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Topic: Issei Japanese American

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Issei Japanese

Sansei Japanese American

Japanese American

Nisei Japanese American

Sansei

Chinese exclusion

Japanese people

Japanese internment

Executive Order 9066

Racism in Japan

Japanese person

Ethnic issues in Japan

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Vacaville, California

Japan

	Issei Japanese American - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Issei were brought to the United States as a replacement supply of cheap labor due to the Chinese Exclusion Act's restriction on Chinese immigrants.
		Japanese Californian farmers made rice a major crop of the state.
		Many Issei living in the western United States were interned with their children (Nisei Japanese Americans) and grandchildren (Sansei Japanese Americans) during World War II.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Issei_Japanese_American (190 words)

	Sansei Japanese American - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		third generation) are American-born, third generation Japanese American citizens of the United States, the children of the Nisei Japanese Americans.
		Many older Sansei who were living in the western United States during WWII were forcibly interned with their parents and grandparents (Issei Japanese Americans) after the issuance of Executive Order 9066.
		The Sansei played a leading activist role in a redress movement, which culminated in a bill signed by President Ronald Reagan in 1988 which provided an official apology and $20,000 restitution for each of the 60,000 survivors (about half of the total internees).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sansei_Japanese_American (161 words)

	Terminology and Glossary
		Hence, "Japanese Americans" (not "Japanese") were subjected to "forced exclusion" (rather than "evacuation"); they were initially sent to "temporary incarceration camps" or "temporary prison camps" (not "assembly centers"); later they were "incarcerated" or "imprisoned" in "incarceration camps" or "prison camps" (not "relocation centers").
		Japanese American: two-thirds of those imprisoned during World War II were nisei born in the United States and thus U.S. citizens.
		Picture bride: issei women who participated in marriages that included the exchange of photographs between them or their families in Japan and their prospective husbands in the U.S. This was an affordable way for issei men to marry and begin families without the cost of returning to Japan.
	www.densho.org /assets/sharedpages/glossary.asp?section=resources (2997 words)

	Japanese American Baseball History Project
		At its core, Japanese American baseball makes an eloquent statement of pride and possibility and is truly a reflection of the "heart and mind" of a community which has sought to fulfill the promise of America for one hundred years.
		The earliest known mainland Japanese American baseball team is the San Francisco Fujii club, a team of Issei players which formed in 1903, the first year of the modern World Series.
		The passing of the Issei, who were baseball’s most passionate fans, severely altered the composition of community support and baseball lost the function and meaning it had prior to the war.
	www.nikkeiheritage.org /research/bbhist.html (1480 words)

	Japanese American Resource Library
		Japanese Americans were said to be signaling with lights and by radio to Japanese submarines lying off the West Coast.
		Japanese Americans were free to return to their homes on the West Coast effective January 1945.
		The return of Japanese Americans to their homes in California, Oregon and Washington was marked by vigilante violence and the agitation of pressure groups to keep them out permanently.
	asianamerican.uconn.edu /jarl.htm (1070 words)

	00.04.03: Our Past Acclaims Our Future: Japanese-American Artists Respond To the American Experience Roger Shimomura, ...
		Japanese immigrants faced unique legal restrictions based on their race that limited their opportunity to own and lease land, denied them access to citizenship and the ability to develop and exercise political power.
		Japanese American sacrifices during the war were acknowledged by President Ford in 1975 with a proclamation titled “The American Promise.” He stated, “We know now that what we should have known then- not only was the evacuation wrong, but Japanese Americans were and are loyal Americans”.
		The majority of Americans in the ‘40’s were intimately introduced to the Japanese in the context of war and violence at the movies, newspaper editorials, propaganda posters (*scan example) and later on in the 1950’s on television.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/2000/4/00.04.03.x.html (9705 words)

