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Topic: Islamic caliphate

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	Bin Ladin: The Man Who Would Be Mahdi - Middle East Quarterly
		Caliph means "successor" to the Prophet Muhammad as political leader of the Islamic community, not as religious divine (although the title does carry a patina of religious legitimacy).
		The caliphate throughout Islamic history has been proclaimed and legitimized by representatives of the extant power structure--that is, by political rulers, such as the Ottomans, in concert with the ulema in their court.
		A caliph must have a firm territorial base for his claim to be tenable, and he must win the allegiance of members of the religious establishment, who make him caliph by swearing obedience.
	www.meforum.org /article/159 (3267 words)

	Caliphate: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Harun Al-Rashid and the Narrative of the Abbasid Caliphate
		Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Harun Al-Rashid and the Narrative of the [Abbasid.Sup.[Subset]] Caliphate
		Books--Reviews, Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Harun al-Rashid and the Narrative of the [Abbasid.sup.[subset]] Caliphate (Book)--Reviews
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/caliphate.jsp?l=C&p=1 (1867 words)

	caliphate - Encyclopedia.com
		A third competing contemporaneous caliphate was established by the Fatimids in Africa, Syria, and Egypt (909-1171).
		The true caliph of the Arabian Nights: Hugh Kennedy examines the life of one of the most powerful men in the world in the eighth century.
		Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Harun al-Rashid and the Narrative of the [Abbasid.sup.[subset]] Caliphate.(Review)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-caliphat.html (867 words)

	Encyclopedia: Caliphate (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Yazid ibn Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik or Yazid III (701 - 744) was an Umayyad caliph.
		Mohammed II was the fourth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty.
		Muhammad III was an Umayyad Caliph of Cordoba.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Caliphate (10118 words)

	[No title]
		Evolving in time across rival Islamic sects that took power in diverse regions, caliphs often claimed descent from the family of the Prophet but rarely wore the mantle of cleric.
		The Sunni caliph in Baghdad faced rival claims to lead all Muslims from a Shi'ite caliph in Cairo and a Sunni caliph from a competing dynasty in Muslim Spain.
		The spiritual head of Nigeria's 70 million Muslims is referred to by followers as "caliph" and the Muslim region of the country is referred to as the Sokoto Caliphate.
	www.alertnet.org /thenews/newsdesk/L04275477.htm (1007 words)

	ISLAMIC CALIPHATE
		Caliph was the title taken by Abu Bakr, the father-in-law of Muhammad, when he succeeded him as leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam, in 632.
		The next three caliphs were all relatives of the prophet, but were succeeded by another household of the same Makkan tribe, a change not universally accepted, leading to the major division in Islam between the Sunnites (in the majority) and the Shiites (in the minority).
		The emirates, still recognizing the theoretical leadership of the caliphs, drifted into independence, and a brief revival of control was ended with the establishment of two rival caliphates: the Fatimids in north Africa, and the Umayyads in Spain (the emirs there being descended from an escaped member of that family).
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/ISLAMIC+CALIPHATE (1842 words)

	Royalty.nu - Royalty and Religion - The Caliphate, Fatimids, Aga Khan
		The History of Al-Tabari: The Reunification of the Abbasid Caliphate, the Caliphate of Al-Ma Mun A.D. by Al-Tabari, translated by C.E. Bosworth.
		The Crisis of the Abbasid Caliphate by Al-Tabari, translated by George Saliba.
		Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Harun al-Rashid and the Narrative of the Abbasid Caliphate by Tayeb El-Hibri.
	www.royalty.nu /history/religion/Caliphate.html (734 words)

	'ABBASIDS - The second great Islamic dynasty (Caliphate) 750-1258 AD
		Elected first Caliph on Muhammad's death, he reunited the Beduin tribes under Islam and started the Islamic drive to conquer the neighbouring lands of Syria and Iraq.
		Was elected fourth Caliph in 656, but is seen by the Shi'a as the only true successor to Muhammad and as the first Imam.
		Early puritan Islamic movement of seceders from the fourth Caliph 'Ali.
	www.angelfire.com /az/rescon/MGCINDEX.html (6163 words)

	IslamicAwakening.Com: The Islamic Caliphate
		So, all Islamic regulations are linked to Tawheed and based upon it; the regulations of Jurisprudence are part and parcel of the actions of the hearts and limbs, and Tawheed is part and parcel of the actions of hearts too.
		And to differentiate the Imam (Caliph) from the imam of the prayer, sometimes, we use a modifier.
		We noticed that as soon as the caliphate was destroyed, the regulations were abandoned, Jihad was erased from the dictionary of Islam, and Islam was forgotten.
	www.islamicawakening.com /viewarticle.php?articleID=1052& (2576 words)

