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Topic: Isoflurane

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Enflurane

Halothane

Epidural anaesthesia

Anesthesia

ATC code N01

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Desflurane

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	Forane (Isoflurane) drug indications and dosage - prescription drugs and medications at RxList
		FORANE (isoflurane, USP) may be used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia.
		Induction with isoflurane in oxygen or in combination with oxygen-nitrous oxide mixtures may produce coughing, breath holding, or laryngospasm.
		The level of blood pressure during maintenance is an inverse function of isoflurane concentration in the absence of other complicating problems.
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic3/isoflurane_ids.htm (587 words)

	Isoflurane - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Isoflurane (1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether) is a halogenated ether used for inhalation anesthesia.
		Isoflurane is still frequently used for veterinary anaesthesia.
		Isoflurane is always administered in conjunction with air and/or pure oxygen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Isoflurane (186 words)

	Data Sheet
		ISOFLURANE is a halogenated volatile anaesthetic which induces and maintains general anaesthesia by depression of the central nervous system and resultant loss of consciousness.
		The pharmacokinetics of ISOFLURANE are those of inhaled gaseous or volatile anaesthetics for which blood concentrations are related to alveolar concentrations through the established partition coefficients, and the distribution to tissues is also determined by solubility coefficients which are relatively constant under a wide variety of circumstances.
		ISOFLURANE shows very low solubility in blood and body tissues, much lower than for enflurane and halothane, thus its partial pressure (concentration) in alveolar gas or arterial blood rises to 50% of the inspired partial pressure (concentration) within 4-8 minutes of the start of its inhalation, and to 60% within 15 minutes.
	www.medsafe.govt.nz /Profs/datasheet/i/Isofluraneliqgas.htm (1830 words)

	Product Clinical Information - TERRELL™
		Isoflurane has a mild pungency which limits the rate of induction, although excessive salivation or tracheobronchial secretions do not appear to be stimulated.
		Isoflurane evokes a sigh response reminiscent of that seen with diethyl ether and enflurane, although the frequency is less than with enflurane.
		Isoflurane was given at 1/2, 1/8 and 1/32 MAC for four in-utero exposures and for 24 exposures to the pups during the first nine weeks of life.
	www.minrad.com /clin/terrell.html (1558 words)

	Isoflurane Attenuates cAMP-Mediated Vasodilation in Rat Microvessels -- Park et al. 92 (9): 423 -- Circulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Because isoflurane attenuated vasodilation to all the dilators
		and attenuation of the ß-adrenergic vasodilation by isoflurane,
		Heterogeneous vasomotor responses of rabbit coronary microvessels to isoflurane.
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/92/9/423 (2685 words)

	Data Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		MAC values for Isoflurane diminish with age, falling from an average in oxygen of 1.28% in the mid-twenties to 1.15% in the mid-forties, to 1.05% in the mid-sixties age group.
		Isoflurane must not be used in patients who have developed an icterus and/or fever of unknown origin after administration of isoflurane or another halogenated anaesthetic.
		Isoflurane may be used in neonates and infants under 2 years of age with an acceptable margin of efficiency and safety and is compatible with all medicines commonly used in anaesthetic practice.
	www.medsafe.govt.nz /profs/Datasheet/f/Foraneliqgas.htm (1931 words)

	Isoflurane Bench Protocol - 2004 standard - The Jackson Laboratory
		Objective: Isoflurane is used for anesthesia to obtain cardiac ultrasound scans with a heart rate maintained between 400 to 500 BPM with a simultaneous EKG scan.
		The carbon traps are used to capture the Isoflurane and prevent it from being released into the work area.
		Turn the Isoflurane Vaporizer on and adjust level gage to 3 (this is the large dial).
	pga.jax.org /isofluranebench.html (545 words)

