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Topic: Israel National Water Carrier

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The National Water Carrier (Ha'Movil Ha'Artsi" The decision to implement the Jordan Project, which became known as the National Water Carrier, was adopted by the government of Israel in 1956. The completion of the largest water project in Israel, the National Water Carrier, was the culmination of a continuous process of developing the Israeli water resources guided by Levi Eshkol. Water enters the National Water Carrier through a pipeline, several hundred meters in length, submerged in the northern part of Lake Kinneret. research.haifa.ac.il /~eshkol/kantorb.html

Sea of Galilee Israel's National Water Carrier, built in 1964, transports water from the lake to the population centers of Israel, and is the source of most of the country's drinking water. Israel also supplies water from the lake to the West Bank and to Jordan (under the terms of the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace). Increasing water demand and some dry winters have resulted in stress on the lake and a decreasing water line, at times to dangerously low levels. www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/s/se/sea_of_galilee.html

The prevention of freshwater conflicts: the case of the Jordan River The nationalization by Israel of all West Bank water resources in 1967 added to the otherwise tense political relations between Palestinians and Israelis. Israel is likely to want to keep control over water resources of the West Bank area even in the event of Palestinian autonomy (Wolf and Ross 1992). Israel and Jordan, both suffering from extreme water scarcity, have not so far fully agreed on the sharing of the waters of the Jordan and Yarmuk Rivers, although major cooperation efforts took place recently. www.gci.ch /GreenCrossPrograms/waterres/gcwater/jordan.html

Water diplomacy in the Middle East Israel’s water policy has passed through four stages. Israel’s planners have admitted that present supplies can scarcely meet the country’s current needs - let alone meet the expected level of consumption beyond the year 2000 - unless the country concentrates on expensive desalination plants or finds ways to increase substantially the recycling of waste water. Israel, in turn, considered the Arab response a danger to its national security and decided to use all its powers - including military - to impede it. www.netcomuk.co.uk /~jpap/dolat.htm

Israel's Chronic Water Problem Mekorot Water Company Ltd. is a Government-owned company and, as Israel's national water company, is responsible for managing the country's water resources, developing new sources and ensuring regular delivery of water to all localities for all purposes. Water Supply and Demand - Israel 1998-2020 MCM/year Water quality is an issue of equal importance to water scarcity, and water quality degradation is a considerable issue in water management. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/scarcity.html

Israel at 50 The United Nations exerted a great deal of pressure, which left Israel with no choice but to build the National Water Carrier from the northwest section of the Sea of Galilee. Israel had previously requested that King Hussein stay out of the war, since they had no intention of attacking Jordan. Israel retaliated by severely crippling the Syrian Air Force and when Iraqi planes joined the fighting, the long arm of the Israel Air Force reached as far as Iraq. www.jajz-ed.org.il /50/time/63.html

Development of Limited Water Resources:  Historical and Technological Aspects The National Water Carrier functions not only as the main supplier of water, but also as an outlet for surplus water from the north in winter and early spring, as well as a source of recharge to the underground aquifers in the coastal region. Several methods for desalting saline water have been investigated in Israel since the early 1960s. A comprehensive study entitled, "Water resources in the Land of Israel: prospects for irrigation and hydro-electric development" was prepared by Mekorot in 1944, and at about the same time, experts on water and land conservation from the US became involved in studying and presenting schemes for water projects. www.us-israel.org /jsource/Environment/water.html

The Global Encyclopedia : Hotels : Travel During the 19th century, many new states were added to the original thirteen as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. After long debate, this was supplanted by the Constitution of a more centralized federal government in 1789. Two of the major traumatic experiences in the nation's history were the American Civil War ( 1861 - 65) and the Great Depression of the 1930s. united-states.asinah.net /american-encyclopedia/wikipedia/s/se/sea_of_...

ARIJ - Core Issues of the Palestinian-Israeli Water Dispute Israel and the Palestinian Authority will commence negotiations on water rights within the framework of the rights listed above, within the framework of the Helsinki Rules, and other relevant articles of international law. Security is perhaps the central concept in Israeli political dialogue - the slogan "national security" is frequently reformulated in terms of "environmental security", "food security", "water security". Israel's short-termist conception of its national interest, a conception that recognizes Palestinian rights only when there is no conflict of interests, makes it hard to perceive how a just final status agreement will ever be reached. www.arij.org /pub/corissues

Globes [online] - Union for Environmental Defense: National Water Carrier polluted The rise in the water level in the Kinneret last winter severely contaminated the National Water Carrier, but the state has not cleaned it, allowing the water to reach households. The report states that Israel Military Industries does not allow the Water Commission to enter its installations to test for groundwater contamination. Israel was on the way to becoming a Third World country in 2003: more crowded and more polluted, according to the Israel Union for Environmental Defense environmental poverty report for 2003. www.globes.co.il /serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=756232&fid=942

