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Topic: Issei Japanese

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	Manzanar NHS: Historic Resource Study/Special History Study (Chapter 9)
		The Issei women had reached this country somewhat later — predominantly in the decade between 1910 and 1920 with many entering as "picture brides" after the men had become financially able to send back to their native prefectures for wives — and had an average age of about 52 at the time of evacuation.
		However, the Issei had started near the bottom of the American economic ladder — as section workers on railroads, common laborers in mines and lumber camps, domestics in the homes of the well-to-do, and especially as harvest hands in the fruit orchards and vegetable fields of the agricultural West.
		For the Issei, who were subjected to a barrage of restrictions, harassments, and indignities — including the precipitous internment of their leaders in federal detention centers — the effect of Pearl Harbor and its aftermath was a pronounced increase in social solidarity.
	www.nps.gov /archive/manz/hrs/hrs9c.htm (5265 words)

	Japanese people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The most accepted theory is that modern Japanese are principally descended from the Jomon, a paleo-Asiatic people, and the Yayoi, a neo-Asiatic people, with cultural influences from, Gaya, Baekje, Korea and also from Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, China.
		Nihonjinron is a Japanese term referring to a genre of discourses that posit and examine certain unique characteristics, behaviors, or thinking-patterns of the Japanese people.
		Issei Japanese, Issei Japanese American - "issei" means first generation, referring to the first generation of migrants.
	www.eastcleveland.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Japanese_people (617 words)

	Reading: The Issei Immigrants and Civil Rights
		Issei workers, like other immigrant groups, were often brought in by factory and farm owners to break strikes or simply as cheaper labor.
		By the time issei laborers were landing on U.S. shores, agricultural and industrial workers had established labor unions which represented their interests on issues such as wages, hours, and benefits.
		In fact, the AFL became a vehement advocate for ending Japanese immigration to the United States largely because of racial prejudice and resentment over the economic competition that the issei posed to white working-class Americans.
	www.densho.org /learning/spice/lesson2/2reading2.asp (1655 words)

	Japanese Immigrants in Oregon (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The initial cultural shock, adaptation, and hardships of the Issei are portrayed in a realistic light through the experiences many encountered and shared with Tamura.
		Japanese terminology is frequently used throughout the book, followed by brief explanations.
		The Issei would be faced with new forces on their second attempt to success.
	mcel.pacificu.edu /as/students/lwash/immigrants.html (686 words)

	00.04.03: Our Past Acclaims Our Future: Japanese-American Artists Respond To the American Experience Roger Shimomura, ...
		Japanese immigrants faced unique legal restrictions based on their race that limited their opportunity to own and lease land, denied them access to citizenship and the ability to develop and exercise political power.
		Many Issei men, due to the shortage of Japanese women in the U.S., sought to bring Japanese women to America (anti-miscegenation laws precluded the possibility of inter-marriage and because in-group marriage was preferred in Japanese culture).
		Japanese American sacrifices during the war were acknowledged by President Ford in 1975 with a proclamation titled “The American Promise.” He stated, “We know now that what we should have known then- not only was the evacuation wrong, but Japanese Americans were and are loyal Americans”.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/2000/4/00.04.03.x.html (9705 words)

	White River Journal: Shirakawa
		Although both Japanese and U.S. authorities set strict screening standards to prevent fraud and to verify a man's ability to support a family, many of the arriving picture brides were shocked to see new husbands in person and discover their true circumstances.
		Japanese custom presumed that they would maintain their homes as dutiful wives and mothers.
		Young Iseri worked for a Japanese hotelier in Everett, Washington, for a year or two, then moved to Seattle where he was employed as a schoolboy and enrolled in night school to study English.
	www.wrvmuseum.org /journal/journal_1001.htm (1533 words)

