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Topic: Islamic history

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	Islamic History and Civilisation, Islam in the West today
		Historical re-enactments and a remarkable exposition of Islamic art, artifacts and architecture are combined with interviews with scholars to recount the rise of early Islamic civilization.
		This excellent multimedia introduction to the first millennium of Islamic history, developed by the Department of History, University of Calgary outlines Muslim beliefs and practices, as well as the history of the Islamic world from the 7th to the 17th centuries, including the expansion of the Islamic empires of Asia, Africa, and Europe.
		One of history's greatest crimes is the almost complete omission of the debt the West owes to Islam and the Muslims.
	www.islamfortoday.com /history.htm (1821 words)

	Islamic History and Culture - Islamic Influence on European Renaissance - Islamic Impact on Philosophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This school of Islamic philosophy is itself a synthesis of the teachings of Plato, Aristotle and Plotinus in the context of the Islamic world view.
		Even though Islamic philosophy is of great diversity and richness, it is characterized by certain features that are of special significance for both an understanding of it and for an appraisal of its impact on the world at large.
		Islamic philosophy was also concerned with the basic issue of the harmony between human reasoning and the revelations provided to the Muslims in the Koran.
	www.islamic-paths.org /Home/English/History/Science/Philosophy.htm (1149 words)

	Islamic Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Qur'an is the foremost source of Islamic jurisprudence; the second is the Sunnah (the practices of the Prophet, as narrated in reports of his life).
		In the period of Islamic empire, apostasy was considered treason, and was accordingly treated as a capital offense; death penalties were carried out under the authority of the Caliph.
		Islamic history begins in Arabia in the 7th century with the emergence of the prophet Muhammad.
	www.karr.net /encyclopedia/Islamic (5610 words)

	Islamic Art History Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Islamic tilework of the Shrine of Hadhrat Masoumah, first built in the late 8th century.
		Islamic art throughout history has been mainly abstract and decorative, portraying geometric, floral, Arabesque, and calligraphic designs.
		Islamic art is centered usually around Allah, since Allah cannot be expressed into imagery, ["All you believe him to be, he is not"-Islamic Saying] geometrical patterns are used.similair to the Arabesque style, which also involves repeating geometrical patterns but are used to express ideals of order and nature.
	www.dirtyart.com /encyclopedia/Islamic_art_history (485 words)

	Islamic History
		A History of Aleppo and Damascus in the Early Middle Ages, 635-1260 C.E., a lecture at the University of Kyoto by Professor.
		Africa and Islamic Revival: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives is the text of a lecture delivered by John Hunwick, one of the chief scholars of African Islam.
		The Islamicization of the Hara Plateau and Its Muslim Shrines This article, by the scholar Ulrich Braukamper, discusses an important chapter in the history of Islam in the Ethiopian-Somali "Horn of Africa." (Fixed as of 10/1/98; offline as of 15 December 2006.)
	www.uga.edu /islam/history.html (1699 words)

	BRIEF HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ART
		Unique to Islamic architecture are the minaret, a tower from which the faithful are called to worship, and the gumbat, turbe or tomb tower.
		Islamic designs are created with rather humble aspirations; to enrich an environment or to beautify an object.
		Islamic artists are not trying to reveal their own personality or to create art which tells a story of its own.
	www.youngartists.com /islamic.htm (1165 words)

	Caesarean Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		He went on to say that according to Islamic jurists any child born by such an operation should be killed immediately as a child of the Devil.
		Unfortunately worthwhile literature of the early Islamic period is scanty and scattered or else is in the wrong hands.
		Further strong evidence is available in the Fatawa Alamgeeria-a collection of Islamic decrees compiled by Sheikh Nitzam -ud -Din of Burhanpur under the auspices of the Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb, who himself was well versed in Islamic Sharia.
	www.ummah.net /history/scholars/c_section (1202 words)

	Internet Islamic History Sourcebook
		The Monk of Kublai Khan, Emperor of China; or The History of the Life and Travels of Rabban Sawma, Envoy and Plenipotentiary of the Mongol Khans to the Kings of Europe and Markos who as Yahbh-Allaha III Became Patriarch of the Nestorian Church.
		The History of the Suez Canal [At USC]
		Islam and Islamic History in Arabia and The Middle East [At islamic.org]
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/islam/islamsbook.html (5304 words)

	Islamic Civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Islamic history and culture can be traced through the written records: Pre-Islamic, early Islamic, Umayyad, the first and second Abbasid, the Hispano-Arabic, the Persian and the modern periods.
		At a period of history when the scientific and philosophical heritage of the ancient world was about to be lost, Islamic scholars stepped in to preserve that heritage from destruction.
		Islamic craftsmanship in bookmaking and bookbinding were items of trade which carried the message of Islamic civilization far and wide.
	www2.ari.net /gckl/islam/civilization.htm (4736 words)

