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	Battle of Issus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The battle took place south of the ancient town Issus, which is close to present-day Iskenderum, Turkey, on both sides of a small river called Pinarus.
		If Darius were to reach the Gulf of Issus he could use the support from the Persian fleet under Pharnabazus still operating in the Mediterranean Sea, thus easing his supply and possibly landing troops behind the enemy.
		The battle of Issus was illustrated (according to the Roman writer Pliny) by a Greek painter, Philoxenus of Eretria, in the late fourth century BC.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Issus (665 words)

	Gorean Geography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		This is a northwestward flowing river, a tributary to the Vosk.
		This is a mighty river, some forty pasangs in width, that passes by Ar and pours into the Tamber Gulf.
		Most towns on the river are free states and belong to the Vosk League.
	kajira-academy-of-trelanion.angelcities.com /geography.html (1995 words)

	[No title]
		Issus River: This is a northwestward flowing river, a tributary to the Vosk.
		Thassa Cartius River: This river is a tributary of the Vosk.
		Upper Fayeen River: This is a tributary of the Cartius..
	www.angelfire.com /extreme4/sadar_fair/geography.htm (6591 words)

	Scroll 56: Vosk River Region
		The Olni River is a major tributary far to the east on the Vosk and the Salerian Confederation controls the Olni.
		For all intensive purposes, the Vosk River is isolated from Thassa.
		River pirates were once a constant threat on both the Vosk and Olni but the formations of the Salerian Confederation and the Vosk League have nearly wiped them out.
	www.geocities.com /delphius2002/id86.htm (4735 words)

	Map of Gor
		Walled river city situated on the Olni River north of harnaat of the Salerian Confederation, an alliance of four cities dedicated to the restriction of imperialism and piracy on the Olni River.
		Freshwater river port town on the Vosk, originally established as a river colony and tributory of the Ubarate of Cos.
		A freshwater river port town on the Vosk, originally established as a river colony and tributory of Ubarate of Ar.
	www.geocities.com /TimesSquare/6060/northgor.htm (1571 words)

	Cities of Gor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Olni River - A tributory of the mighty Vosk river.
		Port Cos - Freshwater river port town on the Vosk, originally established as a river colony and tributory of the Ubarate of Cos.
		Ti - Walled river city situated on the Olni River north of harna at of the Salerian Confederation, an alliance of four cities dedicated to the restriction of imperialism and piracy on the Olni River.
	members.aol.com /tarsisofar/cities.htm (3469 words)

	Welcome to John Norman's World of Gor
		The stream of Torvald is a current, as a broad river in the sea, pasangs wide, whose temperature is greater than that of the surrounding water.
		It is fed by a single river, the Ua, at its eastern edge, and drains into swamps and marshes which border its western shores and fill the 400 pasangs that separate it from Lake Ushindi.
		We must be thousands of feet Gorean, given the length of the river, the numerous plunging cataracts, and the plateaus and levels we had ascended, above sea level, above the entrance points, west of Ngao and Ushindi, of the brown Kamba and Nyoka into the green waters of Thassa.
	www.worldofgor.com /ref/ref_waters.asp (2167 words)

	Geography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		It is the last major river port on the Vosk before the nearly impassable marshes of the delta.
		It is a river port on the southern bank of the Vosk.
		This river is a tributary of the Vosk.
	www.boomspeed.com /impetuous/Geography.htm (5233 words)

	pothos.org - All about Alexander the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Issus could arguably be called the most decisive moment of the campaign.
		The Macedonian victory at Issus was so fast that it enabled Alexander to capture the entire Persian Royal household: Queen Mother Sisygambis, Queen Stateira (Darius' wife) and Princess Stateira (his daughter) and Darius' other children.
		It could be argued that at Issus Darius had made the stupid mistake to employ his massive army on a narrow coastal plain, denying himself to take full advantage of his stunning superiority in numbers.
	www.pothos.org /alexander.asp?ParaID=95 (3702 words)

	Alexander vs. Darius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The Issus campaign is interesting as it shows both the strengths and weaknesses of both Alexander and Darius as commanders.
		Issus is a brilliant example how Alexander could think on his feet and react quickly to new threats as they presented themselves.
		The depth of the river is not mentioned as problem, but the barricaded low banks, and rocky river bed width aided the Greeks in their fight with the phalanx so these effects must be considered in any game scenario.
	www.ancientbattles.com /Issus/Issus.htm (7282 words)

	[No title]
		The race of fls that for ages had worshiped Issus, the false deity of Mars, had been left in a state of chaos by my revealment of her as naught more than a wicked old woman.
		The light from the river was no longer visible, but ahead I saw the faint tinge of a distant radiance, and still the water before me was open.
		As I proceeded, the river became narrower and the current swift and turbulent--so swift in fact that it was with difficulty that I forced my craft upward at all.
	www.umich.edu /~umfandsf/other/ebooks/wmars11.txt (20312 words)

