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Topic: Islet cell Transplantation

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	Islet Transplantation - All About Diabetes - American Diabetes Association (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In pancreatic islet transplantation, cells are taken from a donor pancreas and transferred into another person.
		First, unlike the pancreas transplant, an islet transplant is a minor surgical procedure, is less expensive, and is probably safer.
		Because the supply of human islets is severely limited, even the most successful method of human islet transplantation could only cure a small fraction of the people with diabetes through existing sources of human islets from donor pancreases.
	www.diabetes.org /type-1-diabetes/islet-transplants.jsp (669 words)

	What's Hot: Islet Cell Transplantation
		Even islet recipients who still required some insulin after transplantation were more or less completely relieved of the worries related to hypoglycemia because of their ability to sense low blood sugars.
		Although the pituitary cells produce insulin, the ability to release insulin in a glucose-related manner could not be demonstrated, and the investigators fell that further cell engineering to incorporate other glucose-signaling molecules may be required.
		Cells are exposed to caspase inhibitors which gave a 2-fold increase in the survival of ICC's and insulin content.
	www.diabetic-lifestyle.com /articles/may00_whats_1.htm (1558 words)

	children with DIABETES - Islet Cell Transplantation: Working Toward a Cure
		These transplants were made possible when, in the 1960's, researchers at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, discovered a way to isolate islet cells using enzymes that digest the surrounding tissue.
		The islet cells can be injected into a vein, through which they move on to the liver, or they can be placed under the skin, in the abdominal cavity, or in other locations.
		Islet cell transplants are plagued by some of the same problems as whole pancreas transplantation, particularly the need for immunosuppression, but scientists are exploring better ways to prevent the immune system from rejecting transplanted islet cells.
	www.childrenwithdiabetes.com /d_0n_701.htm (2063 words)

	Islet cell transplantation for diabetes turns corner
		But unlike solid organ transplantation, for every patient needing an islet cell transplant, two donor organs generally are required because one organ alone usually cannot provide a sufficient number of cells for successful engraftment in the patient.
		Embryonic stem cells, which are primitive cells that have the potential to become a wide variety of specialized cell types and are capable of self-renewal, represent a possible answer to this shortage of cells for transplantation because of their ability to proliferate.
		The study of patients who received combined islet and kidney transplants found patients with functioning islets are living longer, are less likely to suffer cardiovascular death and have a lower incidence of atherosclerosis and kidney problems than those patients who received successful kidney transplants but whose islet transplants failed.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-08/ts-ict082002.php (1092 words)

	Islet Cell Transplantation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Specifically, during the pancreatectomy procedure a suspension of isolated islet cells is created from the resected pancreas specimen and then injected into the portal vein of the liver, where the cells function as a free graft.
		Islet cells are subject to regulation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which classifies allogeneic islet cell transplantation as somatic cell therapy, requiring premarket approval.
		Autologous pancreas islet cell transplantation may be considered medically necessary as an adjunct to a total or near total pancreatectomy in patients with chronic pancreatitis.
	www.regence.com /trgmedpol/transplant/tra13.html (2362 words)

	txt001dgo: Islet cell transplantation for insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus: perspectives from the present and ...
		Islet transplantation from living donors who are related to the recipient is unfortunately not an option that can be pursued because of the morbidity associated with partial removal of the pancreas and the risk of inducing diabetes in the donor after the procedure (Ref. 15).
		Although the presence of the islet transplant made no difference to the insulin requirement of these diabetic patients, four of the patients excreted small amounts of porcine C peptide in the urine for up to 400 days after transplantation, showing that there was some islet function.
		Islets are peculiarly vulnerable to allograft rejection, although it has been suggested that the problem with islets might be more a failure to induce active tolerance mechanisms (Ref. 147).
	www-ermm.cbcu.cam.ac.uk /00001861h.htm (10836 words)

