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	Islamic Medical Manuscripts: Medieval Islam
		Islamic cultures are among the most interesting, complex, and dynamic in the world.
		Islamic medicine was built on tradition, chiefly the theoretical and practical knowledge developed in Greece and Rome.
		Islamic illustration practices tended to be adopted from the Byzantine and Persian cultures and to have an ambivalent and particularly complex history within Islamic culture.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /hmd/arabic/med_islam.html (586 words)

	Islamic philosophy : Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online
		Islamic philosophy may be defined in a number of different ways, but the perspective taken here is that it represents the style of philosophy produced within the framework of Islamic culture.
		Islamic philosophy has always had a rather difficult relationship with the Islamic sciences, those techniques for answering theoretical questions which are closely linked with the religion of Islam, comprising law, theology, language and the study of the religious texts themselves.
		According to the version of Aristotle which was generally used by the Islamic philosophers, the soul is an integral part of the person as its form, and once the individual dies the soul disappears also.
	www.rep.routledge.com /article/H057 (2568 words)

	Islamic scholars face visa issues: Officials say troubles encountered by visiting professors not common at UCLA - ...
		Scholars traveling to UCLA from the Islamic world have faced few problems since Sept. 11, 2001.
		The scholars are not told why they are denied a visa, which can "cause bad will," she said.
		Difficulties facing Islamic scholars were brought to light this past summer when controversial figure Tariq Ramadan had his visa revoked just before he was to take a teaching post at Notre Dame University.
	www.campus-watch.org /article/id/1552 (618 words)

	Islamic Scholars and India
		In the past, the Islamic scholars in India have by and large encouraged the Indian Muslims to move around the periphery of Arabian tradition and heritage and the concept of Indian nationhood was secondary.
		Islamic thinkers are not ready to learn from the changes in Turkey, which is a Muslim majority country.
		But for Muslim scholars it is an evil, which instigates the people for war either to defend or expand the territorial boundaries of their respective countries.
	www.saag.org /papers4/paper372.html (1926 words)

	CNS STORY: Islamic scholars write pope, take issue with remarks in German speech
		The scholars took issue with several points made by the pope in his Sept. 12 speech at the University of Regensburg, Germany, including remarks about "holy war" and the suggestion that Islam may be less inclined to reject violence as an unreasonable affront to God.
		The scholars faulted the pope for suggesting in his speech that the Quranic precept against forced conversion was a teaching from an early period of Islam, when its founder, Mohammed, was powerless and threatened, and that this contrasted with later teachings about "holy war," when Islam was stronger.
		Islamic tradition, they said, has managed to avoid two extreme forms of error: making the analytical mind the "ultimate arbiter of truth" and denying the power of human understanding to address ultimate questions.
	www.catholicnews.com /data/stories/cns/0605867.htm (1116 words)

	The Secret Beyond Matter
		For this reason, many Islamic scholars in history have also drawn attention to this fact and stressed that all the material world was created on the level of senses and perceptions.
		The great Islamic scholar Muhyiddin Ibn al-'Arabi also believed that the only thing that has definitive existence is God, Who has created the whole universe only on the perceptual level.
		It is a grave error to confuse this false view of those philosophers with the explanation given here by Islamic scholars that "matter is a perception created by God." In fact, Imam Rabbani mentions those philosophers who depart from the truth when discussing the subject of matter.
	www.secretbeyondmatter.com /islamicscholars.html (1474 words)

	Position of Islamic scholars on terrorism
		Yet despite the clear stand taken against the hijacking by the "fundementalist Islamic" Taliban, the hijackers are still labelled by the media as "Islamic".
		In using their power to condemn violence in the name of Islam, the Taliban have also taken a lead in reiterating the age-old position of Hanafi orthodoxy: that violence against innocent civilians cannot be justified, however justifiable the cause for which it is committed.
		It is for Islamic scholars throughout Central and Southern Asia to follow this lead, and to continue to condemn acts such as the Indian Airlines hijacking.
	www.themodernreligion.com /terror/terror-scholars.html (1143 words)