	Alexander vs. Darius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Having driven the Greeks away from the river, they extended their phalanx beyond the Persian army on the side which had been broken, and attacking the Greeks on the flank, were already beginning to cut them up.
		This was the conclusion of the battle at Issus of Cilicia.
		For now he began to perceive his error in engaging himself too far in a country in which the sea, the mountains, and the river Pinarus running through the midst of it, would necessitate him to divide his forces, render his horse almost unserviceable, and only cover and support the weakness of the enemy.
	www.ancientbattles.com /Issus/Issus_source_materials.htm (6201 words)

	Alexander's Battles
		When Alexander started his war against the Persians in the spring of 334 BC, he was met at the Granicus by an army of Persian soldiers and Greek hoplites.
		The Persian plan was to concentrate their attack upon Alexander in the hope he might be killed, but Alexander led a successful charge across the river and routed them.
		After invading northern Syria, Alexander left his wounded soldiers in a camp in the city of Issus, directing the remainder of his army southward in search of Darius's armies.
	www.angelfire.com /il/AlexanderTheGreat/battles.html (480 words)

	Issus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		To Alexander, this news was beyond belief...he left the men behind at Issus because for Darius to abandon his choice position on the Sochoi plain would represent a military blunder of inconceivable proportions.
		Alexander approached the battlefield with Parmenion on his left with the Greek cavalry, Craterus commanding the phalanx and infantry in the center, and himself with the Companions and Thessalonian cavalry on the right.
		Upon reaching the plain of Issus, the Persian cavalry began crossing the Pinarus in vast numbers.
	www.wargamer.com /greatbattles/Issus.asp (2273 words)

	Ancient coinage of Cilicia
		In the present work this division is ignored, and an alphabetical arrangement is adopted, the western boundary of the district towards Pamphylia being drawn at the river Melas, the eastern east of the Gulf of Issus, so as to include Alexandreia ad Issum and exclude Nicopolis and Germanicia Caesareia.
		Issus, at the head of the gulf of the same name.
		His Cilician coins were mainly issued from Tarsus; even those bearing the initials Ι (ΙΣ), Μ, Σ (for Issus, Mallus, Soli) seem to have been actually struck there, as dies with different mint-marks are combined in ‘mules’.
	www.snible.org /coins/hn/cilicia.html (5484 words)

	Geography
		Eastern extremity is vast river (as large as the Vosk River), Ua River.
		100 pasangs E of Lake Ngao, Ua river is blocked by waterfall, "The Falls of Bila Haruma." Lake Ngao is 400 pasangs from Lake Ushindi.
		W of Tor, at the junction of the lower and upper Fayeen Rivers, on the Lower Fayeen.
	members.aol.com /bquesada/geo.html (2490 words)

	HELLAS:NET - Warfare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		There was also a river at Issos, but it did not hold any water at the moment as it was the end of autumn.
		The hoplits at the other side of the river were still in open formation, and they let the light forces go through, while the cavalry positioned themselves besides the hoplits.
		The Macedonian cavalry on the left is still in the same position as at the start of the battle, and the Persian cavalry is almost encircled by Macedonian light troops because of the sudden advancement of the phalanx.
	monolith.dnsalias.org /~marsares/warfare/battle/issus.html (1433 words)

	Battle of Issus -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		From Issus Alexander marched south into Syria and Phoenicia, his object being to isolate the Persian fleet from its bases and so to destroy it as an effective fighting force.
		Consequently, in his attack on that province after the Battle of Issus (333 BC), he confined his attention, in his passage southward, to reducing the coastal cities that might form bases for the Persian fleet.
		Covers Alexander's reign, the battles of Granicus and Issus, the end of the Persian Empire, and Phillip II of Macedonia.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9042994?tocId=9042994 (983 words)

	Alexander the Great, Synopsys,JJP
		On the way he stopped at Troy and after visiting Ilium, at the Granicus River, near the Sea of Marmara (May/June 334).he confronted his first Persian army which was led by three satraps.
		In spring 326, crossing the river Cofen, Alexander entered Taxila, and King Taxiles equipped Alexander with elephants and troops in return for aid against his rival Porus, who ruled the lands between the Hydaspes and the Acesines.
		The issue came to a head at Opis (324 BC.), when Alexander's decision to send home Macedonian veterans under Craterus was interpreted as a move toward transferring the seat of power to Asia.
	1stmuse.com /alex3/alex-text.html (6103 words)

	Alexander the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Fighting across a river is always difficult, for the attacker has to wade through the water and climb the opposite bank before ever engaging the defender.
		Issus marked the beginning of the end of Persian power in the Mediterranean.
		After Issus, Alexander knew he could bring Darius down; he began to dream of replacing him as King of Kings.
	history.boisestate.edu /WESTCIV/alexander/06.shtml (220 words)

	All Empires - The Battle of Issos (Issus) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		But all this was not because of weakness and the Persian army or their bad planning, but because of the surprise and brilliant tactics of Alexander's officers (or actually, I believe it was mostly Alexander himself).
		The greek mercenaries had the advantage of standing on the shore of the river against the Macedonian phalanx in the water.
		In the middle the Greek mercenaries stood strong (at the river bank); showing stiff resistance against Alexander's phalanx trying to break their line.
	www.allempires.com /articles/issos/issos.htm (843 words)

