of Islam, their cruel restrictions on women and destruction of ancient Buddhist monuments, had nothing in common with the culture and practices of the majority of Indonesian Muslims and the more radical and splinter Indonesian groups were allowed to gather a head of steam on the streets.
	www.atimes.com /se-asia/DE17Ae04.html (1974 words)

	Indonesia - Islam
		Islam was the dominant religion by far in Indonesia, with the greatest number of religious adherents: around 143 million people or 86.9 percent of the population in 1985, which when adjusted for 1992 estimates represents between 160 million and 170 million adherents.
		Islam is a religion based on high moral principles, and an important part of being a Muslim is commitment to these principles.
		Such cleavages may have weakened Islam as an organized political entity, as demonstrated by the withdrawal of the Nahdlatul Ulama from active political competition, but as a popular religious force Islam showed signs of good health and a capacity to frame national debates in the 1990s.
	countrystudies.us /indonesia/37.htm (948 words)

	Indonesia and Islam: Before and After 9/11
		Islam entered Southeast Asia at the tail end of the 13th century when Muslim traders from India came in search of the archipelago's prized spices and natural resources.
		Islam's voice was muffled in particular as both of these leaders betrayed their Javanese religious-cultural bias against Islam.
		Islam is perceived as offering both a mode of resistance and a spiritual and cultural alternative to all of these.
	www.afsc.org /pwork/0112/011216.htm (1599 words)

	Indonesia (05/05)
		Islam arrived in Indonesia sometime during the 12th century and, through assimilation, supplanted Hinduism by the end of the 16th century in Java and Sumatra.
		Indonesia’s first elections in the post-Soeharto period were held for the national, provincial, and sub-provincial parliaments on June 7, 1999.
		Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim population, though it is a secular state, and is a member of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC).
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2748.htm (7314 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Asia-Pacific \| Islam in Indonesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Indonesia's sheer size - it spans 5,000 kilometres - means there are significant variations within Islam from one part of the country to another.
		But the Islam of Indonesia was also influenced by Sufi holy men - devout Muslim mystics renowned for the beauty of their music and poetry, and for internalising the focus of their spiritual odyssey rather than seeking to impose their faith on the external political realities around them.
		Where Islam overlay Hinduism, or the ancient belief systems that pre-dated it, as in the west of the archipelago, it differed from the form that emerged further east, which had been untouched by Hinduism.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/world/asia-pacific/2357121.stm (1048 words)

	Acton Lecture 2002: Islam in Pluralist Indonesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Even with Islam in Indonesia many Australian newspapers reported yesterday that a cleric from Indonesia advocated the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Australia.
		This is an example where in the 7th century, especially in the near and Middle East, Islam was influenced by the existing culture of the time-one that demanded that women and girls wear headscarves or cover their face and leave only their two eyes.
		But when Islam came to Southeast Asia and Indonesia it could not impose this cultural understanding and it had to adjust to allowing women and girls to have access to public affairs.
	www.cis.org.au /Events/acton/acton02.htm (4175 words)

	Committee on International Relations, U.S. House of Representatives
		Despite the popular adherence to generally pluralist interpretations of Islam in Indonesia, it was also the case, particularly from 1998 to 2002, that the small militant groups were initially more successful in networking themselves in Indonesia and Southeast Asia, and were more adept at using new information technologies to spread militant and undemocratic messages.
		Indonesia had initially appeared to be a recalcitrant partner in the "war against terror", and Indonesian police and military seemed reluctant, prior to Bali, to crackdown on alleged militants and potentially violent elements of the Muslim community.
		But most important, those groups are a minority in Indonesia and the history of Islam in Indonesia suggests that moderate views embodied within the two mass-based Muslim organizations of NU and Muhammadiyah, and in the population at large, are far more influential and important in the long run.
	wwwc.house.gov /international_relations/108/ram071404.htm (7032 words)

	In Indonesia, Once Tolerant Islam Grows Rigid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Indonesia is a country founded on the idea of secular government, and whether any of the more violent Islamic groups will have lasting impact is an open question.
		One of Islam's later landfalls is in Semarang, in central Java, where it was introduced in the early 15th century by a Chinese admiral, Cheng Ho, a convert.
		When some in Indonesia were calling for a holy war against America, most teachers at Mantofani dismissed the notion as naïve and un- Islamic.
	www.rickross.com /reference/islamic/islamic40.html (1726 words)

	Islam in Indonesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		His comparative analyses of the growth of Islamic radicalism in contemporary Indonesia – and the vigorous response it provoked among Muslim moderates – are equally stimulating and original.
		Giora Eliraz’s Islam in Indonesia is an excellent contribution to understanding the complex connection and links between Indonesian Islam with that of the Middle East.
		Thus the focus is twofold: the local context, and the impact of the Middle East on Islam in Indonesia.
	www.sussex-academic.co.uk /titles/MiddleEast/Eliraz.asp (1055 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Have Your Say \| Islam's role in Indonesia
		Islam was first imported to Indonesia by traders from the Middle East and South Asia some 500 years ago.
		To this day, Indonesia remains a secular state and the vast majority of its citizens wish it to stay that way, in spite of the fact that more than 80% of the population describe themselves as Muslim.
		Darul Islam was established in the late 1940s to fight politically and physically for an Islamic state, based on Sharia law.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/talking_point/3091594.stm (1076 words)