	IslamicAwakening.Com: The Islamic Caliphate (Site not responding. Last check: )
		So, all Islamic regulations are linked to Tawheed and based upon it; the regulations of Jurisprudence are part and parcel of the actions of the hearts and limbs, and Tawheed is part and parcel of the actions of hearts too.
		All scholars of Islam, from Ahlus-Sunnah Wal-Jama'ah, agreed on the obligation (Islamically and logically) of nominating a caliph and establishing the Caliphate.
		We noticed that as soon as the caliphate was destroyed, the regulations were abandoned, Jihad was erased from the dictionary of Islam, and Islam was forgotten.
	www.as-sahwah.com /viewarticle.php?articleID=1052 (2575 words)

	Caliph of Cordoba -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The title (The civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth) Caliph was claimed by (Click link for more info and facts about Abd-ar-Rahman III) Abd-ar-Rahman III on January 16, 929; he was previously known as the Emir of Cordoba.
		All Caliphs of Cordoba were members of the Ummayad dynasty; the same dynasty had held the title Emir of Cordoba and ruled over roughly the same territory since (Click link for more info and facts about 756) 756.
		Intent on regaining a position of power, he defeated the existing Islamic rulers of the area, and united various local (An organization that is controlled by a dominat person or group) fiefdoms into an (The office of an emir) emirate.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ca/caliph_of_cordoba.htm (812 words)

	:: Hizb ut-Tahrir - Britain :: (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Our vision of the Islamic Caliphate is one of an independent state with an elected and accountable ruler, an independent judiciary, political parties, the rule of law and equal rights for minority groups.
		Citizens of a caliphate have every right to be involved in politics and hold the ruler accountable for his actions.
		The party adheres to the Islamic Sharia in all aspects of its work, and takes its methodology from that which the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) used to establish the first Islamic state in Madinah.
	www.hizb.org.uk /press/index.php?id=2426_0_45_0_M97 (2561 words)

	The Concept of the Caliphate: A Key Islamic Militant Ideological Point (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The quest to re-establish the Caliphate is a central theme of Islamic radicals around the world, what few of their foot-soldiers know is that this concept of the Caliphate was hotly debated soon after Attaturk abolished the religious title in 1924, two years after Sultan Abdel-Hamid II, the last Ottoman Sultan was deposed.
		Not all Islamic clerics in mid-1920s and 1930s Egypt agreed on the concept of the Caliphate and whether it is a religiously required means of Islamic governance.
		Ibn Taymiyyah was reviving a doctrine that was suppressed by the fourth Caliph Ali.
	www.faoa.org /journal/caliphate2004.html (2954 words)

	Speros Vryonis. Byzantine Civilization, a World Civilization / Сервер восточноевропейской ...
		Ultimately, they were unable to overcome the Byzantine Empire, and in 751, when the new Abbasid dynasty destroyed the Umayyads, the center of the Islamic caliphate was shifted from its Mediterranean, Byzantine base to Mesopotamia, ultimately to Baghdad, and to a politico-cultural environment heavily under the influence of Persian society and culture.
		Caliph al-Mamun established the Bayt al-Hikma, or House of Wisdom, in Baghdad, a richly endowed research institute where he brought together the leading scholars of Greek literature, language, and education with the specific purpose of translating the Greek texts into Arabic.
		In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, this Slavonized Byzantine civilization appeared in Serbia; in the eleventh century it had appeared and spread in Kiev, and in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries it was to shape the politico-cultural life of the Rumanian principalities.
	archaeology.kiev.ua /pub/vryonis.htm (4690 words)

	The Caliphate
		The Caliphate is a political system from the ideology of Islam that enshrines: the rule of law, representative government, accountability by the people through an independent judiciary and the principle of representative consultation.
		It must, however, be realised that though Muslims in Iraq sometimes use the term democracy it is the Islamic concept of the rule of law, the right of the people to appoint their own leader and open accountable government that they aspire to.
		It is a right of the people to question or criticise the decisions of the ruler because he is a servant of the people ruling on their behalf.
	www.caliphate.co.uk /caliphate.htm (862 words)

	The 'Abbasid Caliphate (from Islamic literature) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Ruled by a caliph (Arabic khali“successor”), who held temporal and sometimes a degree of spiritual authority, the empire of the Caliphate grew rapidly through conquest during its first two...
		It overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in AD 750 and reigned as the 'Abbasid caliphate until destroyed by the Mongol invasion in 1258.
		From 632 until 1258 the nominal ruling power in the Islamic world was the caliphate, an institution formed to head off a leadership crisis brought on by the death in 632 of Muhammad, the founder of Islam.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-203041 (820 words)

