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Topic: Isostatic uplift

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	Isostasy Summary
		Certain areas (such as the Himalayas) are not in isostatic equilibrium, which has forced researchers to identify other reasons to explain their topographic heights (in the case of the Himalaya, by proposing that their elevation is being "propped-up" by the force of the impacting Indian plate).
		In the simplest example, isostasy is the principle observed by Archimedes in his bath, where he saw that when an object was immersed, an amount of water equal in volume to that of the object was displaced.
		Conversely, isostatic post-glacial rebound is observed in areas once covered by ice-sheets which have now melted, such as around the Baltic Sea and Hudson Bay.
	www.bookrags.com /Isostasy (1608 words)

	Transantarctic Mountains Uplift Mechanisms
		Thermal uplift by itself cannot explain all of the uplift of the TAM because this mechanism requires excessive stretching values in the mantle (van der Beek et al., 1994).
		Another important mechanism that likely contributes to the uplift of the TAM is thinning of the lithosphere beneath the TAM, probably by simple shear (van der Beek et al., 1994; Fitzgerald et al., 1986).
		Thus thermal uplift, isostatic rebound after unloading, and thinning of the lithosphere due to asymmetric extension all likely cause part of the uplift of the TAM.
	www.geo.arizona.edu /geo5xx/geo527/Transantarctic/mechanisms.html (1068 words)

	Mountain
		A mountain is usually produced by the movement of lithospheric plates, either orogenic movement[?] or epeirogenic movement[?].
		The compressional forces, isostatic uplift and intrusion of igneous matter forces surface rock upwards, creating a landform higher than the surrounding features.
		The uplifted blocks are block mountains or horsts[?].
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/hi/Hill.html (436 words)

	"- climate & climate change - sea level change - weathering (phys./chem.) - eros"
		As mass is rapidly removed from the top of the mountain by erosion (accelerated by the slope), this causes isostatic uplift to occur.
		However, while isostatic uplift does contribute to the longevity of moutainous landscapes, it doesn't really explain all of the uplift.
		uplift associated with convergence, divergence, etc. That's why these mountains form in the first place, so you shouldn't be surprised that tectonic uplift outpaces isostatic uplift for many mountain ranges.
	www.mtsu.edu /~cdharris/GEOL100/erosion/EROSION2.htm (482 words)

	Changes in Sea Level
		There was a decline of ice sheets and glaciers producing an isostatic uplift of the land leaving a negative change in the base level.
		Following the global rise in sea level and still occurring in several parts of the world today there was an isostatic uplift of land as the weight of the ice sheets decreased.
		Isostatic adjustment is not constant and is in fact slowing down due to it nearly finishing rebounding.
	www.revision-notes.co.uk /revision/705.html (647 words)

	Leah
		Assuming that the system had reached isostatic equilibrium when loaded with ice, the buoyancy pressure on the continent would equal the pressure that had been imposed by the ice sheet (equal but opposite forces in order to be in equilibrium).
		Isostatic depression itself is only possible if the asthenosphere can flow away from the depressed area and if the lithosphere is able to move vertically, either along fractures or by elastic bending.
		Isostatic rebound is the sinking or rising of the surface as the lithosphere responds to a surface load by sinking or rising in the asthenosphere.
	www.umich.edu /~gs265/isost.html (2941 words)

	Landscape dissection, isostatic uplift, and the morphologic development of orogens -- Gilchrist et al. 22 (11): 963 -- ...
		We examine the morphologic factors that determine the isostatic response to landscape dissection in orogenic terrains in order to quantify the relative contributions of active tectonic uplift and passive isostatic uplift in generating mountain topography.
		Analysis of topographic data from the European Alps and other orogens indicates that isostatic uplift in response to dissection can account for about one-fourth of the elevation of the highest peaks if local isostatic compensation is assumed and less if the lithosphere has significant flexural rigidity.
		We conclude that although isostatic uplift can be significant in orogens, high peaks are predominantly a consequence of tectonic processes in convergent settings.
	geology.geoscienceworld.org /cgi/content/abstract/22/11/963 (275 words)