	Islam within Indonesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Azahari was no friend to Indonesia either, for he cared little about the damage that he was doing to the image of Indonesia in the wake of the 1997-98 economic crisis.
		They want their Islam to be "comfortable" enough for their lifestyle, as well as suitable for their class identity so that they can stay put and feel "at home" with the religion.
		The very fact that Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim nation, and the NU is the biggest Islamic organization in the country, leads to the assumption that progressive Islam, which is the main characteristic of Indonesian Islam, would be at stake, if the views of progressive Islam are rejected during the convention.
	islam-indonesia.blogspot.com (8776 words)

	Terrorism Undermines Political Islam in Indonesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		With terrorism becoming a serious threat to Indonesia, home to the world's largest Muslim population, Islamist political parties are facing a dilemma.
		This alone destroys any notion that political Islam is fast gaining strength in Indonesia or that the Islamist forces are about to overrun the secular forces in the country anytime soon.
		Political Islam has become more vocal, for sure, but its power and influence are checked by the populace through elections.
	yaleglobal.yale.edu /display.article?id=2886 (1093 words)

	Indonesia: Democracy, Islam do mix \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Megawati Sukarnoputri (daughter of Indonesia's first president, Sukarno) who has served as president for the past three years, seems unlikely to survive the runoff.
		Indonesia is known for its rather mellow pursuit of Islam, in contrast to the fervor found in many Arab countries.
		But countries like Indonesia are currently disputing the cynical view that Islam and democracy must forever be in contention.
	www.csmonitor.com /2004/0728/p08s03-cojh.html (702 words)

	The 2003 CESNUR Conference - Islam in Indonesia (Howell)
		In Indonesia, moreover, there are signs of change for everyone in the way the ‘delimited pluralism’ policy affects their religious lives.
		Under greatest pressure to dissociate from Islam were the heterodox, independent-minded mystics who increasingly incorporated elements of the Javanese Hindu-Buddhist heritage, Christianity and Theosophical representations of other religious traditions into their teachings (Howell 1976; Stange 1980, 1986).
		However in Indonesia it has drawn fire from both Muslims and Catholics who see Anand’s teachings as presumptuous misrepresentations of their beliefs and, implicitly, a violation of the delimited pluralism formula for religious peace in the country.
	www.cesnur.org /2003/vil2003_howell.htm (7721 words)

	The London Line : Revising the fundamentals
		JIL was founded in 2001 by a handful of intellectuals alarmed at the rise of extremism.
		Its goal is to reach as many of Indonesia's 210 million Muslims as possible.
		JIL, however, believes Islam cannot adhere to religious texts that emerged from a particular social and historical context.
	www.thelondonline.co.uk /theline/article.php?articleID=151 (684 words)

	Hefner, R.W.: Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia.
		Hefner, R.W.: Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia.
		Challenging stereotypes of Islam as antagonistic to democracy, this study of courage and reformation in the face of state terror suggests possibilities for democracy in the Muslim world and beyond.
		Against portrayals of Islam as inherently antipluralist and undemocratic, he shows that Indonesia's Islamic reform movement repudiated the goal of an Islamic state, mobilized religiously ecumenical support, promoted women's rights, and championed democratic ideals.
	pup.princeton.edu /titles/6966.html (589 words)

	IBonWEB.com - Islam, Terrorism and Indonesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		For example, although Yasser Arafat represents moderate Islam, as the leader of Palestine he failed to handle the extremist groups, putting him under high political pressure as a result.
		Although Islam in Indonesia has a long history of being moderate and tolerance, which is reflected by the huge Islamic organizations such as Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadyah, we cannot ignore the growth of the radical Islam movement at least in the last 10 years.
		After Soeharto's fall, radical Islam has grown stronger at least because of three factors: the rapid distribution of information through the Internet, financial support of the old regime; and high exposure on mass media especially the TV stations.
	articles.ibonweb.com /magarticle.asp?num=1029 (588 words)

	Amazon.com: Managing Politics and Islam in Indonesia: Books: Donald Porter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It argues that after a period when the state worked to bring religious authority and institutions within state- prescribed limits in order to support the official state ideology and political stability, in the late 1980s and 1990s there was a change whereby Suharto incorporated Muslim interests within the political system.
		One unintended consequence of this was to raise Muslims' political expectations and to mobilize Muslim political interests in the context of broadening 'pro-democracy' opposition which contributed to the downfall of Suharto's regime.
		Indonesia is the world's largest Muslim country, with 87 per cent of the population adhering to the faith.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0700717366?v=glance (727 words)

	Indonesia-Islam and Middle East
		Shadow Play: PBS site with information about Indonesia's fight for democracy and how it is coming to terms with the legacy of dictator General Suharto.
		Action in Solidarity with Indonesia and East Timor: An organization that publishes information on the conflict in East Timor and the current struggle to rebuild the nation.
		Embassy of Indonesia: Main Embassy located in Washington D.C. Association of Provincial Governments of Indonesia (APPSI): articulating the interests of member provincial governments in forums pertaining to national decision-making as well as matching regency and city government interests.
	www.ou.edu /mideast/country/indonesi.htm (706 words)

	Indonesia - Terrorism - Islam - Worldpress.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Islam is one [as a religion], but followers differ....
		The movements [such as] Darul Islam with its Tentara Islam Indonesia [Indonesian Muslim Warriors] have all failed to develop Islam through violence [Darul Islam, which campaigns to establish a Muslim theocracy in Indonesia, was most active from 1948.
		Islam now has a bad image, and hatred has been poured on Muslims who know nothing about radicalism and terrorism.
	www.worldpress.org /Asia/782.cfm (1165 words)

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