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Topic: Island biogeography

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Biogeography

	Biogeography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Prior to the publication of The Theory of Island Biogeography by Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson in 1967 (which expanded their 1963 paper on the same topic) the field of biogeography was seen as a primarily historical one, and as such the field was seen as a purely descriptive one.
		The application of island biogeography theory to habitat fragments spurred the development of the fields of conservation biology and landscape ecology (at least among British and American academics; landscape ecology has a distinct genesis among European academics).
		Biogeography is a synthetic science, related to geography, biology, geology, climatology, ecology and evolution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biogeography (276 words)

	Island biogeography: Just the facts... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The study of island biogeography is a field within biogeography (Dealing with the geographical distribution of animals and plants) that attempts to establish and explain the factors that affect the species diversity (additional info and facts about species diversity) of a particular community.
		The theory of island biogeography holds that the number of species found on an island (the equilibrium number) is determined by two factors, the effect of distance from the mainland and the effect of island size.
		Small islands of mangroves were surveyed then fumigated with methyl bromide (A poisonous gas or liquid (CH3Br) used to fumigate rodents, worms, etc.) to clear their insect (Small air-breathing arthropod) and arthropod (Invertebrate having jointed limbs and a segmented body with an exoskeleton made of chitin) communities.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/is/island_biogeography.htm (510 words)

	Island Biogeography: ecology, evolution, and conservation - Biodiversity Research Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Oceanic islands have volcanic foundations, are concentrated in a number of distinctive inter- and intra- plate settings and have commonly experienced a dynamic history involving lateral and vertical displacement, and the impacts of eustatic sea-level changes.
		Islands are typically species poor for their area and this poverty is accentuated by increasing isolation and decreasing island relief and altitude.
		In a reconsideration of disturbance in island theory it is argued that as ecological (especially successional) processes operate over such lengthy periods, and in the context of natural fluctuations in environment, many islands may in practice be out of equilibrium, thus exhibiting compositional characteristics which follow on from their particular pattern of directional dynamic.
	www.geog.ox.ac.uk /research/bie/islandbio/book.html (3674 words)

	Island Biogeography
		If a new volcanic island were to rise out of the ocean off the coast of a mainland inhabited by 100 species of birds, some birds would begin to immigrate across the gap and establish populations on the empty, but habitable, island.
		And since the resources of an island are limited, as the number of resident species increases, the smaller and more prone to extinction their individual populations are likely to become.
		That is the essence of the MacArthur-Wilson equilibrium theory of island biogeography.
	www.stanfordalumni.org /birdsite/text/essays/Island_Biogeography.html (1085 words)

	Read about Island biogeography at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Island biogeography and learn about Island ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The study of island biogeography is a field within biogeography that attempts to establish and explain the factors that affect the species diversity of a particular community.
		In this context the island can be any area of habitat surrounded by areas unsuitable for the species on the island; not just true islands surrounded by ocean, mountains surrounded by deserts, lakes surrounded by dry land, forest fragments surrounded by human-altered landscapes.
		national parks formed islands inside human-altered landsacpes, and that these reserves could lose species as they 'relaxed towards equilibrium' (that is they would lose species as they achieved their new equilibrium number) caused a great deal of concern.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Island_biogeography (606 words)

	Testing Theories of Island Biogeography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Islands in the Sea of Cortez suggest that not one but many models may be required to explain patterns of colonization and extinction.
		Islands drawing their colonists from this pool should support various subsets of the mainland communities, subsets dependent on the degree to which the resources of the mainland habitats are represented on the islands.
		Other islands are much older, dating from 1 to 4 million years ago, and arose either as volcanoes from the seabed or by tectonic separation from the mainland, with many beginning as blocks faulted off the trailing edge of the northward-drifting peninsula.
	plantphys.info /bahamas/testingtheories.html (6331 words)

	Bio 310 Term Paper
		Island biogeography theory is based on a situation in which a mainland source population not threatened with extinction exists; metapopulation dynamics deal with situations in which the source population has been reduced to a set of small semi-isolated populations.
		The species-area relationship is interesting, but the key piece of island biogeography theory as it applies to conservation biology is the suggestion that island biotas reach and maintain an equilibrium number of species [figure 1] (MacArthur and Wilson 1967).
		The key distinction between the application of island biogeography theory and metapopulation dynamics is the distinction between discrete land patches - islands - and discrete populations on a landscape.
	www.unm.edu /~aschultz/bio310.htm (2236 words)

	The Basic Model of Island Biogeography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		At that diversity on the island species are immigrating at a rate equal to disappearances due to extinction.
		This is a stable equilibrium since, should something happen, and the number of species on the island be perturbed, the imbalance between immigration and extinction rates at the new S would tend to return island diversity toward its equilibrium value.
		Niering, W.A. Terrestrial ecology of Kapingamarangi Atoll, Caroline Islands.
	zeus.uwindsor.ca /courses/biology/macisaac/55-437/lecture10.htm (5237 words)