	"Housing, Husbandry, Care & Welfare of Selected Birds (Quail, Pheasant, Finches, Ostrich, Dove, Parrot & Others)"
		Anaesthetic treatments included 4 regimens: induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with isoflurane, preanaesthetic sedation with xylazine and butorphanol followed by induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with isoflurane, induction of anaesthesia with tiletamine-zolazepam and maintenance with isoflurane, and pre-anaesthetic sedation with xylazine and butorphanol followed by induction of anaesthesia with tiletamine-zolazeoam and maintenance with isoflurane.
		The ED50 of isoflurane for 11 cockatoos (4 greater sulfur crested, 3 lesser sulfur crested, and 4 citron crested) was determined to be 1.44 + 0.07%.
		General anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen for various procedures, including proventriculotomy (6 birds), tibial (1 bird) or mandibular (1 bird) fracture repair, and drainage of an iatrogenic haematoma (1 bird).
	www.nal.usda.gov /awic/pubs/Birds/birds2.htm (8746 words)

	Isoflurane - Drugs & Vitamins - Drug Library - DrugDigest
		Isoflurane is given through inhalation (breathing the gas into the lungs) by trained anesthesia professionals in a controlled environment like an operating room before and during surgery or procedures.
		Since there is no one ideal general anesthetic, a combination of drugs that are either injected or inhaled are typically used.
		Isoflurane can affect your ability to drive or do anything that needs mental alertness for about 24 hours after anesthesia.
	www.drugdigest.org /DD/DVH/Uses/0,3915,8034\|Isoflurane,00.html (568 words)

	Isoflurane
		Uses/Indications - Isoflurane is an inhalant anesthetic that has some distinct advantages over either halothane or methoxyflurane due to its lessened myocardial depressant and catecholamine sensitizing effects, and the ability to use it safely in patients with either hepatic or renal disease.
		Pharmacokinetics - Isoflurane is rapidly absorbed from the alveoli.
		Isoflurane was discontinued and oxygen administered at 120L/min for 40 minutes prior to reversal with 20 mg diprenorphine IV (Dunlop et.al.
	www.elephantcare.org /Drugs/isoflura.htm (1306 words)

	Constructing an isoflurane box to anesthetize venomous snakes
		If your local reptile veterinarian is not initially comfortable with the idea of working with venomous snakes, you might be able to make him or her feel more comfortable by stating that you will bring the animal in a sealed container that will not be opened until the snake is fully anesthetized.
		When you are ready to induce anesthesia, inject the appropriate amount of isoflurane through the drilled hole into the cotton ball and cover the hole with tape.
		Isoflurane is an irritant, so be careful not to drip any into the chamber or on the animal's skin.
	www.kingsnake.com /snakegetters/demo/vet/isobox.html (1414 words)

	Product Clinical Information - Attane™
		Isoflurane, USP is used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in horses and dogs.
		Isoflurane, USP is contraindicated in horses and dogs with known sensitivity to isoflurane or to other halogenated agents.
		Isoflurane may be vaporized using a flow-through vaporizer specifically calibrated for isoflurane.
	www.minrad.com /clin/attane.html (1120 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Isoflurane depresses hippocampal CA1 glutamate nerve terminals without inhibiting fiber ...
		Earlier investigations found that isoflurane depressed glutamate release from synaptosomes by inhibiting voltage-gated Ca channels [18], although P/Q and N-type Ca channels don't appear to be directly targeted [19,20].
		Isoflurane produced a reversible depression of EPSP amplitudes, accompanied by an increase in facilitation as previously reported [12,21,22].
		To test the generality of isoflurane depression of action potentials, we studied the effects of isoflurane in comparison with TTX on EPSPs in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus and on FVs recorded from presynaptic Schaffer-collateral fibers.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2202/7/5 (4603 words)

	APPGuide Online - Consumer Medicine Information - ISOFLURANE INHALATION ANAESTHETIC - CMI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Isoflurane is an anaesthetic which is inhaled and is used when general anaesthesia is required.
		Isoflurane is not recommended for use during pregnancy.
		Isoflurane is a clear colourless liquid in an amber glass bottle.
	www.appco.com.au /appguide/drug.asp?drug_id=00200280&t=cmi (824 words)

