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Topic: Islamic Revolution

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	Iranian Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Iranian Revolution was the 1979 revolution that transformed Iran from a constitutional monarchy, under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, to an Islamic, populist theocratic republic under the rule of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
		While Iraq was, in the end, unsuccessful at defeating the revolution, the Islamic revolution failed to spread beyond the borders of Iran.
		Torture, the imprisoning of dissidents, and the murder of prominent critics is commonplace.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iranian_Revolution (4102 words)

	Islamic Revolution of Iran - MSN Encarta
		Islamic Revolution of Iran, widespread uprising in 1978 and 1979 in which Islamic fundamentalists and their supporters overthrew Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran.
		The revolutionaries, led by an exiled religious leader, the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, dismantled the shah’s secular (nonreligious) monarchy and established the Islamic Republic of Iran.
		Instead, Shia clerics should defend the religion and await the return of the 12th imam, the messianic figure of Shiism whose presence was needed for the establishment of an Islamic state.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761588431/Islamic_Revolution_of_Iran.html (1566 words)

	The New York Review of Books: Islamic Revolution
		Islamic history provides its own models of revolution; its own prescriptions on the theory and practice of dissent, disobedience, resistance, and revolt; its own memories of past revolutions, some ending in success, others, in the historic memory the more significant ones, ending in failure and martyrdom.
		The Iranian revolution expresses itself in the language of Islam, that is to say, as a religious movement with a religious leadership, a religiously formulated critique of the old order, and religiously expressed plans for the new.
		A familiar feature of revolutions, such as the French and the Russian, is the tension, often conflict, between moderates and extremists — Girondins and Jacobins in the French Revolution, Mensheviks and Bolsheviks in the Russian, as well as numerous smaller splinter groups.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/4557 (6280 words)

	The Islamic Revolution
		Revolution is defined as a sudden, radical or complete change; especially the overthrow or renunciation of one ruler or government and substitution of another by the governed.
		Modern scientific revolution was set in motion by Islam, which was sent by the Almighty for the guidance of all mankind for all eternity.
		Islamic revolution is responsible for the emancipation of the human thought.
	www.irfi.org /articles/articles_1_50/islamic_revolution.htm (2463 words)

	History of Iran - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Modern Iranian (Persian) history began with the Constitutional Revolution of Iran against the Shah (who remained in power) in 1905, the granting of a limited constitution in 1906 (making the country a constitutional monarchy), and the discovery of oil in 1908.
		The Islamic clergy, headed by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (who had been exiled in 1964), were becoming increasingly vociferous.
		Following Khomeini's death on June 3, 1989, the Assembly of Experts—an elected body of senior clerics—chose the outgoing president of the republic, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, to be his successor as national religious leader in what proved to be a smooth transition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Iran (3428 words)

	TIME.com - Archives - 1979 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		As the leader of Iran's revolution he gave the 20th century world a frightening lesson in the shattering power of irrationality, of the ease with which terrorism can be adopted as government policy.
		Most particularly, the revolution that turned Iran into an Islamic republic whose supreme law is the Koran is undermining the stability of the Middle East, a region that supplies more than half of the Western world's imported oil, a region that stands at the strategic crossroads of super-power competition.
		Islamic revolutionary courts condemned more than 650 Iranians to death, after trials at which defense lawyers were rarely, if ever, present, and spectators stepped forward to add their own accusations to those of the prosecutors; death sentences were generally carried out immediately by firing squad.
	www.library.cornell.edu /colldev/mideast/1979.htm (6819 words)

	Historical Setting
		The Islamic revolution in 1979 brought a sudden end to the rule of the Pahlavi dynasty, which for fifty years had been identified with the attempt to modernize and Westernize Iran.
		The impact of the Islamic conquest in the seventh century was profound.
		The Islamic conquest was aided by the material and social bankruptcy of the Sassanids; the native populations had little to lose by cooperating with the conquering power.
	www.parstimes.com /history/historicalsetting.html (20953 words)

	Janus Blindsided: The Islamic Revolution
		It is not at all clear, despite the conventional wisdom, that this revolution was the inevitable consequence of a modernizing and dictatorial leader in confrontation with a dearly beloved religion.
		France, whose revolution was far more violent than America's, suffered a number of pendulum swings from monarchy to anarchy and then to empire and then to republic, with the franchise permitting women to participate as late as the mid-20th century.
		This is surprising in the face of the historic role of Shi'a from its beginnings as a cult of resentment and through such movements as the Assassin Cult in the 11th century and the dreadful and repressive role of Shi'a in Iran since it became the state religion in the 16th century.
	www.globalthink.net /global/janus.html (6354 words)