	Islamic art history -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The lack of (Any likeness of a person) portraiture is due to the fact that early Islam forbade the painting of human beings, including (Click link for more info and facts about the Prophet) the Prophet, as Muslims believe this tempts followers of the Prophet to (Religious zeal; willingness to serve God) idolatry.
		For this reason, Islamic art is often associated with the (An ornament that interlaces simulated foliage in an intricate design) Arabesque style, which usually involves repeating (Click link for more info and facts about geometric) geometrical patterns that express ideals of order and nature.
		Calligraphers would (and still do) draw from the Qur'an or proverbs as art, using the flowing (The Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects) Arabic language to express the beauty they perceived in the words of (Leader of Black Muslims who campaigned for independence for Black Americans (1897-1975)) Muhammad.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/is/islamic_art_history.htm (373 words)

	THE ISLAMIC (HIJRI) CALENDAR
		The Islamic (Hijri) calendar (with dates that fall within the Muslim Era) is usually abbreviated A.H. in Western languages from the latinized Anno Hegirae, "in the year of the Hegira".
		Since the Islamic calendar is purely lunar, as opposed to solar or luni-solar, the Muslim (Hijri) year is shorter than the Gregorian year by about 11 days, and months in the Islamic (Hijri) year are not related to seasons, which are fundamentally determined by the solar cycle.
		The slight differences in printed Islamic calendars, worldwide, can therefore be traced to two primary factors: (1) the absence of a global criterion for first visibility; and (2) the use of different visibility criterion (or method of calculation).
	fisher.osu.edu /~muhanna_1/hijri-intro.html (1148 words)

	Islamic History in Arabia and Middle East (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		By occupying Constantinople, the capital of their Christian allies, in the Fourth Crusade, the Crusaders achieved what the Arabs had been trying to do from the early days of Islam.
		In the history of the Middle Ages, this was far more important than ephemeral conquests.
		Control of the Eastern trade became a constantly recurring theme in later relations between the European countries and the East, and in the nineteenth century was to lead to widespread Western intervention.
	www.islamicity.com /mosque/ihame/Sec10.htm (580 words)

	Armed and Dangerous
		I have analyzed the roots of Islamic terror in the Koranic duty of jihad, and elucidated Osama bin Laden's goal as nothing less than the destruction of the West and the establishment of a global Islamic theocracy.
		The Islamic-studies and Middle Eastern history establishment completely, utterly failed to anticipate al-Qaeda's revival of jihadism, ignored or rationalized the decade of anti-American terrorist acts that led up to 9/11, and is presently incapable of supplying any significant analytical help to defeating the terrorists.
		This was a relatively harmless form of self-delusion between 1992 and 2001, the decade of self-indulgence bracketed by the fall of the Soviet Empire and 9/11.
	armedndangerous.blogspot.com /2002_06_23_armedndangerous_archive.html (1842 words)

	Islamic Art - Early Islamic Period: History
		The Islamic empire now extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River, with Damascus as its capital, Arabic its official language, and Islam its principal religion.
		The first three centuries of Abbasid rule are often described as a golden age in which literature, philosophy, theology, mathematics, and the natural sciences flowered, nourished by the encounter of Arab thought and culture with Greco-Roman, Byzantine, Persian, and Indian traditions.
		This was also a critical period for the evolution of Islamic art, one in which a distinctive style and new techniques were introduced and disseminated throughout the empire.
	www.lacma.org /islamic_art/eip.htm (1087 words)

	History of Islamic Science 1
		On 8 June, A.D. 632, the Prophet Mohammed (Peace and Prayers be upon Him) died, having accomplished the marvelous task of uniting the tribes of Arabia into a homogeneous and powerful nation.
		Schools, colleges, libraries, observatories and hospitals were built throughout the whole Islamic state, and were adequately staffed and endowed.
		Proceeding from the known to the unknown; taking precise account of phenomena; accepting nothing as true which was not confirmed by experience, or established by experiment, such were fundamental principles taught and acclaimed by the the masters of the sciences.
	www.levity.com /alchemy/islam12.html (1842 words)

	Arab-Islamic history
		The Battle of Badr 624 CE This was the first battle between believers and unbelievers, and it is still the most famous in Islamic history.
		IN 711, Tariq ibn Ziyad, at the head of a mainly Berber army, began the conquest of Spain and, by 733, the Muslims had reached as far north as Poitiers in France.
		This marked the start of a period of Islamic rule which continued until the fall of Granada in 1492 - the year that Columbus arrived in America.
	www.al-bab.com /arab/history.htm (964 words)

	Muslims Contributions to Medical History تاريخ الطب ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pediatric surgery in Islamic medicine from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance.
		Paediatric surgery in Islamic medicine from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance.
		The valuable contributions of Al-Razi (Rhazes) in the history of pharmacy during the middle ages.
	islamicmedicine.org /history.htm (994 words)

	BBC - Religion & Ethics - Islam History
		The story of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
		The life and times of the Islamic faith in China.
		The life and times of the Islamic faith in the Mughal Empire.
	www.bbc.co.uk /religion/religions/islam/history/index.shtml (67 words)