	Pancreatic Islet Transplantation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Islets are made up of two types of cells: alpha cells, which make glucagon, a hormone that raises the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood, and beta cells, which make insulin.
		During the transplant, the surgeon uses ultrasound to guide placement of a small plastic tube (catheter) through the upper abdomen and into the liver.
		The goal of islet transplantation is to infuse enough islets to control the blood glucose level without insulin injections.
	diabetes.niddk.nih.gov /dm/pubs/pancreaticislet (1161 words)

	Clinical Research News, Islet Cell Transplantation for Type 1 Diabetes
		Researchers believe islet cell transplantation could completely eliminate the need for insulin injections from the lives of most people with type 1 diabetes—which would be a major breakthrough in the treatment of the disease.
		Islet transplantation was originally developed as an alternative to pancreas transplantation—a major procedure in which the diabetic patient receives a donor pancreas to replace the damaged organ.
		The procedure of islet transplantation is done by inserting a small needle into the liver, and injecting a fluid solution containing the islets into the liver.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /dept/cs/news/research/2004_islettx.html (658 words)

	Islet Transplantation Background : Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Whole-pancreas transplants have been successful for many years, restoring insulin production in people with advanced diabetes, but because of significant risks the procedure has been limited primarily to recipients who are also undergoing kidney transplantation.
		Healthy islets are isolated from a donor pancreas, purified, and then infused through a catheter (small tube) into the portal vein of the liver.
		When successful, islet transplants can restore normal blood sugar without the need for insulin injections and significantly improve recipients' quality of life, making them "normal" again, even after decades of struggles with type 1 diabetes.
	www.jdrf.org /index.cfm?page_id=102891 (327 words)

	Pancreatic Islet Cell Transplantation
		Islets are clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce insulin and other hormones.
		The number of people who could benefit from transplants is larger than the number of human organ donors available each year, so researchers around the world are studying the use of islet cells from fetal tissue or other species such as pigs.
		Researchers are trying to develop methods of transplanting islet cells to reduce or eliminate the need for immunosuppression and the risk of rejection.
	your-doctor.com /healthinfocenter/medical-conditions/endocrine-disorders/diabetes/pancr-islet-trans.html (480 words)

	Islet cell transplantation -- Samuel and Cockwell 95 (1): 31 -- Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
		Islet transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen.
		Prolongation of canine pancreatic islet allograft survival with combined rapamycin and cyclosporin therapy at low doses: rapamycin efficacy is blood level related.
		Transplantation of allogeneic islets of Langerhans in the rat liver—effect of macrophage depletion on graft survival and microenvironment activation.
	www.jrsm.org /cgi/content/full/95/1/31 (1615 words)

	Islet cell transplant: Emerging treatment for type 1 diabetes - MayoClinic.com
		The islet cells are transplanted via this tube to your liver, where they take up residence in the organ's small blood vessels.
		Usually, islet cells need to be extracted from two or more donor organs in order to come up with enough islets for a single complete transplant.
		Your new islet cells may fail because your immune system rejects the foreign cells, the new cells don't survive in the environment of the liver, or recurring diabetes-related events destroy the cells.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/islet-cell-transplant/DA00046 (1574 words)

	Islet cell transplants
		The islet cell transplantation developed by James Shapiro and Jonathan Lakey in Edmonton, Canada, is a process where islet cells isolated from donor pancreases are injected into the liver of patients with Type 1 diabetes.
		Diabetes UK is therefore helping to coordinate the UK islet research initiative, which aims to both replicate and develop the ‘Edmonton’ islet transplantation success here in the UK.
		Islet cell transplantations may be limited by the amount of money the NHS has available to spend on the procedure, specialist equipment and staff availability, drug costs (immunosuppressive drugs currently need to be taken for the rest of a person’s life if a transplant is successful), and by the availability of donor pancreases.
	www.diabetes.org.uk /islets/trans (327 words)

