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	Insular dwarfism - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This process, and other "island genetics" artifacts, can occur not only on islands, but also in other situations where an ecosystem is isolated from external resources and breeding.
		Dwarf deer species on the Philippines (Philippine Sambar, extant), and Crete (Candiacervus ropalophorus), Ryūkyū Islands of Japan (Cervus astylodon) and Gargano (Hoplitomeryx) (all extinct).
		The dwarf nodosaurid Struthiosaurus from Europe, and the dwarf allosaur from South Australia.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Island_dwarfing (609 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Island dwarfing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Island dwarfing is also thought to have occurred in dinosaurs and is illustrated in the Discovery Channel program Dinosaur Planet.
		Dwarf elephants are pre-historic members of the order Proboscidea, that, through the process of allopatric speciation, evolved to a fraction of the size of their modern ancestors.
		Island gigantism is a biological phenomenon by which the size of animals isolated on an island increases dramatically over generations.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Island-dwarfing (1454 words)

	Insular dwarfism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The skeleton of a dwarf elephant from the island of Crete.
		Dwarf deer species on the Philippines (Philippine Sambar, extant), and Crete (Candiacervus ropalophorus), Ryūkyū Islands of Japan (Cervus astylodon) and Gargano (Hoplitomeryx) (all extinct).
		The dwarf nodosaurid Struthiosaurus from Europe, and the dwarf allosaur from South Australia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Island_dwarfing (609 words)

	Japanese Wolf
		It is thought to have become extinct due to a combination of rabies, which first occurred in the islands in the 17th century, and human eradication.
		There are currently eight known pelts and five stuffed specimens of the Japanese Wolf in existence: one stuffed specimen is in the Netherlands, three are in Japan, and the animal caught in 1905 is kept in the British Museum.
		Owing to its small size (the Honshu Wolf is the smallest known variety of wolf, probably due to allopatric speciation / island dwarfing) the Honshu Wolf's classification as a subspecies of the grey wolf is disputed.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/j/ja/japanese_wolf.html (270 words)

	Taggs Island (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		By the 1880's the island was ringed with grand houseboats where the great and good could conduct their liaisons.
		In 1935 Charles Clore took over the hotel and island and renamed it the 'Casino Hotel' but that also failed and it was in 1941, during the 2nd World War that the island was taken over by AC Cars who converted the hotel to a factory and had a bridge built from the Middlesex bank.
		The island now was desolate and overgrown with nothing to show for the millions that had been ploughed in to it.
	www.daveraven.co.uk /island.html (899 words)

	LiveScience.com - Ancient Miniature Buffalo Discovered
		On islands where there is limited food and a small population, large mammals often evolve to much smaller size," said lead researcher Darin Croft of Case Western Reserve University in Ohio.
		The species had relatively large teeth, which is typical of island dwarfs, but also relatively big feet, which are generally reduced along with other body features in dwarfing.
		dwarf hominid, the new discovery does support the validity of dwarf island species in general—indirectly lending weight to the dwarf hominid.
	www.livescience.com /animalworld/061017_dwarf_buffalo.html (715 words)

	Dwarfing - Qwika
		Dwarfing In horticulture dwarfing is considered a desirable characteristic in modern...
		Island dwarfing Island dwarfing is a biological phenomenon by which the...
		Island dwarfing is also thought to have occurred in...
	www.qwika.com /find/Dwarfing (409 words)

	Mankind's mini-me? Scientists discover prehistoric world of little people. - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The creatures were allegedly a problem on the island until the Dutch settled on the island in the 16th century.
		Deep in a limestone cave on the remote island of Flores, part of the Indonesian archipelago, scientists recently discovered the skeletons of seven hobbit-sized humans that grew to little more than 3 feet tall and lived from 95,000 to 13,000 years ago.
		Scientists surmise that the hobbit-sized people were so small because of a phenomenon called "island dwarfing." Dwarfing occurs when mammals live in isolated environments without enough food.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-125717878.html (1245 words)

	LiveScience.com - Dwarf Dinosaur Discovered
		Scientists have unearthed what they consider to be a dwarf species of dinosaur.
		The researchers speculate that an island lifestyle, which combines physical isolation with limited resources, might have favored the survival of smaller dinosaurs with lesser appetites.
		The dwarf had a crest on the top of its head, a feature common among several dinosaur species that's function has sparked debate among scientists.
	www.livescience.com /animalworld/060607_dwarf_dino.html (449 words)

	Dwarf buffalo a big find for scientists - Discovery Reports Canada
		The dwarf buffalo is to a typical buffalo as a pony is to a horse.
		Dwarfing may take place on an island for two reasons: First, there is less of a threat from being eaten by predators, so there is no need to intimidate with size.
		The dwarf buffalo bones recovered include two teeth, two vertebrae, two upper arm bones, a foot bone and a two hoof bones.
	reports.discoverychannel.ca /servlet/an/discovery/1/20061017/1017_discovery_dwarfbuffalo/20061017?hub=DiscoveryReport (321 words)