	Through Our Parents' Eyes
		In America, Issei wives were free of mother-in-law domination and Issei husbands did not have to be the first-born son in order to control the family farm.
		Although the Japanese had to acculturate in some areas, daily work, community social activities, marriage, and the education of Issei children allowed immigrants to retain some of their cultural traditions and gave them the opportunity to choose their methods of assimilation.
		In deference to local conditions, Japanese farmers may have raised strawberries and green onions instead of rice and mulberry trees, but the technology they employed and the size of the fields they planted were more similar to what they had left behind in Japan than they were different.
	parentseyes.arizona.edu /walz.html (5785 words)

	White River Valley Museum: News
		Typical of a Japanese woman of her generation, her victories were experienced neighbor to neighbor, individual to individual.
		"Issei" was designed to honor this generation of women who taught their children the value of community, work and integrity -- often without the ability to read or write Japanese or English.
		"Issei" was made possible by many private donations, primarily from Japanese American families of the area, and with a grant from the Auburn Arts Commission.
	www.wrvmuseum.org /news/news_pr070300.htm (460 words)

	Japanese American Baseball History Project
		At its core, Japanese American baseball makes an eloquent statement of pride and possibility and is truly a reflection of the "heart and mind" of a community which has sought to fulfill the promise of America for one hundred years.
		When Japanese immigrants made the voyage across the Pacific to America during the last decades of the nineteenth century, they not only brought with them dreams of success, they brought a knowledge and appreciation for baseball back to the land of its origins.
		The passing of the Issei, who were baseball’s most passionate fans, severely altered the composition of community support and baseball lost the function and meaning it had prior to the war.
	www.nikkeiheritage.org /research/bbhist.html (1480 words)

	JPRI Working Paper No. 75
		Japanese employers favor such workers because since the 1989 law they hold legitimate visas and are therefore not subject to arrest and deportation as other nationalities often are.
		Whereas, the Issei and organizers of the centennial were looking back at the Japanese immigrant community in the past and at the same time affirming the current status of their community, which was still a safe enclave for them.
		The Issei, in particular, hold on to their historically-shaped and pre-War-oriented identity and are eager to maintain a close connection with Okinawa prefecture.
	www.jpri.org /publications/workingpapers/wp75.html (8548 words)

	BCA History
		Perhaps motivated by the ambivalent attitude shown by the Japanese government towards them, this was a conscious effort on the part of the Issei to become permanent residents of America and to set down roots.
		By 1945, the Japanese and Japanese-Americans were permitted to return to the Pacific Coast states to start their lives again, with the vast majority opting to do so.
		The Issei were thus able to reestablish their hold on governing the workings of the temple and generally not passing it down to their children until after their death.
	www.vbtemple.org /dharmarain/dr11_hst.htm (4319 words)

	Go For Broke National Education Center >> Learning Center >> For Teachers >> Lesson Plans
		Of the Japanese American population, over 150,000 lived in Hawaii (one third of its total population) and 120,000 lived in the West Coast states of California, Oregon and Washington.
		At the outbreak of the war Japanese Americans in Hawaii and the mainland (term used to refer to the continental U.S.) experienced intense suspicion and distrust.
		The Issei, Japanese men and women immigrants, were secured to do the rigorous work of growing and harvesting sugar cane in Hawaii.
	www.goforbroke.org /learning/learning_teachers_lesson_japanese.asp (1137 words)

	With an insightful truism for all youth as they struggle with identity and attempt to discern themselves from their ...
		Issei, The Shadow Generation is the first book to ponder the influence of Japanese culture on childrearing practices and offers a model and philosophy for cultural balance.
		Published by the Japanese Cultural and Community Center of Northern California, “Issei The Shadow Generation is a well-deserved, long overdue, and timely tribute to the pioneers, especially as we celebrate the 100
		Matsueda suggests that the “model minority” stereotype based on the assumption that the Japanese Americans succeeded by adopting the American way of life and values, be revisited and examined.
	www.pabt.org /Sections/Misc/Issei_book.htm (763 words)

	How Japanese Americans saw Japan: The case from Issei to Sansei in Mainland U.S. \| DiscoverNikkei.org
		For Issei, Japan was their homeland, the land of the Emperor, and which they still perceived their imagined community.
		They changed the content of the Japanese language textbooks from “be a good Japanese National” to “it is for your parent’s country’s sake that you become a good American citizen.” Issei manipulated the symbol of what it is to be a “good Japanese”.
		Issei originally identified themselves as Japanese and had little connection outside their community and thus did not hold strong negative feelings toward Japan.
	www.discovernikkei.org /forum/en/node/1970 (1375 words)

	Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California (Japanese Americans)
		Issei immigrants pioneered an abalone fishing industry here in the 1890s, then helped build and use the facilities of a hot springs resort, located here until 1933.
		Los Angeles newspapers wrote that a group of Japanese were spying on the entire Southern California coastline and reporting to the Japanese government.
		Japanese Americans, who were prohibited from enjoying other hot springs, as well as other people from all parts of California came to enjoy the water and the weather.
	www.nps.gov /history/history/online_books/5views/5views4h101.htm (492 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 2002001878
		Shosuke Sasaki, Japanese American Conscience: Father and the Prostitutes American Bookshelf Presents: The Story of the Caliph Stork byWilhelm Hauff 8.
		Ben Kuroki, Boy from Nebraska: "I Felt Guilty Because I Was of Japanese Ancestry" 44.
		The Japanese Question in the United States by Lt. Com.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/fy033/2002001878.html (1197 words)

	Issei Pioneers \| Japanese American National Museum
		Issei Pioneers focuses on the early immigration and settlement years of the Issei, the first generation of Japanese immigrants in the United States.
		Poetry written by Issei pioneers and spoken by their children fill the air.
		The natural sounds and music of the Issei world are also contained in the "soundscape," another of the innovations which make this exhibition uniquely powerful.
	www.janm.org /exhibits/issei (146 words)

	NCRR - Nikkei for Civil Rights and Redress
		In addition to bringing needed medical supplies and Japanese foods, one of the goals of the delegation was to reintroduce Obon odori (obon dances).
		Approximately 25 percent of Cuban Japanese live in and around Havana; 16 percent live on the Isle of Youth, where Issei men were imprisoned during World War II.
		Kaoru Miyazawa, the two surviving Issei on the Isle; and touring the Presidio Modelo, a sprawling prison complex where over 300 Issei men from throughout Cuba were imprisoned during WWII.
	www.ncrr-la.org /news/cuba2.html (795 words)

	Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California (Japanese Americans)
		Issei immigrants pioneered an abalone fishing industry here in the 1890s, then helped build and use the facilities of a hot springs resort, located here until 1933.
		Los Angeles newspapers wrote that a group of Japanese were spying on the entire Southern California coastline and reporting to the Japanese government.
		Japanese Americans, who were prohibited from enjoying other hot springs, as well as other people from all parts of California came to enjoy the water and the weather.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/5views/5views4h101.htm (492 words)

	American Renaissance News: The Internment Taboo
		Though the U.S. intelligence community knew that the vast majority of ethnic Japanese in America were no threat, it also knew that the Japanese government was beaming messages of ultranationalism, sometimes calling on Nisei to return to Japan for political or military training—the madrasahs of the day.
		Because of the intercepted Magic messages and the Japanese raids along the coast, the United States was primarily concerned with the Japanese population, but neither the stats nor the language of the order sustains the charge of racism.
		The treatment of the Japanese was fully consistent with the standards of the day and far superior to what their treatment would have been in any other beligerant country.
	www.amren.com /mtnews/archives/2004/09/the_internment.php (1497 words)

	[No title]
		After the mass removal, U.S. citizens of Japanese ancestry and Japanese immigrants were confined within camps that the government euphemistically called "Relocation Centers." Relocation center, however, inadequately describes the harsh conditions and forced confinement of the camps.
		Many of them considered themselves to be culturally Japanese, but were permanently settled in the U.S. Calling the issei "Japanese American" as opposed to "Japanese" is a way to recognize that fact.
		U.S. citizens of Japanese ancestry who were sent to Japan for formal education and socialization when young and later returned to the United States.
	www.densho.org /sitesofshame/glossary.xml (1393 words)