	ISLET CELL TRANSPLANTATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The theory is based on the fact that if there are cells in the body that are able to sense glucose levels, and put out insulin appropriate to the level of the glucose (i.e., islet, or beta cells), then the diabetes will be cured.
		Two or even three transplants from different donors (who are dead) are needed to supply these islet cells.
		If genes can be implanted into cells (of the body of the individual with diabetes), that will allow those cells to sense the glucose levels, and put out appropriate amounts of insulin in response, then the diabetes will be cured as well.
	www.diabeteshome.ca /pages/islet-cell-transplantation.html (592 words)

	ECRI Investigates Islet Cell Transplantation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Islet cell transplantation may eventually prove to be an effective treatment option for certain Type 1 diabetes patients, according to a recent systematic review of published studies and other data.
		The underlying theory behind this minimally invasive procedure is that transplantation would enable the recipient to begin creating his or her own insulin again to immediately and physiologically respond to blood glucose levels.
		Candidates for islet transplantation, which is available only at highly selective centers conducting research on the procedure, include individuals with type 1 diabetes of at least five years' duration, hypoglycemia unawareness, recent hypoglycemia reaction, progressive secondary complications of diabetes, or failure of intensive insulin management.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=35186&nfid=rssfeeds (535 words)

	Islet Cell Transplantation
		A study demonstrated that islet cell autotransplantation is a reliable procedure to prevent postsurgical diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic pancreatitis who undergo total pancreatectomy for relief of chronic pain.
		The patient’s own islet cells are implanted into the liver after the pancreatectomy, establishing normal plasma glucose levels and sustained independence from exogenous insulin in up to 70% of the procedures.
		Encapsulation of islet cells may isolate them from the host’s immune system, representing an experimental alternative to immunosuppressive drug therapy.10 It is important to note that these companies are only in the beginning stages of developing this therapy.
	www.uspharmacist.com /oldformat.asp?url=newlook/files/Feat/isletcell.cfm&pub_id=8&article_id=611 (1695 words)

	The Future of Islet Cell Transplantation
		Research on adult stem cells have garnered a great deal of excitement ever since the discovery that adult stem cells are found in numerous different tissues, and that they may have the ability to differentiate into a variety of different specialized cells.
		This ability for adult stem cells to differentiate into cells other than those of their native tissue or organ is termed plasticity.
		Studies have shown that both hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow have differentiating abilities and may be manipulated into producing insulin in the pancreas.
	biomed.brown.edu /Courses/BI108/BI108_2004_Groups/Group09/future.htm (802 words)

	Scripps Health - Diabetes - Islet Cell Transplantation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Whittier is currently collaborating with Scripps Green Hospital to bring islet cell transplantation to the San Diego region.
		Islet cell transplantation is a biological replacement strategy that attempts to give back to type 1 patients the beta cells (islets) that have been mistakenly destroyed by their own immune system.
		However, one hurdle that prevents offering transplantation as a widespread option is the limited supply of islet cells.
	www.scrippshealth.org /whittier/Services.asp?ID=96 (175 words)

	Clinical Trial: Pancreatic Islet Cell Transplantation
		The purpose of this study is to assess a novel approach to immunosuppression in allogenic pancreatic islet cell transplant recipients.
		The Diabetes Research Institute is a well-established center with a state-of-the-art islet cell isolation facility for the purpose of transplantation in humans, accredited and monitored by the FDA according to FDA standards.
		The focus of the research in the ICT is centered on the development of a safe and effective procedure that will eventually replace surgical pancreas transplantation together with an ideal immunosuppressive regimen that provides safe and effective prevention against rejection, while minimizing the adverse events associated that negatively impact transplant recipient’s quality of life.
	clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00214786 (972 words)

	Treating Diabetes with Islet Cell Transplantation
		In islet cell transplantation, insulin-producing beta cells are taken from a donor's pancreas and transferred into a person with diabetes.
		The first transplantation attempts, which began in the 1990's, succeeded only 8% of the time, which was attributed to the fact that anti-rejection drugs available at the time interfered with insulin's effectiveness.
		Typically, candidates for islet cell transplantation are between the ages of 18 and 65, have had type 1 diabetes for more than 5 years, and are experiencing diabetes-related complications such as frequent periods of unconsciousness due to lack of insulin and early signs of kidney problems that could lead to kidney failure.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/46/1667_50933.htm (1038 words)

