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Topic: Isoleucine

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	isoleucine on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In a rare, inherited disorder called maple syrup urine disease, a nonfunctional enzyme in the common pathway of isoleucine, leucine, and valine degradation causes the buildup of certain metabolites in the urine, resulting in the characteristic odor from which the disease derives its name.
		Once isoleucine is incorporated into protein, it contributes to the structure of protein by the tendency of its side chain (composed only of carbon and hydrogen) to seek an environment consisting of similar side chains, like those of leucine, valine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine, and to exclude water.
		Isoleucine was isolated from beet sugar molasses in 1904.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/i1/isoleuci.asp (453 words)

	BioCarta - Charting Pathways of Life
		Isoleucine is an essential amino acid, only synthesized in plants and bacteria, and required in the diet by animals.
		The isoleucine pathway is almost the same as the valine biosynthesis pathway, using the same enzymes, and varying primarily at the first step in the pathway.
		As a key enzyme in the synthesis of leucine, isoleucine and valine, acetolactate synthase is the target of several herbicides and mutation of this enzyme is responsible in some cases for the development of herbicide resistance.
	www.biocarta.com /pathfiles/isoleucinePathway.asp (178 words)

	Isoleucine -Amino Acids
		Isoleucine is a member of the branched-chain amino acid family.
		Isoleucine is also converted in the liver to blood sugar; therefore, it can be helpful in maintaining proper blood glucose levels.
		An inborn error in isoleucine metabolism that effects a very small percentage of people can result in the buildup of metabolites in the urine, resulting in what is called "maple syrup urine disease".
	www.springboard4health.com /notebook/proteins_isoleucine.html (285 words)

	Smart Basics - Smart Basics Glossaries--Isoleucine: Smart Basics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Isoleucine is found in especially high amounts in meats, fish, cheese, most seeds and nuts, eggs, chickens and lentils.
		Isoleucine is necessary for hemoglobin formation and in stabilizing and regulating blood sugar and energy levels.
		Isoleucine is frequently deficient in the elderly, and may contribute to muscle wasting, twitching and tremors.
	www.ehot.com /smartbasics/isoleucine_glos.html (252 words)

	Valine and isoleucine biosynthesis - Branched chain amino acid and lysine biosynthesis - HORT640 - Metabolic Plant ...
		A form of this enzyme present predominantly in younger leaves is considered to be the "biosynthetic" form of the enzyme because it is feedback inhibited by isoleucine.
		Mutants of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia which are TD-deficient and require isoleucine for growth, have been complemented with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ilv1 gene encoding TD (Singh and Shaner, 1995).
		A second form of TD which is insensitive to inhibition by isoleucine degrades threonine and serine to release ammonia.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /rhodcv/hort640c/branch/br00003.htm (494 words)

	Isoleucine Supplement Information at developed.net
		Isoleucine is an essential amino acid because it must be obtained directly from the diet as it is not produced by the body.
		Isoleucine is a branched chain amino acid, along with leucine and valine.
		Morgan, M.Y. et al.; Plasma ratio of valine, leucine and isoleucine to phenylalanine and tyrosine in liver disease.
	www.developed.net /isolucn.htm (351 words)

	Cold Shock Response of Bacillus subtilis: Isoleucine-Dependent Switch in the Fatty Acid Branching Pattern for Membrane ...
		of isoleucine-deficient strains in the absence of isoleucine focused
		As threonine is the precursor of isoleucine in
		isoleucine is due to the adaptation of membrane fluidity and the
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/181/17/5341 (6050 words)

	Isoleucine information page. All about isoleucine and the role it plays in your diet.
		Isoleucine is an essential amino acid and is part of the three "branched chain amino acids" (BCAA) - the other two being leucine and valine.
		Isoleucine, together with the other two branched-chain-amino-acids promote muscle recovery after physical exercise and on its own it is needed for the formation of hemoglobin as well as assisting with regulation of blood sugar levels as well as energy levels.
		If you are taking a supplement of isoleucine, keep it in balance with the other two branched-chain-amino-acids leucine and valine in the formula of 2 mg of leucine and valine for each 1 mg of isoleucine.
	www.anyvitamins.com /isoleucine-info.htm (507 words)

	Isoleucine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Isoleucine is one of the 20 natural amino acids, and is coded for in DNA.
		Isoleucine has two chiral centers; therefore there are four possible stereoisomers of isoleucine and two possible diastereomers of
		However, isoleucine present in nature exists in one enantiomeric form, (2S,3S)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Isoleucine (102 words)