	Japanese-American Internment - Liberty - Themepark
		This action was fueled by fear that Americans of Japanese ancestry might commit acts of treason against the United States.
		So Japanese Americans were forced to leave their homes, sell much of their property at enormous losses, and move into detention/internment camps as a result of Executive Order 9066, issued by President Franklin Roosevelt on February 19, 1942.
		Japanese Americans in Hawaii did not suffer this same fate because they made up such a large proportion of the population of the territory of Hawaii.
	www.uen.org /themepark/liberty/japanese.shtml (1219 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Property seen as threats that was taken from Japanese Americans, including short wave radios, cameras, binoculars, and various weapons (such as hunting knives and dynamite that farmers used to clear land).
		Japanese American farmers were told to continue their farm activities in the time before eviction, and that destruction of crops would be punished as sabotage.
		The government however refused to officially refer to Japanese Americans as "internees" or "prisoners" -- instead, they were "evacuees" and "segregees." Only the 2000 or more aliens in Department of Justice detention camps were offical "internees" and given the rights provided by the Geneva Convention.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/8420/glossary.html (1032 words)

	A Short Chronology of Japanese American History
		For the rest of the spring, through the summer and into the fall, Japanese Americans up and down the West Coast were removed neighborhood by neighborhood through these "exclusion orders." Most Japanese Americans were taken to a local "assembly center," or temporary detention camp, upon arrival.
		Through the rest of the summer, Japanese Americans were transferred from the "assembly centers" to Manzanar and Tule Lake, California; Amache, Colorado; Minidoka, Idaho; Topaz, Utah; Heart Mountain, Wyoming; Rohwer and Jerome, Arkansas; and Gila River and Poston, Arizona.
		The emotional testimony by Japanese American witnesses about their wartime experiences would prove cathartic for the community and might be consided a turning point in the redress movement.
	www.janet.org /janet_history/niiya_chron.html (2183 words)

	The Munson Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Issei have to break with their religion, their god and Emperor, their family, their ancestors and their after-life in order to be loyal to the United States.
		The weakest from a Japanese standpoint are the Nisei.
		The Kibei are considered the most dangerous element and closer to the Issei with special reference to those who received their early education in Japan.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/8420/generations.html (1205 words)

	Japanese-American Internment
		Japanese American internment raised questions about the rights of American citizens as embodied in the first ten amendments to the Constitution.
		Pretend that you are a Japanese American housed in one of the interment camps during WWII.
		The evacuation of the Japanese Canadians, or Nikkei, from the Pacific Coast in the early months of 1942 was the greatest mass movement in the history of Canada.
	www.42explore2.com /japanese.htm (1346 words)

	Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California (Japanese Americans)
		Possibly these were students, or Japanese who had illegally left their country, since Japanese laborers were not allowed to leave their country until after 1884 when an agreement was signed between the Japanese government and Hawaiian sugar plantations to allow labor immigration.
		Researchers during World War II noted that rather than a normal curve, the Japanese population in the United States was bi-modal — an age group for the original immigrants and another for their children.
		This has influenced the ways in which Japanese communities have been organized, e.g., the need every 25 years or so to have facilities and organizations oriented to children, with long periods of time when such facilities were not needed.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/5views/5views4a.htm (884 words)

	Nihonmachi Little Friends \| Get Involved \| Capital Campaign \| Overview
		More than 80 years ago, during the rise of the Asian exclusion movement, a group of Issei women organized an independent Japanese YWCA and raised the funds to establish a home for services to Japanese women and children who were denied access to other facilities.
		In 1920-21, the Japanese YWCA identified the 1830 Sutter building to buy since it was a larger and more permanent place for their programs.
		Renowned architect Julia Morgan volunteered her services to design the new building in a Japanese style, which included employing a Japanese carpenter and building a traditional "Japanese room", a Noh theater stage in the auditorium, and a Japanese outdoor garden.
	www.nlfchildcare.org /get_capital_overview.html (703 words)