	Islamic Dictionary - Dictionaries
		It witnessed 14 caliphs, and reached its utmost expansion during the era of Al-Mu`izz, who annexed North Africa to his state and sent Jauhar Al-Siqilli, his commander-in-chief, to occupy Egypt.
		The last caliph was Al-`Adid whose ministry was led by Salah Al-Din Al-Ayyubi, who eventually precipitated the fall of the Fatimid state.
		The Muslim Caliphate went to Selim I, who put an end to the Mamluk rule and extended his authority over Syria, Palestine and Egypt by 1517 A.D. His son, Sulyman Al-Qanuni, succeeded him.
	dictionary.al-islam.com /ENG/Dicts/SelDict.asp?Lang=Eng&DI=66&Theme=18 (1900 words)

	The Bushies' Lie About the Islamic 'Caliphate' Threat
		While re-establishing a caliphate is certainly a priority of Islamic radicals, there's virtually no chance of it ever happening, according to scholars and government foreign policy experts.
		Europe was afraid of the "Caliphate" because it represented the unknown, besides the fact that people in Europe were terrorized by their own leaders, sort of like today.
		The population of Greek Byzantium was steadily decreasing until the empty city was taken by the Turks and repopulated to become the vibrant, multiethnic dynamic city of Istanbul in 1453.
	www.opednews.com /articles/opedne_andy_ost_051213_the_bushies__lie_abo.htm (1758 words)

	Islamic republic - SourceWatch
		An Islamic republic is a compromise between nationalism, which is strictly and officially rejected and disdained in Islam, and the desire to impose some form of shariah (Islamic law).
		A more religiously correct goal would be the re-establishment of an Islamic caliphate, that is, a government of all in Islam, to deal with unbelievers in a uniform way, inside and outside states.
		Islamic parties have been established in every democracy in majority Muslim nations, and militant Islamists have pushed this program even against oppressive dictatorships.
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=Islamic_republic (311 words)

	Hizb ut Tahrir: An Interview With Imran Waheed - Worldpress.org (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Imran Waheed is the spokesman for the British-based Islamic political party, Hizb ut Tahrir, which is dedicated to re-establishing the Caliphate, last held by the Ottomans until it was abolished by Kemal Atatürk in 1924, and thus to the unification of the Muslim world into a pan-Islamic state.
		Our vision of the Islamic Caliphate is as an independent state having an elected and accountable ruler, an independent judiciary, political parties, the rule of law and equal rights for minority groups.
		Citizens of the Caliphate have every right to be involved in politics and accounting the ruler in which the role of the ruler (Caliph) is to be a servant of the masses governing them with justice.
	www.worldpress.org /Europe/2146.cfm (2873 words)

	Pearl Publishing House: Islamic Medicine
		Knowledge of medicine flourished in the Islamic caliphate between the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century C.E., and the European Renaissance in the 15th century.
		However, the surge of Islamic medical institutions began during the 9th century C.E., and coincided with the golden age of the ‘Abbasid Caliphate in the East (749-1258 C.E.).
		At that time, the eastern and western capitals of the Islamic caliphate became the centers of civilization, and the medical institutions and research were sponsored by the state.
	www.pearlpublishing.com /medintro.shtml (875 words)

	Islamic Caliphate ( The Bible of Aryan Invasions Vol. VI ) Islamic Invasions and The Mughal Empire (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Islamic heroes liberated North India from Brahminist Occupation, establishing the glorious Caliphate of Delhi and laying the foundations of the Nation of Mughalstan.
		The establishment of the Islamic Caliphate in North India (Hindustan, `Land of the Indus') meant the destruction of apartheid in that region.
		The Islamic society in the Empire of Delhi was, like in the Caliphate of Rum (`Ottoman Empire'), that of the `millet' (ethnic communities) system.
	www.dalitstan.org /books/bibai/bibai6.html (2676 words)

	The Caliphate
		For many Muslims, this was the golden age of Islamic government when a true Islamic polity was in existence; from some Muslims, such as Shi'ite Muslims, this was the only period when there was legitimate Islamic government.
		By 640, Islamic military campaigns had brought all of Mesopotamia and most of Syria and Palestine under the control of Abu Bakr.
		The Islamic empire conquered Libya in North Africa and fully conquered the eastern portions of the Persian Empire.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/ISLAM/CALIPH.HTM (1488 words)

	Radical Group May Declare Islamic Caliphate in Gaza -- 08/24/2006
		Islamic expert Dr. Yoram Kahati of the International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism said that although the group operates worldwide, Arab states and others have outlawed the group.
		Kahati downplayed the significance of a caliphate declaration in the Gaza Strip, saying it would be "meaningless" since most people there are more worried about being able to buy food for their families.
		The model for Hizb ut Tahrir is the "righteous" caliphate, a militaristic Islamic state that existed in the 7th and 8th centuries under Mohammad and his first four successors, known as the "righteous Caliphs," said Cohen.
	www.cnsnews.com /ViewPrint.asp?Page=/ForeignBureaus/archive/200608/INT20060824c.html (767 words)

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