	Islamic Economics Thought: Muslim Scholars on Islamic Economic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The ideal Islamic economic norms and values have been given in these basic sources which have been explained by Islamic scholars (mufassirin and other 'ulama), while the legal status and limits have been deliberated upon in fiqh al- mu'amalat.
		The Islamic rulings derived by the ijma' al-'ulama are those on which qualified jurists have reached consensus of opinions.7 The qiyas is to derive ruling in the Shari'ah, if the basis ('illah) of the ruling seems to be common in both.
		As indicated earlier, some Islamic scholars of history provided objective analyses of economic problems of their time when economics had not emerged as yet as an independent discipline, while some others discussed economic matters from an Islamic perspective, having implications for modem economic thinking.
	islamic-world.net /economics/economic_thought.htm (4809 words)

	Islamic finance, by Ibrahim Warde
		Islamic scholars accepted that time must be priced, but objected to the fixed, pre-determined aspects of interest-based lending with its inherent risk of lender exploiting borrower (5).
		The Islamic commitment to private property, free enterprise and the sanctity of contracts meshed with the emphasis on privatisation, deregulation and the rule of law.
		Whereas the early years of Islamic finance were dominated by oil-producing Arab states (primarily Saudi Arabia), and to a lesser extent Egypt and Pakistan, the new paradigm reflects the diversity of the Islamic world.
	mondediplo.com /2001/09/09islamicbanking (1824 words)

	Article: They must bloom again! (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Islamic movements in various parts of the world are chanting about the progress they have made in promoting the cause of the women in accordance with Islam and vainly arguing how Islam is rightfully superior in dealing with women's rights.
		It was simply not possible, because "women scholars" of Islam - teaching men and women, in public context, where many of them were, overall the best of the best of their time, not just among women - have become an extinct species.
		Abu Dharr of Herat, one of the leading scholars of the period, attached such great importance to her authority that he advised his students to study the Sahih under no one else, because of the quality of her scholarship." Among her students were al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, a noted Islamic scholar and historian.
	globalwebpost.com /farooqm/writings/islamic/bloom.html (3853 words)

	Islamic Scholars Call September 11 Attacks a Distortion of Islam
		With evidence that Muslim militants were responsible for the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, prominent Islamic scholars and theologians in the West say unequivocally that nothing in Islam countenances the Sept. 11 actions.
		The scholars said they had not had time to judge the letters' authenticity, but, as far as the attacks themselves, they said that such atrocities violated the ethics of battle spelled out by the prophet Muhammad.
		Adding to the scholars' skepticism is an expectation of racial profiling by American authorities, and their memory of Muslims being wrongly blamed for the bombing of the federal building in Oklahoma City.
	www.islamfortoday.com /attacks.htm (1203 words)

	Taliban spurn Islamic scholars
		Afghanistan's Taliban rulers on March 12 rejected the arguments of leading Islamic scholars and protests from around the world and said they were obliterating the last traces of the country's ancient Buddhist statues.
		The Afghan Islamic Press (AIP) quoted a Taliban spokesman, Mullah Abdul Hayee Mutmaen, as saying in Kandahar that the Afghan ulama, or scholars, had rejected the call by the OIC's Islamic scholars to halt the campaign to destroy all the country's statues on the grounds they are un-Islamic.
		Mutmaen said the OIC scholars could give no religious justification for preserving the statues and had argued only that the time was not right for such a course of action.
	www.islamfortoday.com /taleban5.htm (618 words)

	iViews.com - Islamic scholars: America's natural allies
		While most Islamic terrorism is a reaction to environmental conditions, it is also always accompanied by an ignorance of the Islamic religion and a detachment from the its scholars.
		Rather than engaging with the scholars of the Islamic world, the U.S. has fallen prey to the misconception that fundamentalism equates with extremism; that fundamentalism is the ideological basis for the type of terrorism we witnessed on 9/11.
		However, rather than engaging these scholars and the Islamic charities that disseminate their message, some in the West have included them in an overly broad and ill-defined war on terrorism.
	www.iviews.com /Articles/articles.asp?ref=IV0311-2154 (899 words)