	Livius Picture Archive: battle site near Issus (Payas)
		Darius and the Greek mercenaries stood in the center, the wings were occupied by the Cardaces, a Persian phalanx.
		They were routed on their left (on the beach), hardly kept their position in the center, but were victorious on their right, where Alexander's cavalry charged.
		He retired to Issus, leaving his demoralized men as a prey to the Macedonians and vultures.
	www.livius.org /a/turkey/issus/issus.html (473 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		It aimed specifically to examine the feasibility of supplying river navigators directly, onboard their vessels, with operational traffic images from the shore-based radar and other information sources.
		The development of an efficient inland navigation information system should provide the different participants in inland navigation with information on cargoes and cargo flows, on the availability of transport capacities and on navigability conditions.
		The present proposal is centred on a contribution of information technology and telematics to the issues of sustainable capacities offered by West European major inland waterways.
	www.issus.fh-hamburg.de /iss_web/projekte/incarnation/texte.htm (1307 words)

	Life and Deeds of Alexander the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		At the river Granicus, near the ancient city of Troy, he attacked an army of Persians and Greek hoplites (mercenaries) totaling 40,000 men.
		Crossing the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers, he met Darius at the head of an army of unknown size, which, according to the exaggerated accounts of antiquity, was said to number a million men; this army he completely defeated in the Battle of Gaugamela, on October 1, 331 BC.
		Darius fled as he had done at Issus and was later slain by two of his own generals.
	sangha.net /messengers/alexander/life.htm (1240 words)

	The ten-horned beast: Alexander the Great. (6) Issus
		This was the pass between the coastal plain of Cilicia and the plain of the river Orontes; the main road from Babylonia to Cilicia went through this pass.
		When the Macedonians advanced, they descended to a river named Pinarus and had a good view of their opponents' line on the other side of the river.
		At the same time, the phalanx had crossed the river and made a frontal attack on the Persian right wing and the Greek mercenaries.
	www.livius.org /aj-al/alexander/alexander06.html (1721 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Asia Minor
		The rivers carry off enormous quantities of this material which, as it hardens to travertine, forces them to shift their beds, petrifies vegetation, and sterilizes the surroundings.
		The lack of navigable rivers reaching well into the interior has always been a source of political and economic weakness for Asia Minor, and is perhaps the chief reason why in antiquity it never took on the character of a great united state.
		It is to be noted that in the conquered Roman provinces the Arabs first, and then the Turks, retained much of the Roman (Byzantine) Law, especially as regarded their Christian subjects, and in so far as it did not conflict with the Koran (Amos, History of the Civil Law of Rome, London, 1883).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01782a.htm (10230 words)

	Alexander the great
		Days before the Battle of Issus, Alexander unknowingly marched his men south from Issus to meet up with Darius, when in fact, at the same time, Darius was marching north to Issus to fight in battle against Alexander.
		Once Alexander received word that the Persian army was back in Issus, he headed north again (Renault 92), approximately another thirty miles (Hackney 2).
		With everyone in position, the Battle of Issus was underway, with Darius’ most skilled squadrons fighting Parmenio and the Macedonian Phalanxes (Hackney 2).
	www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us /History/MidEast/03/tucker (1188 words)

	ERBzine 1289a: Gods of Mars Log Notes ~ Visible Answers Version
		The order that came from Issus: She wishes to look upon the daughter of Matai Shang and the alien who had been a Prince of Helium.
		Issus' decision for Phaidra's future: To serve for one year as her slave after which time she must die.
		Issus' decision for Carter's fate: To be taken as a prisoner to the Isle of Shador on the Sea of Omean.
	www.erbzine.com /mag12/1289a.html (4384 words)

	Steven Pressfield - Official Website
		He commanded at four monumental battles--the Granicus River, Issus, Gaugamela, and the Hydaspes River--in addition to prosecuting numerous sieges, desert and mountain campaigns, and a three-year counter-guerrilla war in Afghanistan.
		He had won the great battles of the Granicus River and Issus (in modern Turkey) and had conquered all of what is today Turkey, Syria, Israel, Egypt, and part of Arabia.
		He had faced Darius III in person at the battle of Issus, annihilated his army, and driven him in flight from the field.
	www.stevenpressfield.com /content/article.asp (3558 words)

	Home
		While the issue of geography is quite important, Kosmin and Lachman also discuss the important factors of race, ethnicity, gender and age, all of which, along with geography, would not have limited a loving and all-powerful God from spreading the supposedly most important message in human history in a more timely manner.
		The only issues of any importance are whether or not the claims were true, and whether or not thousands of people believed the claims.
		Lest anyone claim that Bagemihl's work is not endorsed by a substantial number of research scientists, in the acknowledgements section in the beginning of the book, Bagemihl says, "This project has been a labor of love, one that would not have been possible without the participation and contributions of numerous individuals and organizations.
	www.johnnyskeptic.com (18575 words)

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