	UAB Health System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Islet Cell Transplantation is a surgical procedure to provide a cure for Type 1 [Juvenile] diabetes.
		One cure for this disease is to replace the lost and damaged islets with normal islets from a cadaveric donor.
		These donor islets are deposited in the patient’s liver via a catheter, where they begin to supply the insulin needed for the diabetic recipient.
	www.health.uab.edu /show.asp?durki=53302 (313 words)

	OLPA - Legislative Updates - Pancreatic Islet Cell Transplantation Act of 2003
		The National Institutes of Health (NIH), along with the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, is supporting expanded trials of islet transplantation to replicate and build upon the Edmonton methods, which have been hailed as the most important advance in diabetes research since the discovery of insulin in 1921.
		The bill would also require the Secretary of HHS to commission the Institute of Medicine to conduct a study on the impact of islet cell transplantation on the health-related quality of life for individuals with juvenile diabetes and the cost-effectiveness of the treatment.
		To assess the efficacy of pancreatic islet cell transplantation, the Secretary of HHS would be required to establish a 5-year Medicare demonstration project, which would provide payments for pancreatic islet cell transplantations for Medicare beneficiaries with Type 1 diabetes and end-stage renal disease.
	olpa.od.nih.gov /legislation/108/pendinglegislation/pancreatic.asp (643 words)

	Islet Transplantation Information : Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In the procedure, islet cells — which contain the insulin-producing beta cells that have been destroyed in type 1 diabetes — are taken from a donor's pancreas, and transferred to a person with the disease.
		Islet transplantation has been a cure goal at JDRF through its thirty year history, with
		of immune rejection and the recurrence of autoimmunity, eliminating the need for a lifetime of taking potentially toxic immunosuppressive drugs; and they are solving the vexing problem of the shortage of available islets for transplantation, through a number of promising new approaches, including stem cell research.
	www.jdrf.org /index.cfm?fuseaction=home.viewPage&page_id=BD05FBE8-0B35-416C-A53C1301F71D58F7 (209 words)

	Islet Transplantation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Islet cell transplant is an exciting new treatment option for some patients with Type 1 diabetes who have problems controlling their blood sugar through diet and daily insulin injections.
		Using state-of-the-art technology, doctors extract islet cells (that is, insulin-producing cells called the "Islets of Langerhans") from a pancreas, purify them and inject them into the patient’s liver where they can thrive.
		The goal is to have the cells produce enough insulin to control blood glucose levels without insulin injections.
	www.healthsystem.virginia.edu /internet/transplant/islet/islet.cfm (119 words)

	Pancreas/Pancreas-Kidney/Pancreatic Islet Cell Transplantation
		Pancreas transplantation is not generally viewed as life-saving treatment, however, in a small subset of individuals who experience life-threatening complications from IDDM, pancreas transplantation may be considered life saving.
		Pancreas transplantation alone for treatment of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) with severely disabling and potentially life-threatening metabolic complications due to labile diabetes and hypoglycemia unawareness that persists despite optimal medical management is be considered medically necessary if the medical appropriateness criteria are met.
		Autologous pancreatic islet cell transplantation is considered medically necessary as an adjunct to a total or near total pancreatectomy.
	www.bcbst.com /MPManual/Pancreas_Transplantation__48160.htm (1213 words)

	Pancreatic Islet Cell Transplantation - Swedish MC, Seattle, Washington, WA
		During transplantation, the surgeon uses ultrasound to place a catheter (small plastic tube) through a small incision in the abdomen.
		Islets cells are injected through the catheter into a large blood vessel that leads to the liver.
		After islet cell transplantation it is important to maintain a normal blood glucose level.
	www.swedish.org /113297.cfm (602 words)

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