	Isoleucine Molecule
		Isoleucine is a member of the aliphatic side-chain amino acid family that is composed of extremely hydrophobic biochemicals that are found principally in the interior of proteins and enzymes.
		Like several other members of this family (valine and leucine), isoleucine is an essential amino acid that is not synthesized by mammalian tissues.
		Another feature of this class of amino acids is that they appear to have no other significant biological role than incorporation into proteins and enzymes, where their main purpose is to help dictate the tertiary structure of the macromolecules.
	www.worldofmolecules.com /life/isoleucine.htm (160 words)

	Feedback inhibition of valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis - Branched chain amino acid and lysine biosynthesis ...
		Feedback inhibition of valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis - Branched chain amino acid and lysine biosynthesis - HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology - Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture - Purdue University
		Feedback inhibition of threonine dehydratase (TD) [EC 4.2.1.16] by isoleucine would prevent this imbalance (Singh and Shaner, 1995).
		Consistent with this, mutants of Arabidopsis that contain an isoleucine-insensitive TD accumulate high levels of isoleucine (Singh and Shaner, 1995).
	www.hort.purdue.edu /rhodcv/hort640c/branch/br00006.htm (373 words)

	\| Branched Chain Amino Acids, BCAAs, Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine, Cancer Treatments \| Wellfx.com Infobase \|
		Isoleucine is needed for hemoglobin formation and also stabilizes and regulates blood sugar and energy levels.
		Coupled with the other two branched-chain amino acids, it is valuable for athletes because they enhance energy, increase endurance, and aid in the healing and repair of muscle tissue.
		Isoleucine has been found to be deficient in people suffering from many different mental and physical disorders.
	www.wellfx.com /InfoBase/vitamin_branchchain.html (552 words)

	Amino Acids' Impact On Sow, Litter Analyzed
		Three hundred and six sows were used to evaluate the effects of the interrelationship among valine, isoleucine and leucine on sow and litter performance.
		Research conducted prior to 1990 evaluating the valine, isoleucine and leucine requirements of lactating sows utilized litters with nine or fewer pigs weaned, and preweaning growth rates that were 50% of current production rates, KSU researchers explain.
		Isoleucine Dietary isoleucine had no effect (P>.10) on number of pigs weaned, pig survival rate, litter weights, litter weight gains, sow weight change and sow backfat change.
	nationalhogfarmer.com /mag/farming_amino_acids_impact/index.html (1064 words)

	Isoleucine - herbs 2000.com
		Isoleucine, one of the essential amino acids, is needed for hemoglobin formation and also stabilizes and regulates blood sugar and energy levels.
		Supplemental isoleucine should always be taken with a correct balance of the other two branched-chain amino acids, leucine and valine-approximately 2 milligrams each of leucine and valine for each milligram of isoleucine.
		Since it is a three branched chain amino acid, isoleucine should be taken with a two branched chain amino acid, to maintain a proper balance.
	www.herbs2000.com /amino_acids/isoleucine.htm (270 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Isoleucine Requirement of Grower (20 to 50 Kg) Pigs
		Interpretive Summary: Most of the research conducted on the isoleucine requirement of pigs was done 30 to 50 years ago involving pigs with limited potential for lean growth.
		Thus, recent estimates of the isoleucine requirement of pigs (National Research Council Subcommittee on Swine Nutrition, 1998) were based on (calculated) factorial estimates rather than on empirical evidence.
		Based on maximal weight gain and minimal plasma urea nitrogen, the true digestible isoleucine requirement was determined to be 0.50% of the diet which is somewhat higher than the National Research Council factorial estimate for growing (20 to 50 kg) pigs.
	ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=135457 (517 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Isoleucine Needs of Ross Male Broilers
		In addition, validation of isoleucine-deficient assay diets were seldom carried out, the energy and protein levels of assay diets were different from the levels used in practice today, and the isoleucine digestibility of the basal diets was not known.
		Thus, estimates of the isoleucine requirement of broilers (National Research Council Subcommittee on Poultry Nutrition, 1994) were based on (calculated) factorial estimates rather than on empirical evidence.
		The results from this research suggest a requirement estimate range of 0.67 to 0.71% total isoleucine for birds from 18 to 30 days of age, 0.64 to 0.66% total isoleucine for birds from 30 to 42 days of age, and 0.55 to 0.66% for birds from 42 to 56 days of age.
	ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=150890 (471 words)