Managing water for peace in the Middle East Israel has been starting to reduce national water use since 1987 by cutting the supply of irrigation water, as seen in fig. The flow of water from the Jordanian carrier would have forced Israel to cut back its own influx of water into the Dead Sea, or the level would have risen so high as to flood the potash works (of both Israel and Jordan) and the surrounding hotels on the Israeli side. Israel announced a feasibility study on a seawater hydroelectric power generation project in 1980, but this had been preceded by pre-feasibility studies over many years before that. www.unu.edu /unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E0g.htm

Water Scarcity in the Jordan River Basin :: Green Nature :: Israel was then able to complete the National Water Carrier, as well as extensive irrigation projects. Acceptance of the international plans was problematic because they presented novel approaches to water sharing and apportionment, and because a regional cooperative approach would, by definition, require the Arab League's acceptance of Israel as a legitimate state and resource user. Israel's population was growing at a rapid pace due to the greatly increased influx of post-World War II European Jewish refugees, and its development and plans outpaced those of its neighbors. www.greennature.com /article84.html

Galilee, Sea of on Encyclopedia.com Israel's National Water Carrier Project uses the Sea of Galilee as a reservoir for water pumped south, via the National Water Conduit, to the Negev desert for irrigation and to the coastal plain to recharge the overdrawn watertable. However, despite the project, Israel's water supply in the late 20th cent. ISRAEL HAS HUNDREDS OF SIGNIFICANT SIGHTS FOR TRAVELERS TO EXPERIENCE. www.encyclopedia.com /html/G/GalileeS1.asp

Essays Now Most successful was Fatah, headed by Yasser Arafat (discussed below) which began military operations against Israel on Jan. 1, 1965, with an attack on the Israeli national water carrier project to transfer water from the Jordan River to the south of Israel. The June 1967 war, in which several Arab nations were soundly defeated by Israel, was nonetheless a watershed that led to the rebirth of a Palestinian national movement with a strong separate identity. The first target chosen by Fatah was especially symbolic, since none of the Arab summit meetings called to deal with Israel's Jordan River water diversion had resulted in any concrete action. www.essays-now.com /sample.php

1964-Israel National Water Carrier Completed Contact US In 1964 Israel completed a national water carrier to convey water from the Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) to the Coastal Plain. The National Water Carrier begins at the Lake of Galilee (the Kinneret). Pumps move water 500 feet above the lake, as a series of conduits, tunnels and pipes take the water north of Tel Aviv. www.multieducator.com /Israel/1964WaterCarrierComplete.html

Definition of Levi Eshkol In civilian times, Eshkol is best known for implementing the National Water Carrier system. As prime minister, Eshkol worked to improve foreign relations, establishing diplomatic contact with West Germany in 1965, and also established cultural ties with the Soviet Union which allowed some Soviet Jews to immigrate to Israel. Six Day War of June 1967; during the crisis, Eshkol established a Government of National Unity, with the Defense portfolio placed into Moshe Dayan 's hands. www.wordiq.com /definition/Levi_Eshkol

Jordan, river, Asia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 The cultivation of fruits and vegetables has been made possible by Israel’s National Water Carrier Project, which uses the Sea of Galilee as a reservoir, and Jordan& East Ghor project, which diverts water from the Yarmuk River. Although the river is not navigable, its waters are valuable for irrigation. Other irrigation projects, in Syria and Lebanon, divert water from the Jordan& headstreams. www.bartleby.com /65/jo/JordanR.html

AllRefer.com - Galilee, Israel & Palestine (Israeli And Palestinian Political Geography) - Encyclopedia The Beit Natufa Dam there is part of the National Water Carrier System, of which the main reservoir is the Sea of Galilee. AllRefer.com - Galilee, Israel & Palestine (Israeli And Palestinian Political Geography)- Encyclopedia Zionist colonization of the region began at the end of the 19th cent. reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/G/Galilee.html

SmartPedia.com - Free Online Encyclopedia - Encyclopedia Books. Completed in 1964, the National Water Carrier connects the Sea of Galilee with Israel 's watersystem. The original goal of building the carrier was to provide irrigation water to the Negev region. Today 80% of the water drawn from the Lake is utilized for Israel's drinking water. www.smartpedia.com /smart/browse/Israel_National_Water_Carrier

Le risorse idriche nel diritto internazionale con particolare riferimento alla Palestina - Studi per la Pace ISRAEL LINE (s.a.): Daily summary of the Israeli Press by the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Information Division. ISRAEL INFORMATION SERVICE GOPHER (s.a.): by the Israel Foreign Ministry, Information Division. WATER RIGHTS LATEST OBSTACLE IN TALKS, Palestine Report, 4 agosto 1995. www.studiperlapace.it /documentazione/alqaryouti.html