	Island Biogeography
		Island biogeography theory (IBT): a theory proposed to account for the equilibrium SR on islands.
		Small mangrove islands in the Florida Keys exhibit high arthropod SR on large and near islands, and low SR on small and far islands predicted according to IBT.
		Because of reproductive isolation, old islands tend to have a large degree of endemism: species are confined to only one location.
	www.okstate.edu /artsci/botany/bisc3034/lnotes/islands.htm (257 words)

	Island Biogeography
		Island biogeography relates that islands tend to be species-poor.
		Because of island biogeography, a species that is threatened or under pressure cannot easily move to a more hospitable place.
		Islands such as San Juan are valuable laboratories where effects of natural and human-caused change can be observed as they play out, often rapidly within the confines of the island’s limited geography.
	www.nps.gov /sajh/Island_Biogeography.htm (645 words)

	Island Biogeography Bibliography
		A brief description of the equilibrium theory of island biogeography which proposes that the number of species on islands of similar habitat in the same latitudes depends on the size and isolation of the islands, and is a balance between the rate of immigration and the rate of extinction.
		Biogeography of the Tropical Pacific: Proceedings of a Symposium.
		Stoddart, D.R. Biogeography and Ecology of the Seychelles Islands.
	www.calacademy.org /research/library/biodiv/biblio/biogeography.htm (1000 words)

	Biogeography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Biogeography is a field unto itself, and it is difficult to condense it all down into a 50 minute lecture.
		Biogeography is the science that attempts to document and understand spatial patterns of biodiversity.
		To summarize, we've discussed the meaning of biogeography, its history, specialties in biogeography, and one of the three main processes in biogeography: dispersal, including the interrelationship between dispersal and plate tectonics.
	ripley.wo.sbc.edu /departmental/env-studies/geo/biogeogr.htm (1044 words)

	Nearctica - Ecology - Biogeography
		Biogeography is the study of the distributions of plants and animals over the surface of the Earth in both space and time.
		Biogeography may also try to elucidate the changing distributions of organisms over time, either in the short term or over geological time.
		Historical biogeography, on the other hand, attempts to explain the current distributions of species and ecosystems (habitats) on the basis of historical patterns of ecological changes, climate changes, or vicariant events.
	www.nearctica.com /ecology/habitats/biogeo.htm (315 words)

	The Theory of Island Biogeography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		However, much of the theory of island biogeography was built on data which came from their studies of the Galapagos and East Indies respectively.
		The theory underlying the log normal and island biogeography implicitly assumes that all species counted could be resident permanently within the 'island' area, this may not be the case with some mainland species.
		Models assume island populations are numerically self-sustaining, and have increasing probabilities of extinction on the island as they become rarer.
	zeus.uwindsor.ca /courses/biology/macisaac/55-437/lecture9.htm (7986 words)

	The Forest: Library: Boreal Forest Fragmentation in Ontario
		They propose a model of species equilibrium based on the intersection of an immigration curve, determined by distance from the island to the mainland (source of the population from which new immigrants are arriving), and an extinction curve, based on the island area.
		This raising of the immigration curve in clustered islands has the effect of lowering the overall species-area curve, so that species richness is less directly dependent upon the area of the specific island.
		Island biogeography typically assumes that islands are located at some distance from a continent which is presumed to serve as a virtually inexhaustible source pool of potential immigrants.
	www.wildideas.net /forest/library/fragmentation.html (5723 words)

	Prof. Robert J. Whittaker - School of Geography and the Environment Academic Staff (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Rob is a member of the School's Biodiversity Research Group, with interests spanning diversity gradients, island biogeography and the application of biogeography to conservation.
		Scientific interest in the islands began shortly after their sterilization in the eruptions of 1883, and the monitoring of their recovery, which Rob has been involved in since 1979, providing an unusually long data series in 'ecosystem rebuilding' in the humid tropics (Ecol.
		Biogeography, 1991; Ecography, 1993), and the analysis of the relationship between geographic variation in plant richness and climate (Ecography, 1998).
	www.geog.ox.ac.uk /staff/rwhittaker.html (1592 words)

	ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION
		R.P. ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY and Evolution is an activity about the evolution of three species of lizards on the Canary Islands.
		Volcanic islands are particularly good laboratories for evolutionary science because they can be dated accurately using radioactive isotope decay and because they start out as lifeless masses of rock emerging from the sea.
		Island codes in parentheses are P = Palma, NT = north Tenerife, ST = south Tenerife, G = gomera, and H = Hierro.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /fosrec/Filson.html (3246 words)