	Islamic scholars of Asia protest blaming Muslims - Kavkazcenter.com
		Islamic scholars and thinkers from five South and South East Asian countries at a seminar in the city yesterday categorically said there is no place of terrorism or extremism in Islam; rather it is a religion of peace, universal brotherhood and tolerance.(The New Nation)
		He said Islamic jurisprudence, way of life, philosophy and culture are great repository of values, ideas, ideology, which are relevant to present time.
		Eminent Islamic scholars and thinkers—Justice Dr Javid Iqbal of Pakistan, MA Cader of Sri Lanka, Dr Soherin Salehin of Indonesia, Dato’ Dr Jamil Osman and Dr Haslina of Malaysia, Tuan Hj Hashim Kamaruddin of Singapore and CNRS President Dr Mahbubullah, among others addressed the inaugural session.
	kavkazcenter.com /eng/content/2005/09/23/4097.shtml (872 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Scholars Urge Jihad In Event of Iraq War
		AMMAN, Jordan, March 10 -- Islamic scholars at Cairo's Al-Azhar University, the preeminent seat of Sunni Muslim learning in the Arab world, have declared a U.S. attack on Iraq would threaten all Arabs and Muslims and urged a jihad to defend their interests.
		The statement, published in Egyptian newspapers today, said the U.S. military buildup in the Persian Gulf region in preparation for a likely invasion of Iraq is part of a new "crusade," a highly emotive word in the Arab world, where the medieval Crusades still frame relations with the West.
		The statement by scholars at Al-Azhar, seen as a beacon by many orthodox Sunni Muslims, joined a chorus of Islamic voices urging resistance to a U.S. attack.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A7564-2003Mar10?language=printer (716 words)

	Islamic Law and Its Democratic Potential
		More particularly, however, Islamic law is usually taken to refer to the content and the methods of the Shariah, the developed code of laws that arose in different parts of the Islamic empire.
		Some legal scholars think that the remaining traditions were validated by the method of "ijma," consensus, but there is great dispute among Muslim scholars as to what properly constitutes a consensus.
		Forte: Islamic law was very advanced for its era in the area of partnership law, property law, inheritance and, to some extent, procedure, but unless it is reformed, the old structures of Islamic law will be a barrier to the full emergence of democracy.
	www.ewtn.com /library/ISSUES/ZISLAWDE.HTM (1506 words)

	IslamiCity Forum: Prominant Islamic Scholars in the west
		The scholars that are affiliated with IHYA Foundation represent a variety of scholars from around the world who have dedicated their lives to the preservation and dissemination of the traditional Islamic sciences.
		In 1984, he was appointed to the Department of Islamic Studies at King Abdul-Aziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and taught Islamic studies and comparative religions there until 2000.
		Born in 1954 in the north-western United States, was educated in philosophy and Arabic at the University of Chicago and UCLA.
	www.islamicity.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=3182&PN=1 (3006 words)

	Zabiha or Non Zabiha: 3 Scholarly Opinions
		The late scholars Syed Abul A'la Maududi and Al Phahim Jobe both argue that the meat must be slaughtered in accordance with Islamic guidelines.
		Scholar Yusuf Al-Qaradawi argues that the meat of the Jews and Christians (called the ‘People of the Book') is acceptable for Muslims to eat.
		There are some scholars who are of the view that the supermarket meats are Halal, but their arguments are weak and even they say that the Muslims should try to establish the Islamic way of slaughtering of animals (Zabiha).
	www.soundvision.com /Info/halalhealthy/maududi.asp (1223 words)

	Using credit cards is un-Islamic: Scholars
		The use of both entailed payment of interest, which is prohibited in Islam, the scholars, participating in the All India Conference of Islamic Jurisprudence in Mysore said.
		However, the scholars felt that there was no harm in using debit cards and ATM cards issued by the various banks.
		However, scholars were not opposed to medical insurance schemes per se as the ones in practice in certain Islamic countries (since they adhered to Islamic teachings) and cited Malaysia as an example.
	www.rediff.com /money/2006/mar/14card.htm (360 words)