	Definitions
		The uplift was high enough for the Earth’s crust to be split and moved to either side.
		The deep trenches to the east of the island arcs of the western Pacific Ocean were formed by the isostatic uplift of sea floor after it was exposed by the inertial displacement overlying crust was to the west.
		The infilling of the depression has been proceeding from the time it was formed by isostatic uplift as the ‘pear shape’ of earth is returned to a sphere by the internal transfer of material from south to north.
	www.angelfire.com /my/neogeomorphology/definitions.html (2025 words)

	[No title]
		In order to better understand the source of the observed uplift, we calculated the expected isostatic uplift magnitude and distribution in response to unloading that occurs along a normal fault due to crustal thinning.
		In particular the wavelength of the uplift distribution was misfit.
		However, although we don’t yet have a quantitative model that explains this additional uplift, we attribute it to deep processes such as delamination of a dense root, analogous to delamination beneath the Sierra Nevada batholith to the north.
	www.rsmas.miami.edu /info/seminar-archive/docKbS7Mjr01F.doc (596 words)

	Landforms
		It is believed that Glacial Lake Hitchcock may have drained due to isostatic uplift, tilting the basin and causing a gradient for water to flow southward (Lewis and Stone, 1991).
		As isostatic uplift increased, the river eroded into the lake bottom to form a gentle gradient to the ocean, its base level.
		When river erosion cuts through a nick point or there is additional isostatic uplift, the current flood plain is abandoned and the river incises farther into the lake floor to create a lower flood plain.
	www.bio.umass.edu /biology/conn.river/landfms.html (1142 words)

	Tectonic uplift - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The opposite of uplift is subsidence, which results in a decrease in elevation.
		Orogenic uplift is the result of tectonic plate collisions and results in mountain ranges or a more modest uplift over a large region.
		The Ozark Plateau is a broad uplifted area which resulted from the Ouachita Orogeny to the south during the Permian Period.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tectonic_uplift (386 words)

	A JOURNEY TO A NEW LAND
		Isostatic sea level change results from either the depression or uplift of the Earth’s crust.
		Isostatic depression is caused by the loading of the Earth’s crust in a localized area.
		Isostatic uplift is caused by a reduction of weight on a given area of the Earth’s crust, resulting in the rebounding of the land.
	www.sfu.museum /journey/04secondary/gs_changing.php (272 words)

	Sweden - High Coast and Kvarken Archipelago
		Since the last retreat of the ice from the High Coast 9,600 years ago, the uplift has been in the order of 285 m which is the highest known 'rebound'.
		The site is one of the places in the world that is experiencing isostatic uplift as a result of deglaciation.
		Isostatic rebound is well-illustrated and the distinctiveness of the site is the extent of the total isostatic uplift which, at 294m, exceeds others.
	worldheritage.heindorffhus.dk /frame-SwedenHighCoast.htm (357 words)

	CLIMATE CHANGE: FLOODING OCCURRENCES REVIEW: page 11 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The latter, by subtracting the estimates of isostatic rise from the estimated mean sea level rise (306 mm), illustrates the net mean (i.e.
		In this area, estimates of isostatic uplift are c.
		If these rates of uplift remain constant for the next 50 years, rises in land levels of 50-120 mm and 40-110 mm, respectively, are to be anticipated.
	www.scotland.gov.uk /cru/kd01/lightgreen/ccfo-11.asp (1856 words)

	Haug: Regional Geology
		Contours denoting post-glacial uplift (upper figure) are derived from geodetic data along remnant proglacial lake shorelines formed during deglaciation of the Juan de Fuca/Puget lobe system.
		This difference in east-west isostatic response (up doming) is only partially explained by more rapidly thinning glacial ice to the east and probably indicates significant crustal heterogeneity or post-isostatic tectonic warping (R. Thorson, 1997; personal communication).
		Current tectonic uplift in western Washington is apparently unrelated to post-glacial rebound and driven primarily by crustal shortening/thickening in the direction of Juan de Fuca plate convergence.
	nwdata.geol.pdx.edu /Thesis/FullText/1998/Haug/RegionalGeology.html (2533 words)