	Hawaii Forest and Trail - Bigeography
		Biogeography is the study of how geography affects the biological world.
		The diverse array of island geography allowed for the island’s biota to adapt to different conditions.
		Kipuka are isolated stands of forest on older lava flows that are surrounded on all sides by younger and less vegetated lava flows.
	www.hawaii-forest.com /geography.html (481 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Island Biogeography: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The book starts by stressing the importance of islands as arenas for the study of the natural world: 'natural laboratories' in which the complexity of nature may be simplified, enabling the development and testing of theories of general importance.
		This is borne out, for instance, in his treatment of the SLOSS (single large or several small nature reserves) debate, and in the way he manages to reconcile a number of dichotomies in the literature by noting that various apparently-conflicting theories actually represent different points along continua.
		As might be expected from the background of the author, Chapters 7 and 8, which deal with island ecological theory, are particularly impressive: erudite and authoritative, while still being interesting and highly readable.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0198500203 (844 words)

	MacArthur, R.H. and Wilson, E.O.: The Theory of Island Biogeography.
		MacArthur, R.H. and Wilson, E.O.: The Theory of Island Biogeography.
		Biogeography was stuck in a "natural history phase" dominated by the collection of data, the young Princeton biologists Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson argued in 1967.
		The Theory of Island Biogeography was never intended as the last word on the subject.
	pup.princeton.edu /titles/7051.html (361 words)

	Island Biogeography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Biogeography is defined as the study of the distribution of organisms, both past and present.
		Islands have often been the subject of important biogeographic work and have contributed substantially to existing biogeographic theory.
		Class activies include hikes through the rugged scrub-forest communities in the island's interior, snorkeling trips to many patch and several offshore reefs, plant community analysis, rocky intertidal community sampling, snorkeling in seagrass and mangrove habitats, a swim to an offshore island inhabited by iguanas, night snorkeling, and a descent into a water cave.
	www.hartwick.edu /x7049.xml (490 words)

	OUP: Island Biogeography: Whittaker
		Islands, being discrete, internally quantifiable, numerous, and varied entities, provide us with natural laboratories for developing theories and models of how evolution works.
		Work on evolution on islands has a long-established biogeographical pedigree, stretching back to the work of Darwin and Wallace, and generating ideas, theories, and models that have played a central role in the development of mainstream ecology, evolutionary biology, and biogeography.
		Island Biogeography is a new textbook, aimed at advanced undergraduates and graduate students.
	www.oup.co.uk /isbn/0-19-850020-3 (378 words)

	Computer Simulation Of Cell-Surface Signalling And Control Of Cellular Division And Differentiation
		The equilibrium theory of island biogeography [5] proposes that the number of species on islands of similar habitat in the same latitudes depends on the size and isolation of the islands, and is a balance between the rate of immigration and the rate of extinction [6].
		For this reason, island biogeography was applied in many studies [6] to explain variations in the number species in relation to patch or fragment size in mainland habitats.
		While it was related to the equilibrium theory in that it dealt with colonisation and extinctions in patchy environments, the concept of metapopulations was concerned with individual species and their distributions, dynamics and persistence in archipelagoes and patchy environments.
	journal-ci.csse.monash.edu.au /ci/vol03/klomp/klomp.html (3859 words)

	Hawaii Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Kitayama, K., and D. Mueller-Dombois. An altitudinal transect analysis of the windward vegetation on Haleakala, a Hawaiian island mountain: (1) climate and soils. Phytocoenologia 24: 41-133.
		Kitayama, K., and D. Mueller-Dombois. An altitudinal transect analysis of the windward vegetation on Haleakala, a Hawaiian island mountain: (2) vegetation zonation. Phytocoenologia 24: 135-154.
		Gruner, D.S. Regressions of length and width to predict arthropod biomass in the Hawaiian Islands.
	www.stanford.edu /group/magma/pubsrev05.htm (6856 words)

	komodo dragon biogeography
		These islands are located in the lesser Sunda, halfway along the Indonesia archipelago, east of Bali and west of Timor.
		The Komodo dragons are endemic to the islands of the Lesser Sunda.
		Komodo monitors colonized these small islands due to their cold blooded body types, and the conditions of the islands.
	www.sfsu.edu /~geog/bholzman/courses/316projects/komodo.htm (1581 words)

	Island Biogeography Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		process of evolutionary change by which an island becomes an integrated ecosystem -each organism adapted to physical and biological aspects of its life on the island...occupation of niches
		The theory of Island biogeography has been used in the creation of nature reserves, designing habitat and determining the number of species a habitat can viably carry.
		Although there are many shortcomings of the quantitative nature of the theory, some of this work has been helpful.
	bss.sfsu.edu /geog/bholzman/courses/316/islands.htm (201 words)

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