Israel National Water Carrier Please See National Water Carrier For Further Information about Israel National Water Carrier. www.bambooweb.com /articles/i/s/Israel_National_Water_Carrier.html

The 1967 Six-Day War All the groups adhered to a set of principles laid out in the Palestine National Charter, which called for Israel's destruction. In November 1967, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 242, which established a formula for Arab-Israeli peace whereby Israel would withdraw from territories occupied in the war in exchange for peace with its neighbors. Israel repeatedly protested the Syrian bombardments to the UN Mixed Armistice Commission, which was charged with policing the cease-fire, but the UN did nothing to stop Syria’s aggression — even a mild Security Council resolution expressing “regret” for such incidents was vetoed by the Soviet Union. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/67_War.html   (3008 words)

National Water Carrier -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article Completed in 1964, the National Water Carrier connects the (additional info and facts about Sea of Galilee) Sea of Galilee with (Jewish republic in southwestern Asia at eastern end of Mediterranean; formerly part of Palestine) Israel's water system. The original goal of building the carrier was to provide irrigation water to the (A desert in southern Israel) Negev region. Today 80% of the water drawn from the lake is utilized for Israel's domestic consumption. www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/na/national_water_carrier.htm   (83 words)

Essays Now Most successful was Fatah, headed by Yasser Arafat (discussed below) which began military operations against Israel on Jan. 1, 1965, with an attack on the Israeli national water carrier project to transfer water from the Jordan River to the south of Israel. The June 1967 war, in which several Arab nations were soundly defeated by Israel, was nonetheless a watershed that led to the rebirth of a Palestinian national movement with a strong separate identity. Arafat's greatest efforts, however, were seen in the diplomatic arena, where he doggedly pursued the goal of international recognition of the rights of Palestinians to self- determination and of the PLO as their legitimate political representative. www.essays-now.com /sample.php   (1946 words)

Galilee, Sea of on Encyclopedia.com Israel's National Water Carrier Project uses the Sea of Galilee as a reservoir for water pumped south, via the National Water Conduit, to the Negev desert for irrigation and to the coastal plain to recharge the overdrawn watertable. However, despite the project, Israel's water supply in the late 20th cent. was restricted by a drop in the water level due to seasonal drought and increasing demand. www.encyclopedia.com /html/G/GalileeS1.asp   (704 words)

AllRefer.com - Jordan, river, Asia, Middle East (Middle Eastern Physical Geography) - Encyclopedia The cultivation of fruits and vegetables has been made possible by Israel's National Water Carrier Project, which uses the Sea of Galilee as a reservoir, and Jordan's East Ghor project, which diverts water from the Yarmuk River. Although the river is not navigable, its waters are valuable for irrigation. There it forms the border between Israel and the West Bank (W) and the nation of Jordan (E). reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/J/JordanR.html   (336 words)

Levi Eshkol In civilian times, Eshkol is best known for implementing the National Water Carrier system. He played a premier role in the Six Day War of June 1967; during the crisis, Eskol established a Government of National Unity, with the Defense portfolio placed into Moshe Dayan's hands. As prime minister, Eshkol worked to improve foreign relations, establishing diplomatic contact with West Germany in 1965, and also established cultural ties with the Soviet Union which allowed some Soviet Jews to immigrate to Israel. www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/l/le/levi_eshkol.html   (233 words)

ipedia.com: Sea of Galilee Article Israel's National Water Carrier, built in 1964, transports water from the lake to the population centers of Israel, and is the source of most of the country's drinking water. Israel also supplies water from the lake to the West Bank and to Jordan (under the terms of the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace). Increasing water demand and some dry winters have resulted in stress on the lake and a decreasing water line, at times to dangerously low levels. www.ipedia.com /sea_of_galilee.html   (610 words)

Akhlah: Israel Geography In the 1960s, Israel's freshwater sources were joined in an integrated grid whose main artery, the National Water Carrier, brings water from the north and center to the semi-arid south. Israel is located in the Middle East, along the eastern coastline of the Mediterranean Sea, bordered by Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Egypt. The scarcity of water in the region has generated intense efforts to maximize use of the available supply and to seek new resources. www.akhlah.com /israel/geography.php   (215 words)

Troubled Waters - Managing a Vital Resource -- Global Issues Electronic Journal, March 1999 - USIA Syria and Jordan responded in 1964 by beginning construction of a dam to divert the flow of the waters of the Yarmouk and Baniyas Rivers of the basin and to defeat operation of Israel's National Water Carrier. By means of the National Water Carrier, Israel hoped to provide potable as well as irrigation water to all parts of the nation. The occupation increased Israel's direct physical control of freshwater by nearly 50 percent through three major sources: the headwaters of the Jordan River, including half the length of the Yarmouk River; the recharge region of the Mountain Aquifer; and the upper riparian territory of the Baniyas River. usinfo.state.gov /journals/itgic/0399/ijge/gj-04.htm   (215 words)

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