	American Museum of Natural History
		A different species of dwarf buffalo, Bubalus mindorensis (or tamaraw), lives today on Mindoro Island in the Philippines, but even this animal, which stands three feet tall and weighs close to 500 pounds, is large compared to B.
		The research sheds light on the evolution of diminutive species living on islands and could provide insights into debates on the evolution of small-bodied species elsewhere in the tropics such as the proposed new hominid Homo floresiensis found on an Indonesian island.
		Previous studies have shown that other large mammal lineages tend to rapidly become smaller when they disperse to and are confined to an island, possibly due to a lack of predators (without predators, there is no advantage to being of large size to avoid being eaten) or limited food (smaller animals require less food).
	www.amnh.org /science/papers/dwarf_buffalo.php (859 words)

	Indonesia's little people.(homo floresiensis ) - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In 2004, on the island of Flores, scientists discovered the skeletons of seven hobbit-sized humans that grew to little more than 3 feet tall and lived from 95,000 to 13,000 years ago.
		Experts surmise that the creatures were so Small because of a phenomenon called "island dwarfing." Dwarfing occurs when mammals live in isolated environments without enough food.
		Flores Man is the first evidence of island dwarfing in humans.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-143248715.html (496 words)

	Home floresiensis
		And in time we may even be able to decide whether she was ebu gogo, a dwarf or a hobbit.
		On the island of Jersey, off the northern French coast, red deer shrank to a sixth of their original body weight in less than 6000 years.
		One is that big animals are safer from predators than small ones, but the resulting pressure to maintain size is relaxed when mammals colonise islands, where they are likely to encounter fewer predators than in their original habitats.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /marek.kohn/flores.html (2958 words)

	Hobbit - Homo Floresiensis - Crystalinks
		The island had dwarf elephants (a species of Stegodon, a prehistoric elephant) and giant monitor lizards akin to the Komodo dragon, as well as H. floresiensis, which can be considered a species of diminutive human.The discoverers have called members of the diminutive species "hobbits", after J.R.R. Tolkien's fictional race of roughly the same height.
		In the limited food environment on Flores, however, H. erectus is thought to have undergone strong island dwarfing, a form of speciation also seen on Flores in several species, including a dwarf Stegodon (a group of proboscideans that was widespread throughout Asia during the Quaternary), as well as being observed on other small islands.
		Similarly, on the island of Sumatra, there are reports of a one-metre tall humanoid, the Orang Pendek, which a number of professional scholars take seriously.
	www.crystalinks.com /hobbit.html (1828 words)

	Photo in the News: Extinct Dwarf Buffalo Discovered
		Filipino mining engineer Michael Armas found an unusual set of fossils about 40 years ago as he was excavating a hillside on the island of Cebu (Philippines map) looking for phosphate, a naturally occurring compound used in detergents and fertilizers.
		The extinct creatures were similar to a modern species of small water buffalo that lives on the nearby Philippines island of Mindoro.
		Island dwarfing is one of the competing explanations for the famous "hobbit" human fossils found in 2003 on the Indonesian island of Flores.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2006/10/061017-dwarf-buffalo.html (499 words)

	Human races \| Life \| Guardian Unlimited
		When Indonesian archaeologists uncovered the remains of several ancient skeletons in a remote island cave, the discovery was hailed as introducing modern humans to an unfamiliar two-legged cousin: Homo floresiensis.
		Equally surprising was the news that Homo floresiensis - nicknamed Florence, after her home on the island Flores - lived as recently as 18,000 years ago, meaning that she existed at the same time as our own ancestors.
		In the case of Florence, scientists think that her smallness is an instance of a familiar effect of evolution: "island dwarfing".
	www.guardian.co.uk /life/science/story/0,12996,1340665,00.html (453 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Allopatric speciation
		Speciation is especially likely to occur in small populations that have become separated from the main populations, e.g., on islands, or in small lakes.
		Theoretically, flies migrated to the smaller islands when the islands had recently emerged by volcanic action.
		Separated from the main population, the small fly population diverges genetically, adapting to the new island until it is a separate species from the original parent population.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Allopatric_speciation (348 words)

	New dwarf buffalo discovered by chance in the Philippines
		cebuensis, which evolved from a large-sized continental ancestor to dwarf size in the oceanic Philippines, is the first well-supported example of "island dwarfing" among cattle and their relatives.
		mindorensis, popularly known as a tamaraw, is also a dwarf, although at about three feet tall at the shoulder and 500 pounds it is considerably larger than the newly discovered species.
		Lawrence Heaney, curator of mammals at The Field Museum and a co-author of the study published in the Journal of Mammalogy, holds the fossil humerus of B. cebuensis, a newly discovered species of dwarf water buffalo, and a humerus of the domestic water buffalo.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-10/fm-ndb100606.php (1383 words)

	Is a mammoth clone possible/ethical? - Page 3 - SciForums.com
		I read somewhere that some mini wooly mammoths, size-reduced because they were on an island off Alaska, survived until circa 8,000 years ago, long after their close cousins had died out on the mainland.
		The most recents mammoths are from Wrangel Island, the youngest carbon date being 3720 years, which calibrates to ~4086 Calendar years BP (Before Present, "present" being 1950).
		The Assateague and Chincoteague ponies originally came from Spain but are thought to have become dwarfed ponies due to the poor diet that they are restricted to on the small island.
	www.sciforums.com /showthread.php?goto=newpost&t=54367 (254 words)

