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Topic: Isthmus of Panama

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	MSN Encarta - Panama
		Panama is crossed by mountain ranges, covered with large areas of rain forest, and bounded by two long coastlines studded with islands and bays.
		Panama City, the capital and largest city, is on the Pacific coast in this central zone.
		West of Panama’s central zone is the Interior, including the province of Coclé, with its capital at Penomoné, and the province of Veraguas, centered on its capital of Santiago.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761577478/Panama.html (1477 words)

	Panama Canal article - Panama Canal canal isthmus Panama Atlantic Pacific locks Lake Gatún islands - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Panama Canal is a large canal (51 miles long) that cuts through the isthmus of Panama, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
		The Panama Railway was built across the isthmus from 1850 to 1855.
		Panama was then part of Colombia so Roosevelt proceeded to negotiate with the Colombians to obtain the necessary permission.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Panama_Canal (1378 words)

	Isthmus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Isthmus of Panama connects North and South America.
		An isthmus (from Greek ισθμός, isthmos; plural isthmuses or isthmi; pronounced /ˈɪs.mʌs/) is a narrow strip of land that is bordered on two sides by water and connects two larger land masses.
		The Panama Canal, which connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, drastically reduces the naval travel time between the east and west coasts of the Americas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Isthmus (326 words)

	Isthmus of Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		We are all Panamanians.(formation of Isthmus of Panama may have started a series of climatic changes that led to evoluti...
		The Isthmus of Panama is the narrow strip of land between the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean which links North America and South America.
		A topographical map of the Isthmus of Panama,: Together with a separate and enlarged map of the lines of travel, and a m...
	hallencyclopedia.com /Isthmus_of_Panama (412 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		PANAMA CANAL, canal joining the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across the Isthmus of Panama.
		The first project for a canal through the Isthmus of Panama was initiated by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V who, in 1523, ordered a survey of the isthmus.
		Panama was to be compensated by an initial payment of $10 million and an annuity of $250,000, beginning in 1913.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/us_history/panama_canal.html (1275 words)

	Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		In 1519 the population of Santa María moved to the new town of Panama (the first European settlement on the west coast of the hemisphere), which became the centre of commercial activity and the springboard for the conquest of Peru.
		With the final destruction of Nombre de Dios in the late 16th century by the Englishman Francis Drake, commercial activity was moved to the hamlet of Portobelo, overlooking the calm bay recorded by Christopher Columbus in 1502.
		Panama town and Portobelo continued to attract the attention of English raiders, however, and disastrous consequences befell both settlements.
	www.dianascorner.homestead.com /Panama.html (1213 words)

	Formation of the Isthmus of Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Panama is both a bridge and a barrier.
		As a result, the biodiversity of Panama is unlike that present anywhere else on earth.
		The story of the dramatic transformations of Panama's biodiversity—the rise of the isthmus, the biotic exchange, the evolution and extinction of species, the present crises, and possible future of Panama's biodiversity—are the essential issues around which the Bridge of Life will be structured.
	www.biomuseopanama.org /en/biodiversity/formation_isthmus.html (66 words)

	Isthmus of Panama -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		Although the isthmus was frequently attacked by English pirates, it remained in Spanish hands until independence in the early 19th century.
		The construction of the Panama Canal during the 1880s and the period 1904–14 resulted in heavy migration, notably to Panama City.
		It weaves across a strip of tropical land where the Isthmus of Panama narrows in the shape of a long flattened letter S. The fame of the Panama Canal is not in its size, for it is only about 51 miles (82 kilometers) long.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9058218 (1032 words)

	Panama on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		To the west and east of Panama, respectively, are Costa Rica and Colombia; the Panama Canal bisects the country.
		Soon the isthmus became the route by which the treasures of the Inca empire were transferred to Spain, attracting the unwelcome attention of English buccaneers—such as Sir Francis Drake, William Parker, Sir Henry Morgan, and Edward Vernon—who swooped down on the gold-bearing galleons and the treasures of Portobelo.
		PANAMA: 04/99 The City Howard Air Force Base situated outside the city at the Pacific entrance of the Panama canal, will also be returned to Panama in June 1999.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/P/Panama.asp (2200 words)