	Isoflurane does not further impair microvascular vasomotion in a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage: [L'isoflurane ne ...
		Isoflurane does not further impair microvascular vasomotion in a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage: [L'isoflurane ne produit pas d'alteration subsequente sur la vasomotricite microvasculaire d'un modele d'hemorragie sous-arachnoidienne chez le rat] -- Park et al.
		Dilation to nitroprusside was not significantly affected by 1 or 2 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) isoflurane either in the control vessels (a) or in vessels exposed to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) (b).
		Isoflurane and halothane attenuate endothelium-dependent vasodilation in rat coronary microvessels.
	www.cja-jca.org /cgi/content/full/49/4/427 (3070 words)

	Isoflurane Preconditioning Induces Neuroprotection against Ischemia via Activation of P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Isoflurane induced a rapid and prolonged increase of the phosphorylated
		Loeb AL, Raj NR, and Longnecker DE (1998) Cerebellar nitric oxide is increased during isoflurane anesthesia compared to halothane anesthesia: a microdialysis study in rats.
		Mazze RI (1985) Halothane, isoflurane and enflurane MAC in pregnant and non-pregnant female and male mice and rats.
	molpharm.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/65/5/1172 (5036 words)

	The Rate Of Decline Of Exhaled Concentrations Of Isoflurane With And Without Nitrous Oxide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The study identified that there was no difference in the rate of decline of exhaled concentrations of isoflurane with and without nitrous oxide regardless of age or ASA status.
		For technique 2, the PAS monitor indicated 1% exhaled concentration of isoflurane, with nitrous oxide at 70% (2 liter flow) and oxygen at 30% (1 liter flow).
		The hypothesis of this study was that the use of nitrous oxide would increase the rate of decline of exhaled concentrations of isoflurane regardless of age, weight, gender, or ASA status.
	www.ispub.com /journals/IJA/Vol3N4/secondgas.htm (2904 words)

	ENFLURANE HALOTHANE ISOFLURANE - (Organic Method #103)
		A higher target concentration of 75 ppm was set for isoflurane because it is a geometric isomer of enflurane.
		The detection limits of the analytical procedure are 92.8, 87.3 and 44.7 pg for enflurane, halothane and isoflurane respectively.
		The isoflurane used in this evaluation was manufactured by Anequest (Madison, WI), and purchased from a local hospital.
	www.osha.gov /dts/sltc/methods/organic/org103/org103.html (4664 words)

	Delayed cardioprotection with isoflurane: role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen -- Shi et al. 288 (1): H175 -- AJP - ...
		to 0.8% isoflurane was 0.25 ± 0.02 mM.
		isoflurane is abolished by the superoxide scavenger MnTBAP and
		Isoflurane produces delayed preconditioning against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury: role of cyclooxygenase-2.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/288/1/H175 (6087 words)

	Isoflurane Shown Superior to Sevoflurane and Desflurane after Cardiac Surgery: Presented at ASA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The total bypass times were 63.2 minutes with isoflurane, 77.7 minutes with sevoflurane, and 78.8 minutes with desflurane.
		In addition, S 100 beta protein levels increased with the beginning of anesthesia in Group S and D. Although S 100 beta protein levels decreased to baseline in the first postoperative day in the sevoflurane group, it was significantly higher at the third and sixth postoperative days in the desflurane group (P <.05).
		Saricaoglu said the study showed that isoflurane had a clear advantage over both sevoflurane and desflurane.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/254102.htm (478 words)

	Single-channel basis for conductance increase induced by isoflurane in Shaker H4 IR K+ channels -- Li and Correa 280 ...
		Isoflurane increased pulse and tail-current amplitudes; after wash, both pulse and tail currents partially recovered.
		Traces are averages of 400 recordings before (control) and after perfusion of 2.5% isoflurane to the bath, which resulted in an approximate increase in current of 30% measured at the end of the pulse.
		in isoflurane, proportional to the increase in i.
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/280/5/C1130 (4759 words)