	NOVA \| scienceNOW \| Jared Diamond Interview \| PBS
		The skinny island of Flores is part of a long chain of volcanic islands running through Indonesia, from Sumatra in the west to Timor in the east.
		And on another island in the same general area were not only a couple of types of elephants but also buffalo and pigs and at least two species of monkeys.
		So that's the reason why we've got on islands around the world all of these—there must be a couple of dozen populations of pygmy elephants and pygmy hippos and pygmy deer and pygmy giant deer and pygmy people.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3209/01-diamond.html (4700 words)

	New Dwarf Buffalo from Philippines - A very interesting find long overlooked - Softpedia
		On islands where there is limited food and a small population, large mammals often evolve to much smaller size," said Darin Croft, professor of anatomy at Case Western Reserve University.
		The fact that B. cebuensis, living on a smaller island, dwarfed more than the tamaraw living on a larger island, supports the hypothesis that smaller islands produce smaller dwarfs.
		This archipelago is formed by more than 7,000 islands, but during the peak of the last glaciation, 20,000 years ago, sea levels were about 400 feet lower and some of the islands were connected amongst them by land.
	news.softpedia.com /news/New-Dwarf-Buffalo-from-Philippines-38179.shtml (907 words)

	NEWS CENTER: News and Information: Marketing and Communications: Case Western Reserve University
		The Case paleontologist studied the fossils with researchers and co-authors Larry Heaney from The Field Museum in Chicago, John J. Flynn from the American Museum of Natural History in New York City and Angel P. Bautista from the National Museum of the Philippines in Manila to determine the animal was a new species of buffalo.
		Nearby Mindoro Island is home to a rare and endangered living relative of the water buffalo called the tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis), which is endemic to the Philippines—and also is suspected of adapting over time to its smaller land area.
		The Cebu dwarf also is distinctive in its relatively large teeth and feet, which are usually reduced in dwarfs.
	blog.case.edu /case-news/2006/10/17/waterbuffalo (914 words)

	"Hobbit" Humans Were Diseased, Not New Species, Study Says
		The "hobbit" humans that lived on the Indonesian island of Flores some 18,000 years ago were actually a population of modern humans stricken with a genetic disease that causes small brains, a new study says.
		This argument is based on the so-called island rule, which says that evolution drives larger species to become smaller on islands due to a lack of food and other resources.
		That study said that the Flores fossils represent island dwarfing in H. erectus and not dwarfing of an ape or australopithecine.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-chat/1634601/posts (1610 words)

	New dwarf buffalo discovered by chance in the Philippines
		For example, B. cebuensis had relatively large teeth, which is typical of island dwarfs, but also relatively large feet, which are usually reduced in dwarfing.
		During the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, much of the water in the oceans was frozen in glaciers, resulting in much lower sea levels-about 400 feet lower.
		Yale School of Medicine autism experts Fred Volkmar, M.D. and Ami Klin are part of a global research consortium from 19 countries to identify a gene and a region of a chromosome that may lead to autism in children.
	www.brightsurf.com /news/headlines/26946/New_dwarf_buffalo_discovered_by_chance_in_the_Philippines.html (1430 words)

	“Hobbits” were real!
		Mystifying human fossils were found on the island of Flores, Indonesia, by a team led by Peter Brown and M. Morwood (University of New England, Australia), and reported in Nature (28 October 2004).
		Island dwarfing is a condition that some suggest can take place when a small population of large animals lives in isolation, has limited food resources, and has a lack of predators.
		More scientists have criticised claims made last year that bones found on the Indonesian island of Flores are those of a new hominin species, dubbed “the hobbit.” Flores is too small to have maintained an isolated population for long enough to allow the evolution of a new species, say researchers at Pennsylvania State University.
	www.answersingenesis.org /docs2006/0913hobbits.asp (1115 words)

	New “hobbit” bones bolster separate species claim - life - 11 October 2005 - New Scientist
		Morwood and his colleagues proposed previously that the hobbits are dwarf forms of Homo erectus, a forerunner of modern humans, that evolved after being isolated on the island.
		And in the light of the new finds, Morwood's team is itself moving away from the dwarfing theory.
		The hobbits have disproportionately long arms relative to their legs, and so cannot be scaled-down versions either of modern humans or Homo erectus, who have had the same body proportions for 1.6 million years.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn8128 (589 words)

	Xinhua - English (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Fossils finds are rare in the tropical environment of the Philippines, a region with scarce open rocky areas where fossils are often buried and preserved.
		This is the first fossil mammal of any age reported from Cebu Island.
		The animals probably traveled from the mainland to the Philippine islands when sea levels dropped roughly 400 feet(130 meters) during the peak of the ¡°Ice Age¡± about 20,000 years ago.
	news.xinhuanet.com /english/2006-10/19/content_5224095.htm (351 words)

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