	Isoleucine -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Its chemical composition is identical to that of (A white crystalline amino acid occurring in proteins that is essential for nutrition; obtained by the hydrolysis of most dietary proteins) leucine, but the arrangement of its atoms is slightly different resulting in different properties.
		(Click link for more info and facts about Nutritionally) Nutritionally, in humans, isoleucine is an (An amino acid that is required by animals but that they cannot synthesize; must be supplied in the diet) essential amino acid.
		Isoleucine has two (Click link for more info and facts about chiral) chiral centers, therefore there are four possible (Click link for more info and facts about stereoisomer) stereoisomers of isoleucine.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/is/isoleucine.htm (206 words)

	PEGANOVA AND EDER, November 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The corresponding ranges of daily isoleucine intakes were 412 to 770 mg, 436 to 624 mg, and 431 to 874 mg.
		In the nitrogen balance trial, maximum total nitrogen retention was achieved at dietary isoleucine concentrations of between 0.43 and 0.57%.
		The study thus shows that the margin between requirement and excess of isoleucine is narrow in laying hens.
	www.poultryscience.org /ps/abs/02/p02B1714.htm (194 words)

	Glutamine information page
		Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine, branched-chain amino acids, are essential amino acids, and must be supplied by dietary protein or through supplementation.
		They make up 40% of human essential daily amino acids requirements and are necessary for protein synthesis, as well as the synthesis of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, ketone bodies, and fat, and the metabolism and synthesis of glutamate, glutamine and Alanine.
		L- Isoleucine, an essential amino acid and one of the branched-chain amino acids, is necessary for the formation of hemoglobins, as well as helping to stabilize blood sugar and energy levels.
	www.aminoacidbotanicalandsupplementsource.net /Isoleucine_info.htm (1498 words)

	MoonDragon's Health & Wellness: Nutrition - Amino Acids: Isoleucine
		As one of the three branched-chain amino acids, these amino acids are valuable for athletes because they enhance energy, increase endurance, and aid in the healing and repair of muscle tissue.
		Supplemental isoleucin should always be taken with a correct balance of the other two branched-chain amino acids, leucine and valine - approximately 2 mg each of leucine and valine for each 1 mg of isoleucine.
		Isoleucine is incorporated into proteins at a molar rate of 4.6 percent when compared to the other amino acids.
	www.moondragon.org /health/nutritionbasics/aminoacids/isoleucine.html (587 words)

	Increased isoleucine acceptance by sulfur-deficient transfer RNA from Escherichia coli -- Harris et al. 3 (8): 2129 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Increased isoleucine acceptance by sulfur-deficient transfer RNA from Escherichia coli -- Harris et al.
		acceptance of isoleucine in proportion to the deficiency of 4- thiouridine.
		Isoleucine acceptance was not altered in the presence of other amino acids
	nar.oupjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/3/8/2129 (188 words)

	Isoleucine : L-Isoleucine amino acid supplement
		Isoleucine is one of three branched-chain amino acids (the others are valine and leucine) that enhance energy, increase endurance, and aid in muscle tissue recovery and repair.
		Supplemental valine should always be combined with valine and leucine at a respective milligram ratio of 1:2:2.
		Supplemental L-isoleucine should always be taken with a correct balance of the other two branched-chain amino acids, L-leucine and L-valine—approximately 2 milligrams each of leucine and valine for each milligram of isoleucine.
	www.greatvistachemicals.com /amino_acids/L-isoleucine.html (214 words)

	L-Isoleucine for Your Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Isoleucine is one of the three branched-chain amino acids.
		These amino acids are valuable for athletes because they enhance energy, increase endurance, and aid in the healing and repair of muscle tissue.
		Isoleucine can enhance energy levels and increase endurance.
	www.healthcatalog.com /l-isoleucine.htm (246 words)

	Formation of L-Alloisoleucine In Vivo: An L-[13C]Isoleucine Study in Man -- SCHADEWALDT et al. 47 (2): 271 -- Pediatric ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Meister A, White J 1951 Growth response of the rat to the keto analogues of leucine and isoleucine.
		isoleucine in maple syrup urine disease patients and in normal humans.
		Weinberg RB, Walser M 1977 Racemization and amination of the keto-analog of isoleucine in the intact dog.
	www.pedresearch.org /cgi/content/full/47/2/271 (3295 words)

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