	Delayed cardioprotection by isoflurane: role of KATP channels -- Tonkovic-Capin et al. 283 (1): 61 -- AJP - Heart and ...
		Isoflurane mimics the cardioprotective effect of acute ischemic preconditioning with an acute memory phase.
		Isoflurane mimics ischemic preconditioning via activation of K(ATP) channels: reduction of myocardial infarct size with an acute memory phase.
		Isoflurane, but not halothane, induces protection of human myocardium via adenosine A1 receptors and adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/283/1/H61 (4390 words)

	Similar long-term cardiovascular effects of propofol or isoflurane anesthesia during ischemia/ reperfusion in dogs: ...
		Similar long-term cardiovascular effects of propofol or isoflurane anesthesia during ischemia/ reperfusion in dogs: [Effets cardiovasculaires prolonges similaires de l'anesthesie au propofol ou a l'isoflurane pendant l'ischemie/reperfusion chez les chiens] -- Thompson et al.
		Isoflurane and halothane increase adenosine triphosphate preservation, but do not provide additive recovery of function after ischemia, in preconditioned rat hearts.
		Effects of enflurane, isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane on reperfusion injury after regional myocardial ischaemia in the rabbit heart in vivo.
	www.cja-jca.org /cgi/content/full/49/9/978 (3429 words)

	BioMed Central \| Abstract \| Isoflurane depresses hippocampal CA1 glutamate nerve terminals without inhibiting fiber ...
		Isoflurane depression of EPSP amplitudes could also be partly reversed by high external Ca (4 mM) that also decreased facilitation.
		The EC for isoflurane depression of FVs was ~2.8 mM (12 vol.
		Isoflurane appears to depress CA1 synapses at presynaptic sites downstream from Na channels, as evident by the increased facilitation that accompanies EPSP depression.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2202/7/5/abstract (371 words)

	University of Iowa Anesthesia Publications
		The effect of isoflurane on trifluoroethene (TFE) defluorination and cytochrome P450 inactivation was examined in rats to determine the influence of this anesthetic on in vivo fluoroethene metabolism.
		Exposure of rats to TFE (0.5%, v/v) or a mixture of TFE and isoflurane (0.5% each) in oxygen for 60 min resulted in plasma fluoride increased over that in nonexposed or isoflurane (0.5%)-exposed animals.
		These data demonstrate that the defluorination of TFE in vivo by the phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P450 isozymes is increased by isoflurane, and that isoflurane enhances the ability of TFE to inactivate cytochromes P450 in an isozyme-selective manner.
	www.anesth.uiowa.edu /readabstract.asp?PMID=1585371 (211 words)

	Critical Role of Serine 465 in Isoflurane-induced Increase of Cell-surface Redistribution and Activity of Glutamate ...
		C6 glioma cells or COS7 cells transfected with wild type or mutated EAAT3 were incubated with 2% isoflurane for 5 min at 37 °C. Cell surface proteins were isolated from intracellular proteins by the biotinylation method.
		H]glutamate in the presence or absence of 2% isoflurane for 5 min at 37 °C. Data are means ± S.D. n = 6).
		C6 glioma cells or COS7 cells transfected with wild type or mutated EAAT3 were incubated with 2% isoflurane for 5 min at 37 °C. The total cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with an anti-EAAT3 antibody.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/281/50/38133 (3845 words)

	IngentaConnect The effects of isoflurane and propofol on intraoperative neurophy... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The effects of isoflurane and propofol on intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during spinal surgery
		Isoflurane concentrations and propofol infusions were adjusted to obtain four pre-determined BIS ranges: 65–55, 55–45, 45–35 and 35–25.
		Isoflurane caused a dose-dependent depression of SEPs, but propofol did not.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/klu/jocm/2005/00000018/00000004/00005097 (297 words)

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