	We Need a Hot Line Teachers Can Call About Islamic History Textbooks
		History News Network Because the Past is the Present, and the Future too.
		And in fact, the Massachusetts teachers had just listened to a weeklong series of lectures by eminent scholars of Islamic history and culture at workshops co-directed by two graduate students at Harvard, one the Outreach Coordinator at its Center for Middle Eastern Studies.
		To judge by the teachers’ lesson plans, they seemed to have absorbed nothing about some real and important phenomena in Islamic history, such as the role and status of women in Islamic societies, the1300 year-old trans-African slave trade to the Middle East, and the economic, military, and domestic functions served by slaves in Islamic societies.
	hnn.us /articles/6438.html (720 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Islamic art history [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		For this reason, Islamic art is often associated with the Arabesque style, which usually involves repeating geometrical patterns that express ideals of order and nature.
		Forbidden to paint human beings and taught to revere the Koran, Islamic artists developed Arabic calligraphy into an art form.
		Calligraphers would (and still do) draw from the Koran or proverbs as art, using the flowing Arabic language to express the beauty they perceived in the words of Muhammad.
	encyclozine.com /Islamic_art (243 words)

	Islam
		This was useful against the Norman conquest of Sicily but ultimately, by 1091, the Normans succeeded, ending the history of Islamic Sicily that had begun with the Aghlabids.
		Khayyâm's fatalism, although with its Islamic overtones, may owe more to an Iranian sensibility, as would what seems to be his worldiness and even cynicism ("Of all that one should care to fathom, I was never deep in anything but Wine," as FitzGerald translated it).
		The genealogy of the Ayyûbids that follows is from The New Islamic Dynasties by Clifford Edmund Bosworth [Edinburgh University Press, 1996, pp.70-73] and A History of the Crusades, Volume III, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades by Steven Runciman [Cambridge University Press, 1951, 1993, p.532].
	www.friesian.com /islam.htm (9025 words)

	Ottoman History @ ArabesQ
		Planet Explorer: Ottoman Empire - considers the history of the Ottoman Empire and the Osmanli family.
		Proclamation for the Ottoman Empire, 1908 - from the Modern History Sourcebook.
		Race and Slavery in the Middle East - with an emphasis on the practice in the Islamic, Ottoman Empire.
	arabesq.com /educate/Ottoman.html (796 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Koran (Qur'an), 114 chapters of Muhammad's divinely inspired revelations, is the Islamic scripture, which resembles Judaism and Christianity -- two religions that largely influence Muhammad.
		Abd al-Rahman of the Umayyad dynasty flees to Spain to escape the Abbasids and is responsible for the "Golden Caliphate" in Spain, the greatest Islamic civilization yet known.
		Until the sixteenth century, rule of Islamic civilization is decentralized and different sects are ruled by different rulers.
	eawc.evansville.edu /chronology/ispage.htm (2032 words)

	Detroit Institute of Arts : Permanent Collection - Ancient Art - Islamic Art
		Although the Qur'an prohibits the worship of idols, it does not forbid representations of humans, animals, and birds in a secular context.
		The Seljuks, Central Asiatic tribesmen, entered the Islamic world at the beginning of the 11th century.
		The Seljuk period is one of the most creatively exciting in the history of Islamic art.
	www.dia.org /collections/ancient/islamicart/islamicart.html (618 words)

	Islamic History and Culture - History Main Page
		Islamic Paths presents the history of Islam from this perspective.
		Islamic Unrest in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region
		Islamic History in Arabia and the Middle East (15 Chapters and 6 Appendices)
	www.islamic-paths.org /Home/English/History/History_Main.htm (844 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Islam: A Short History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Delving deep into Islamic history, Armstrong sketches the arc of a story that begins with the stirring of revelation in an Arab businessman named Muhammad.
		The Islamic countries, Armstrong argues, have been "reduced to a dependent bloc by the European powers." Armstrong also rehearses some basics about Islamic fundamentalism in a section that will be familiar to anyone who has read her recent study, The Battle for God.
		Karen Armstrong's A Short History of Islam is indeed short but it covers all the key events in Islamic history and is a good primer for someone wanting the general background on the religion.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0679640401?v=glance (2929 words)

	jmmh
		A large amount of primary material about Islam and Islamic civilizations, for example, is available to students through the Internet, including full texts of the Qur'an in various translations, several collections of Hadith (records of the Prophet Muhammad’s words and deeds), Shi`i and Sufi religious texts, and classics works of Islamic literature.
		Since this material is mostly translated, it is of limited interest to advanced graduate students, but it is appropriate for undergraduate courses on Islamic religion, history, and civilization as well as for survey courses in world history.
		Students not only gain access to massive amounts of information about Islam and Islamic history, they also become aware of the wealth of information (and misinformation) about almost any topic that can be found through the Internet.
	www.albany.edu /jmmh/vol1no1/teach-islamic.html (4353 words)

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