	TECTONICS
		Isostatic uplift offsets some of the erosional lowering (lower density continental crust rises up as weight is removed), but isostasy can’t explain the creation of new mountain belts.
		Uplift continues and erosion hasn’t had long to wear the mountains down.
		The suturing of land masses is an example of continental growth by accretion - if a relatively small crustal fragment is accreted to a larger continent, the small addition is known as an EXOTIC TERRANE (meaning it originated elsewhere).
	courses.unt.edu /hwilliams/GEOG_3350/examreviews/tectonics.htm (565 words)

	Anomalous OJ
		Dynamic uplift is the thermal doming produced by viscous normal stresses imposed on the lithosphere by the rising of a plume head and has been estimated through experimental and theoretical studies (e.g.
		One possible explanation is that uplift was tempered by the presence of dense garnet granulite and possibly eclogite in the lower OJP crust that formed from cumulates and intruded and underplated gabbros (Neal et al.
		The uplift was tempered by the presence of dense garnet granulite and possibly eclogite in the plateau’s lower crust that formed from cumulates and intruded and underplated gabbros (Neal et al.
	www.mantleplumes.org /OJAnomalous.html (4515 words)

	U.S. Fish and Wildlife, Office of Migratory Bird Management, Snow Goose, FAQ's
		But isostatic uplift occurs almost imperceptibly over centuries while the destruction of wetland breeding habitat from snow geese has happened in a matter of years.
		The inadequacy of isostatic uplift as an explanation for the habitat degradation has been clearly demonstrated by the construction of enclosures that prevent geese from feeding on selected plots.
		Both the enclosures and adjacent areas are experiencing isostatic uplift at the same rate, but the rate of species turnover in the two areas is markedly different.
	www.fws.gov /migratorybirds/issues/snowgse/faqs.html (4581 words)

	Geology 302 Final Wintrer 1998 Name:
		Isostatic uplift of the northern Great Lakes region will result in drainage to be diverted through ______.
		The uplift that occurred in Seattle prior to the retreat of the ice is represented by part _______ of the above curve.
		isostatic uplift was greater than eustatic sea level rise during this time interval.
	faculty.washington.edu /tswanson/Geology302FinalW01.html (1891 words)

	Implications Crustal Structure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Maximum thinning and mantle upflow are localized in the vicinity of the proposed lower crustal melt zone near Lake Pillsbury (Beaudoin et al., 1996; Levander et al., 1998).
		Uplift/subsidence patterns observed in the Coast Ranges should be a combination of the crustal thickness driven uplift (isostatic) with the vertical motion produced by the transient flexural downwarp - producing a complex pattern in space and time of elevation change.
		The significant isostatic residual gravity anomaly identified by Jachens and Griscom (1983) appears to be a consequence of the dynamic downwarp produced by the viscous forces.
	www.geodyn.psu.edu /research/americas/Implications.html (397 words)

	joel's hippoarium
		Study of the interaction between uplift and erosion is a major theme of our science, but our understanding of their interplay is often limited by a lack of quantitative data.
		Initial results indicate uplift and erosion are highly spatially variable with mean values of 2117 m for rock uplift and 406 m for net erosional exhumation since late Cretaceous coastal sandstones were deposited.
		Aside from this isostatic source of rock uplift, paleobotanical and fission-track data from the larger region suggest the early Cenozoic Laramide orogeny alone should account for more than the remaining rock uplift, and geophysical studies suggest mantle sources for additional Cenozoic uplift.
	cc.usu.edu /~bolo/platexhume.html (541 words)

	BC Education - Geology 12 - Internal Processes and Structures (Isostasy) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Explain isostatic compensation (loading and unloading) using an analogy (e.g., mattress on a spring bed).
		In particular, notice whether the underlying reason for isostatic adjustment (e.g., glacial loading, erosion) is recalled and proposed.
		Ask students to generate and evaluate physical models of isostatic adjustment and to list similarities and differences between their models and crustal isostasy.
	www.bced.gov.bc.ca /irp/esg/12intiso.htm (402 words)