	Japan Digest \| Teaching about Japanese-American Internment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Point out that the denial of due process to Japanese Americans was the central civil rights violation in their experience with internment.
		Japanese Americans were thrust into a precarious position following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor; this is an important issue to present to students.
		In February 1943, after the internment of Japanese Americans from the West Coast had been completed, the War Department and the War Relocation Authority required all internees 17 years of age and older to answer a questionnaire.
	www.indiana.edu /~japan/Digests/internment.html (1289 words)

	Ties Talk Archive > Identity > Japanese or American?
		I consider the Japanese and the American as both a vital part of me. I would like both sides to live together in mutal respect, recognizing the good and bad in both and accepting that as part of the total me. Neither is better or worse, but unique...
		A Japanese friend of my parents used to tell us kids that we had the great advantage of knowing both worlds, and that we should identify what is best about each culture, and use it to our advantage.
		I don't agree with your view that Japanese American culture is the future and the Japanese culture is the past.
	members.tripod.com /runker_room/tiestalk/jora.htm (2783 words)

	Japanese American Resources
		Japanese Americans Internment Camps During World War II (University of Utah exhibit on Tule Lake and Topaz)
		Internment of Japanese Americans in Concentration Camps (Race, Racism and the Law by Prof.
		See National Asian American Telecommunications Association for a more complete listing of videos on the exclusion and incarceration of Japanese Americans.
	www.densho.org /resources/jaexperience.asp (854 words)

	Ties Talk Archive > Multimedia > Japanese American Artists
		The Japanese American Cultural and Community Center (http://www.jaccc.org) is an arts organization in Los Angeles.
		One thing I (a yonsei) have found, being an LA transplant from the Midwest is that environment plays a key role in not only self-perception (this being what the artist is expressing), but also perception as it is translated through the eyes of the viewer/reader/listener.
		The group attracted American, Japanese, Chinese and Russian artists with the common goal of ³finding the way to a highest Idealism where the East unites with the West.² The group held their first exhibition of paintings in 1922 at the San Francisco Museum of Art.
	members.tripod.com /runker_room/tiestalk/artists.htm (2564 words)

	Japanese American National Museum: Press Release: Karen Ishizuka, Japanese American National Museum Curator, Named To ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Karen Ishizuka, media producer and Senior Curator at the Japanese American National Museum, was recently appointed by the Librarian of Congress to the National Film Preservation Board whose mission is to ensure the survival, conservation and increased public availability of America's film heritage.
		Called "the biggest surprise" of the list by the Hollywood Reporter, the footage, taken at the World War II U.S. concentration camp at Topaz, Utah where Japanese Americans were unconstitutionally held, was only the second home movie to be named to the list of culturally, historically and aesthetically important American films.
		Over 120,000 Japanese Americans were held in concentration camps by the government.
	www.janm.org /about/press/82 (681 words)

	NJAHS Publications
		Clifford Uyeda is a longtime activist and leader in the Japanese American community.
		Due Process: Americans of Japanese Ancestry and the United Sates Constitution.
		A Japanese American boy learns to play baseball when he and his family are forced to live in an internment camp.
	www.njahs.org /pub.html (859 words)

	Japanese American National Museum: Issei Pioneers
		Issei Pioneers focuses on the early immigration and settlement years of the Issei, the first generation of Japanese immigrants in the United States.
		Poetry written by Issei pioneers and spoken by their children fill the air.
		The natural sounds and music of the Issei world are also contained in the "soundscape," another of the innovations which make this exhibition uniquely powerful.
	www.janm.org /exhibits/issei (160 words)

	Jenn-Japanese American history
		The American government generally used the term 'relocation centers' to minimize the horrible reality that these were indeed prisons; many Issei and Nisei today still refer to 'camp', as if it were a child's summer getaway.
		In another example, American-born citizens of Japanese ancestry were referred to as 'non-aliens', as if the government could deny their citizenship simply by avoiding the word.
		Under the pretext of Japanese Americans being a threat to national security, President Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, giving the War Department the authority to establish areas from which any and all persons could be excluded.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /~jimazeki/personal/JA.html (1057 words)