	The Islamic Revolution in Iran: an inspiration, an example and an experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The harder task confronting the Revolution was inside Iran: cleansing the society of the immorality that had been introduced under western influence, and restructuring it to ensure collective morality and social justice.
		The fact that the west is continuing to regard Islamic Iran as a source of danger, and to fight it at every step, is a key sign that they continue to fear its example and power, despite their propaganda that the experiment has failed.
		Twenty-one years after the Revolution, it is impossible to say that the experiment could not have gone better; but what is clear to Muslims all over the world, despite the west's propaganda, is that the experiment remains alive and well, and is making progress.
	www.muslimedia.com /archives/features00/iran-inspire.htm (1214 words)

	The New York Review of Books: Islamic Revolution: An Exchange
		The enigma of the Islamic Revolution continues to bewilder Western minds, and a flurry of attempts continue the problematic process of unraveling the mysteries of this phenomenon.
		The Islamic Revolution is a prime instance of this historic truism.
		The Islamic revolution and republic in Iran have given a prominent place to Israel in their rhetoric, but have shown themselves perfectly willing to deal with Israelis at a number of levels.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/4444 (2470 words)

	The Constant Feud
		One of the factors that helped the Islamic revolution was the hatred between the Greek rulers and the native population.
		If we want to define the results of the Islamic Revolution in historical, not in geographical terms, then it reversed the decision of the three Punic Wars and the conquests of Alexander the Great.
		The Islamic Revolution was a tremendous success from the point of view of the Middle East.
	www.eg-ban.com /constant-feud21.html (1635 words)

	Islamic Revolution, 1978-79
		The chain of events that ended in February 1979 with the overthrow of the Pahlavi regime and the foundation of the Islamic Republic began with the death in Najaf on October 23, 1977 of Hajj Sayyid Mustafa Khomeini, unexpectedly and under mysterious circumstances.
		In one of the numerous miscalculations that marked his attempts to destroy the revolution, the Shah decided to seek the deportation of Imam Khomeini from Iraq, on the assumption, no doubt, that once removed from the prestigious location of Najaf and its proximity to Iran, his voice would somehow be silenced.
		Clearly no revolution can be regarded as the work of a single man, nor can its causes be interpreted in purely ideological terms; economic and social developments had helped to prepare the ground for the revolutionary movement of 1978-79.
	www.wandea.org.pl /islamic-revolution.html (2352 words)

	Iran: 25th Anniversary Of Islamic Revolution Commemorated Amid Serious Political Crisis - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Islamic laws were applied, and an Islamic constitution was created, which gave ultimate authority to unelected religious leaders.
		Following the Islamic Revolution, wearing a veil became mandatory for women, and many other discriminatory laws were introduced, such as the need for a woman to first get permission from her father or husband before she could travel.
		Following the revolution, Iran became internationally isolated and mismanagement of the economy led to a sharp decline in living conditions.
	www.rferl.org /featuresarticle/2004/02/ad344479-c0e6-40f7-8276-f687f4475187.html (1460 words)

	Iran -- Some Angles on the Islamic Revolution
		An exploration of the Islamic Revolution in Iran conveys two great truths with vast implications: religion can still be a more potent mobilizer of mass political action than can secular ideologies, and the longtime hegemony of Western social models has ended.
		Mohammad Ali was then deposed by the majlis and replaced by a regency which continued until Ali's son Sultan Achmad reached the age of 18 and was crowned in 1914-marking the commencement of a period of almost total national disintegration, as the whole country became a stamping-ground for foreign powers.
		"The revolution in Iran and the foundation of the Islamic Republic is the culmination of a series of events that began in the sixteenth century of the Christian era with the adherence of the majority of the Iranian people to the Shi'i school of thought in Islam.
	www.ihr.org /jhr/v09/v09p141_Benson.html (10390 words)

	Islamic Revolution - a response
		The earliest strain of this tragedy are to be found in a 9th century Islamic scholar named Ashari, who insisted that the use of reason in scientific inquiry was incompatible with the Koran and an insult to the sovereignty and sole supremacy of Allah.
		I also want to say that people in the Islamic world who say that Western science and technology is anti-Islam are complete idiots, because Western Science and Technology are heir of Islamic Science and Technology before the advent of Islamic fundamentalism”.
		The fact that what is called Islamic science and technology was the result of the influence of Iranian pre-Islamic culture on the Arab world.
	www.amiran.com /Sphinx/pageseven.htm (984 words)

	iranian.com: Lawrence Reza Ershaghi, Revolution
		In fact the revolution in Iran was not a mere internal event for changing a political system, its impact went far beyond its borders.
		The Islamic Republic of Iran is the symbol of Islam in the world today, and as a symbol of defiance and champion of Islam in the world, it is the last formidable power to Western hegemony over the globe.
		Culturally, prior to the triumph of the Islamic revolution, television programs were in isolation from mainstream Iranian culture and tradition and were dependent on foreign and imported programs.
	www.iranian.com /Ershaghi/2005/February/Iran (3791 words)