	Nihonmachi Little Friends \| Get Involved \| Capital Campaign \| Overview
		More than 80 years ago, during the rise of the Asian exclusion movement, a group of Issei women organized an independent Japanese YWCA and raised the funds to establish a home for services to Japanese women and children who were denied access to other facilities.
		In 1920-21, the Japanese YWCA identified the 1830 Sutter building to buy since it was a larger and more permanent place for their programs.
		Renowned architect Julia Morgan volunteered her services to design the new building in a Japanese style, which included employing a Japanese carpenter and building a traditional "Japanese room", a Noh theater stage in the auditorium, and a Japanese outdoor garden.
	www.nlfchildcare.org /get_capital_overview.html (703 words)

	@history: US Web Activities
		Within this context, all Japanese -- be they Issei, Nisei, or Sansei --- were believed to be capable of sabotage.
		The interment of first, second, and third generation Japanese continues to be a part of history that needs evaluation.
		It is June 1942, and you live in California.You live in a neighborhood that includes Caucasian and Japanese (Issei) Japanese Americans (Nisei and Sansei), and you have always felt comfortable with this diversity.But, since Pearl Harbor, you now have second thoughts.
	college.hmco.com /esl/mahnke/jap_int2.htm (1078 words)

	Asia Pacific Project
		Soko Bukai leaders believe the YWCA promised to hold the property in trust for their ancestors, first generation Japanese immigrant women referred to as Issei, who raised the funds but were restricted from purchasing the property by California's stringent alien land laws.
		Abiko, a founding member of the Japanese YWCA, Japanese Americans discovered documentation they believe indicates the YWCA used funds raised by the Issei to purchase the building and then held the building in trust for the Japanese community.
		The Soko Bukai established "the Japanese YWCA" in 1912, according to Soko Bukai attorney Don Tamaki, "as an independent organization to provide services for immigrant Japanese women and girls." It adopted the term YWCA even though it was a separate organization with its own board of directors.
	journalism.berkeley.edu /projects/asiaproject/hempil.html (816 words)

	The Japanese camps in California
		More importantly, the Japanese were evacuated at a moment when the country was willing to support whatever measures the Federal government authorized in the name of winning the war.
		The fact is that the Japanese were sent to concentration camps not by a group of West Coast racists seeking economic advantage, but by a popular and powerful government run by democratic liberals.
		The Japanese race is an enemy race and while many second and third generation Japanese born on United States soil, possessed of United States citizenship, have become "Americanized," the racial strains are undiluted...
	www.ihr.org /jhr/v02/v02p-45_Weber.html (3850 words)

	Japan Sessions
		The fields of Japanese and Japanese American literature tend to be viewed as two separate entitities.
		Looking at Issei literature through the lens of the nation-state causes considerable confusion when trying to describe what Issei literature is. To make the situation more complicated, the Issei literary environment contained not only Issei writings, but also various literature imported from Japan.
		The major question I will consider is how did the content of the stories vary over time to reflect the changing needs of Japanese immigrants as their own sense of self fluctuated between the influences from the land of their ethnic origin and the influences from the land of their daily realities.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/2006abst/Japan/j-14.htm (1322 words)

	Korematsu Japanese Internment Ancestry Reparation World War II
		The Issei’s children who were born in the United States automatically became American citizens.
		Born of Issei immigrant parents in Oakland, California, Fred Korematsu was a Nisei and an American citizen.
		The commission concluded that the decisions to remove those of Japanese ancestry to prison camps occurred because of “race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership.” In 1988, Congress apologized and granted personal compensation of $20,000 to each surviving prisoner.
	www.crf-usa.org /terror/korematsu.htm (2051 words)

	Japanese-American Internment Camps
		Japanese labor was considered vital to the civilian and military economics of the Hawaiian Islands.
		In addition, since there were so many people of Japanese ancestry already living in Hawaii, about a third of the population, racism was not at all the kind of problem it was on the west coast.
		Densho's mission is to preserve the testimonies of Japanese Americans who were unjustly incarcerated during World War II before their memories are extinguished.
	www.bookmice.net /darkchilde/japan/camp.html (1104 words)

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