	Post-glacial rebound - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound, isostatic rebound or isostatic adjustment) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last ice age, through a process known as isostatic depression.
		Today, typical uplift rates are of the order of 1 cm/year or less, and studies suggest that rebound will continue for about another 10,000 years.
		In Sweden, Lake Mälaren was formerly an arm of the Baltic Sea, but uplift eventually cut it off and led to it becoming a freshwater lake in about the 12th century, at the time then Stockholm was founded at its outlet.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Post-glacial_rebound (824 words)

	Body (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Hudson Bay region in Canada is currently rising due to isostatic rebound.
		If you require further information, read the sections on isostasy and isostatic adjustment in the textbook chapter entitled "Mountain building".) As a result, the rivers there should be _______ their channels.
		When a sedimentary basin subsides due to sediment loading, this is an example of ________ adjustment; the uplift of the Himalayas is an example of ________ uplift.
	www.mtsu.edu /~cdharris/GEOL100/erosion/erosion_study-qs.htm (427 words)

	Kvarken Archipelago / High Coast - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
		The Archipelago is continuously rising from the sea in a process of rapid glacio-isostatic uplift, whereby the land, previously weighed down under the weight of a glacier, lifts at rates that are among the highest in the world.
		First, it is an area of rapid glacio-isostatic uplift with rates that are among the highest in the world.
		Second, the Kvarken area possesses a distinctive array of glacial depositional landforms, such as De Greer moraines, which add to the variety of glacial landscapes features in the region and reinforce the previous validity of the High Coast inscription.
	whc.unesco.org /pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=898 (473 words)

	Oxford University Press
		Isostatic rebound after the rapid retreat of glaciers occurs:
		Wrangellia, in North America, is an example of a suspect terrane.
		As erosion occurs, isostatic uplife compensates for it.
	www.oup.com /ca/he/companion/deblij/st_index/quizmain/quiz33 (183 words)

	Geology and GSA Today media highlights — August
		The August GSA TODAY science article presents a GIS study that leads to new interpretations of the relative effects of tectonic uplift and erosionally induced isostatic rebound on the landscape development of the Colorado Plateau.
		Results provide mean values of 2117 m for rock uplift and 406 m for thickness of rock eroded since the region was near sea level about 70 million years ago.
		Either Laramide uplift of the plateau was significantly less than the neighboring Rocky Mountains (often assumed to be similar), and/or that there has been little or no recent uplift beyond erosional isostasy.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-07/gsoa-gag072402.php (1991 words)

	U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Migratory Bird Management, Arctic Ecosystems in Peril Report, Part II, ...
		Isostatic Uplift and Development of Salt-Marsh Plant Communities in the Hudson Bay and James Bay Region
		The Hudson Bay region is undergoing isostatic uplift at approximately 1 cm/yr.
		Although this type of vegetation is well developed at the seaward end of the marsh and is renewed continually by uplift even in the absence of grazing, its continued presence in the upper salt-marsh is strongly dependent on the foraging activities of the geese.
	www.fws.gov /migratorybirds/issues/arcgoose/partii/imphabit.html (3691 words)

	USC Sequence Stratigraphy - Historical Perspective on recognition of Eustasy
		Agassiz became the main proponent of the study of the sedimentary response to the Quaternary Ice caps and this field of study accelerated in both Europe and North America.
		Glacially induced eustasy was widely recognized, and the isostatic uplift of landmasses once covered by ice was traced using the raised beaches of the Northern hemisphere.
		Variations in 18O/16O ratios derived from planktonic microfossils from the deep sea can be dated and have been related to glacial eustatic events (Broeker and Van Donk, 1970:Shackleton and Opdyke, in 1973 Fillon and Williams, 1983, among others).
	strata.geol.sc.edu /history/eustasy.html (864 words)

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