	A Daily Briefing on Iran: Iran's ‘Second Islamic Revolution’: Fulfilled by Election of Conservative President (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The "Second Revolution" came about, in part, due to the voting pattern of the supporters of reform over the past two years – that is, boycotting elections to protest against the reform movements' failure to make good on their promises in the sphere of individual and political freedom.
		Rafsanjani, who was an ally of the father of the Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, is also a billionaire and a highly influential senior politician, and is apparently identified with the current corrupt regime by the poorer classes in Iran.
		In addition to this was his socio-economic platform, which underlined the values of justice and Islamic morality, social justice, fairness, integrity, and modesty – all in accordance with the principles of the Islamic Revolution.
	regimechangeiran.blogspot.com /2005/06/irans-second-islamic-revolution.html (1804 words)

	AlterNet: Dawn of an Islamic Revolution
		As happens in times of war, all dissenting voices were silenced in the interest of national security, and the dream that had instigated the revolution a year earlier gave way to the reality of a totalitarian state plagued by the gross ineptitude of a ruling clerical regime wielding unconditional religious and political authority.
		The revolution of 1979 was hijacked by the country's own clerical establishment who used their moral authority to gain absolute power.
		From the Islamic perspective, however, the attacks on New York and Washington were part of an ongoing clash between those Muslims who strive to reconcile their religious values with the realities of the modern world, and those who react to modernism and reform by reverting -- sometimes fanatically -- to the "fundamentals" of their faith.
	www.alternet.org /story/21887 (2448 words)

	EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight - Iran: Defending the Islamic Revolution -- The Corps of the Matter
		The Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC), created in May 1979 as an ideological force to defend Iran’s fledgling Islamic regime, now stands poised to strengthen its political and military clout.
		The "Velayat Project," under which thousands of pupils are exposed to Islamic principles and studies, is part of the effort to create a 20-million-strong army in Iran and constitutes another opportunity for the IRGC to expand its role.
		In 2003, Rahim-Safavi wrote in a letter to the Majlis speaker: "The IRGC considers itself responsible for the defense of the Islamic Revolution, its achievements, and the ideology and values of Imam Khomeini.
	www.eurasianet.org /departments/insight/articles/pp080705.shtml (1444 words)

	Sudan Studies Association 22nd Meeting
		Literature on the nature and rule of the Omer Hasn al-Bashir of the Sudan is abundant, and the role of Dr Hasan Abdallah al-Turabi in,first, the 1989 coup that brought the Muslim brotherhood to power, and, second, in the establishment of a religious dictatorship in the Sudan, is well documented.
		The revolution occurred when Sudan was in the midst of a bloody north-south civil war.
		To explain connections between Sudan's Islamic revolution and the varying interventions of Ethiopia and Egypt, this paper explores the uses and limits of Stephen Walt's balance of threat theory-which he used to highlight causal connections between revolution and interstate security competition.
	www.sudanstudies.org /panel9.html (709 words)

	Inquiry and Analysis Series - No. 253
		This is marked by Ahmadinejad's commitment to the ideal of "Islamic justice" as embodied in the messianic belief in the Hidden Imam, and his commitment to the implementation of the ideology of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's Islamic Revolution.
		Rafsanjani is from the founding generation of the Islamic Revolution, a minor cleric who was close to Ayatollah Khomeini and who since the revolution has held top posts in regime circles.
		Although with its establishment the Islamic Revolution abolished the 2,500-year-old monarchy headed by the shah, an analysis of Khamenei's administrative methods in recent years shows that he is continuing the tradition of running Iran by balancing internal powers and intervention only in times of crisis.
	memri.org /bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=ia&ID=IA25305 (3959 words)

	Arutz Sheva - Israel National News
		Islamic radicals have been using the Temple Mount as a focal point for planning and preaching the establishment of a world Islamic state with Jerusalem as its capital.
		The party puts Islamic revolution and an uncompromising form of Jihad (holly war) at the top of its political agenda.
		“We are at the gates of the Islamic revolution,” he proclaims in his sermons to Arab citizens of Israel.
	www.israelnationalnews.com /news.php3?id=92906 (648 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Middle East \| Reviving Iran's revolutionaries
		Iran is marking the 26th anniversary of the 1979 Revolution that toppled the Shah and brought the clerical system of government to power.
		Huge murals show the spirit of the dead warrior ascending to heaven and every year giant canvases depicting portraits of martyrs are erected in the area where they used to live.
		It is a sign of how Iran has changed 26 years on and with the art that celebrates the revolution.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/middle_east/4254203.stm (677 words)

	Beyond the Veil: The Islamic Revolution
		Radical groups boycotted the referendum but the Islamic Republic of Iran was born in the month of March 1979.
		In June, Khomeini and the Council of the Revolution prepared a draft of the new constitution.
		The last event of this period, which delineated the antagonism between the ruling clerics and the opposition, was the explosion of two bombs in the headquarters of the Islamic Republican Party (June 28, 1981).
	www.internews.org /visavis/BTVPagesInews/Theislamicrevolution.html (1701 words)

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