	Japanese American Veterans Collection
		of the Relocation and Incarceration of Japanese Americans, 1942-1945.
		Issei Pioneers: Hawaii and the Mainland, 1885 to 1924.
		The Japanese in Hawaii: An Annotated Bibliography of Japanese Americans.
	libweb.hawaii.edu /libdept/archives/mss/aja/bibliography.htm (1918 words)

	Being Japanese American by Gil Asakawa
		From immigration to discrimination and internment, and then to reparations and a high rate of intermarriage, Americans of Japanese descent share a long and sometimes painful history, and some now fear their unique culture is being lost.
		Being Japanese American looks at where JAs came from, their cultural and spiritual roots, how they’ve adapted their customs to their new home, and the importance of food and language in their identity.
		Also included are interviews with JAs and a look at how it’s hip to be Japanese, from manga to martial arts, plus a section on Japantown communities and tips for JAs scrapbooking their families and traveling to Japan to rediscover their roots.
	stonebridge.com /ASAKAWA/asakawa.html (413 words)

	NCRR - Nikkei for Civil Rights and Redress
		In addition to bringing needed medical supplies and Japanese foods, one of the goals of the delegation was to reintroduce Obon odori (obon dances).
		At the culmination of the tour, he suggested that a Japanese American delegation visit the Isle of Youth for the annual Obon gathering held there.
		The Japanese American Cultural and Community Center (JACCC) is located at 244 San Pedro St., in downtown Los Angeles.
	www.ncrr-la.org /news/cuba2.html (795 words)

	Vacaville, California - TheBestLinks.com - Census, Sacramento, 2000, Issei Japanese American, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Vacaville, California - TheBestLinks.com - Census, Sacramento, 2000, Issei Japanese American,...
		Vacaville, California is a city located in Solano County, California, between Sacramento and San Francisco.
		The racial makeup of the city is 72.11% White, 10.02% African American, 0.97% Native American, 4.18% Asian, 0.45% Pacific Islander, 6.74% from other races, and 5.53% from two or more races.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Vacaville.html (508 words)

	Manzanar NHS: Historic Resource Study/Special History Study (Chapter 11)
		Thus, by the outbreak of World War II, the two most significant characteristics of the Issei-dominated Japanese American community were group solidarity and the predominance of elements of Japanese culture.
		On the other hand, the Nisei, according to Hansen and Hacker, were not as thoroughly Americanized as some observers have stated, for countervailing forces, such as parental influence and social and economic discriminatory practices in the larger American society, were diminishing the social distance and returning the Nisei to the Japanese American community.
		While the JACL elements penetrated American society through social, economic, and political activities, they, like other Nisei, were generally young, uninfluential, and almost wholly dependent upon the Issei-dominated Japanese community for their economic livelihood.
	www.nps.gov /manz/hrs/hrs11h.htm (675 words)

	Issei Japanese - TheBestLinks.com - Nisei Japanese, Sansei Japanese, Issei Japanese American, Stub, ...
		Issei, Issei Japanese, Nisei Japanese, Sansei Japanese, Issei Japanese American...
		first generation) are native Japanese who emigrated from Japan primarily to North America.
		Their children and grandchildren are known as Nisei Japanese and Sansei Japanese respectively.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Issei.html (94 words)

	TASSI: Citizenship Denied: An Integrated Unit on the Japanese American Internment
		In 1942, 110,000 Japanese Americans living on the West Coast of the United States were relocated to ten internment camps.
		During WWII, this led to the discrimination and internment of approximately 110.000 Japanese Americans.
		Many Japanese Americans had to abandon their homes, jobs and friends abruptly as a result of being relocated.
	www.csupomona.edu /~tassi/intern.htm (4219 words)

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