	Call for Islamic Revival
		First: The call for Islamic revival believes in openness and interaction with all cultures, knowledge and civilizations, not from a position of weakness or imitation or fabrication or selectivity, but on an original Koranic base.
		Among his other publications are a book on the history of workers' movements in Egypt (700 pages), a textbook in three volumes on trade union rights and liberties in addition to a book that documents his experience in prison reform and providing care for prisoners.
		On the contrary, it puts aside all ancient and old knowledge, which is usually considered the reference for all Islamic advocacy and refers directly to the Koran without adherence to any of the acknowledged or traditional interpretations.
	www.islamiccall.org /Islamic_Revival.htm (985 words)

	Scholars Scrutinize the Koran's Origin
		Scholars and writers in Islamic countries who have ignored that warning have sometimes found themselves the target of death threats and violence, sending a chill through universities around the world.
		And when the Arab scholar Suliman Bashear argued that Islam developed as a religion gradually rather than emerging fully formed from the mouth of the Prophet, he was injured after being thrown from a second-story window by his students at the University of Nablus in the West Bank.
		In the eighth and ninth centuries, more than a century after the death of Muhammad, Islamic commentators added diacritical marks to clear up the ambiguities of the text, giving precise meanings to passages based on what they considered to be their proper context.
	www.corkscrew-balloon.com /02/03/1bkk/04b.html (1754 words)

	War on Iraq New Crusade: Islamic Scholars, Intellectuals
		They urged Arab and Islamic governments to integrate with their peoples to reinforce the spirit of confidence and the principle of shura (consulting with others).
		On the other side, the statement appealed to Arab and Islamic peoples to return to Almighty Allah, abide by the Islamic Shari’a (law), repent sins, close ranks, unify forces, put the interests of the nation before those of individuals and be certain of victory with the help of Allah.
		The statement exhorted scholars, preachers and intellectuals to steer the nation during time of crisis, to help awaken the people with what is right, to promote modernity and tolerance based on the correct understanding of the message of Islam and to defend Islamic causes.
	www.ilaam.net /War/IraqWarCrusade.html (565 words)

	FAQs - HSBC Amanah
		Islamic law does not require that the seller of a product be Muslim, or that its other services also be Islamic.
		While it is true that growth in Islamic banking warrants a greater number of scholars, there are already a fair number of highly qualified scholars in the field.
		It is a contract under which the Islamic bank finances equipment, building or other facilities for the client against an agreed rental together with a unilateral undertaking by the bank or the client that at the end of the lease period, the ownership in the asset would be transferred to the lessee.
	www.hsbc.com /hsbc/amanah_banking/faqs (3924 words)

	The Official Website of The Amman Message - The Amman Message
		They specifically recognized the validity of all 8 Mathhabs (legal schools) of Sunni, Shi'a and Ibadhi Islam; of traditional Islamic Theology (Ash'arism); of Islamic Mysticism (Sufism), and of true Salafi thought, and came to a precise definition of who is a Muslim.
		These Three Points were then unanimously adopted by the Islamic World's political and temporal leaderships at the Organization of the Islamic Conference summit at Mecca in December 2005.
		In total, over 500 leading Muslim scholars worldwide—as can be seen on this website [click here to see the entire list]—unanimously endorsed the Amman Message and its Three Points.
	ammanmessage.com /index.php?lang=en (622 words)

	American Islamic Scholars Issue Fatwa Against Terrorism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Muslim scholars released the ruling during a press conference in Washington, saying that Islam condemns terrorism, religious radicalism and the use of violence.
		The Islamic scholars say the fatwa was prompted by a similar ruling from the Muslim Council of Britain, following the July 7 terrorist attacks in London.
		These legal Muslim scholars come to say we are the authority on this subject and we are the ones who determine how to interpret Islam.
	www.voanews.com /english/2005-07-28-voa63.cfm (564 words)

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