	Panama - The 1903 Treaty and Qualified Independence
		This interest culminated in the Spooner Bill of June 29, 1902, providing for a canal through the isthmus of Panama, and the Hay-Herrán Treaty of January 22, 1903, under which Colombia gave consent to such a project in the form of a 100-year lease on an area 10 kilometers wide.
		The Republic of Panama became a de facto protectorate of the larger country through two provisions whereby the United States guaranteed the independence of Panama and received in return the right to intervene in Panama's domestic affairs.
		Panama, although admitting that the clauses were vague and obscure, later held that the original concession of authority related only to the construction, operation, and defense of the canal and that rights and privileges not necessary to these functions had never been relinquished.
	countrystudies.us /panama/8.htm (733 words)

	Panama
		Shortly after Roosevelt had conspired with individuals in the Isthmus of Panama to promote a "revolution" in early November 1903 and declare the new sovereign nation of "Panama," the U.S. completed a treaty with the new country.
		Panama became one of the 4 Latin American countries forming the Contadora Group in 1983 launching efforts to negotiate peace for the sovereign nations of Central America.
		One of the confusions about Panama's politics lie in the fact that Noriega was from the poorer sectors of Panama society and represented an anti-oligarchic philosophy.
	www.brianwillson.com /awolpanama.html (8506 words)

	The Isthmus and Panama
		The people who cross the Isthmus of Panama, either way, are always in the best of spirits; a fine hilarity pervades the cars, and sounds of mirth and revelry burst out with abundant spontaneity.
		All were gathered to the front to behold the daily spectacle of the train, and a faint enthusiasm for it was manifested among the infants, who swung leaves and sticks of wood for joy.
		There is a spirit of dandyism abroad on the Isthmus, and not a few handsome fellows in white pantaloons, embroidered jackets, and broad-brimmed hats, took up advantageous positions for the benefit of the lady-passengers, who responded nobly with their handkerchiefs.
	www.trainweb.org /panama/i&p.html (2025 words)

	WayBack . Gold Rush . Journey of the Forty-niners: The Panama Shortcut \| PBS KIDS GO!
		And a trip through the jungles of Panama, with their brightly-colored birds and flowers, seemed like an exotic adventure.
		The cross-Panama journey began on the Caribbean coast, at the mouth of the Chagres river.
		Of the thousands of forty-niners who attempted the Panama crossing, some died of disease and never made it out of the jungle.
	pbskids.org /wayback/goldrush/journey_panama.html (357 words)

	Isthmus of Panama - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Isthmus of Panama is the narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, linking North and South America.
		It lies in the nation of Panama, and is cut by the Panama Canal.
		Like many isthmuses, it is a location of great strategic value due to its importance in both land and sea transportation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama (132 words)

	Panama (09/05)
		Panama is a representative democracy with three branches of government: executive and legislative branches elected by direct vote for 5-year terms, and an independently appointed judiciary.
		Panama is a member of the UN General Assembly and most major UN agencies and has served three terms as a member of the UN Security Council.
		Panama joined its six Central American neighbors at the 1994 Summit of the Americas in signing the Alliance for Sustainable Development known as the Conjunta Centroamerica-USA or CONCAUSA to promote sustainable economic development in the region.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2030.htm (3347 words)

	Encyclopedia: Isthmus of Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Costa Rica A narrow isthmus between Panama in the east and the Republic of Nicaragua in the north, the Caribbean Sea on the north-east and the Pacific Ocean on the south-west.
		Panama and Canal Zone Explores the history of Panama and the Panama Canal, includes photos and contact information.
		The Isthmus Ministry Project Anglican churches on the Isthmus of Avalon, shown in pictures with information that includes descriptions of people, parishes, churches and their communities listing Worship schedules, pastoral information and links.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Isthmus-of-Panama (497 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Panama
		Located in Central America, occupies the Isthmus of Panama, or Darien, which extends east and west between the Caribbean Sea, on the north, and the Pacific Ocean, on the south.
		The Diocese of Panama (Panamanensis) was erected by Leo X in 1520 (Annuaire Pont.) or in 1515, or by Clement VII, in 1534 (Moroni, "Diz.
		The Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent of Paul have, at Panama, a primary school for girls, with 400 pupils, a pension and orphanage of the Holy Family, independent of the State, a government asylum, and another institution which is supported by the ecclesiastical authority.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11438a.htm (1241 words)

	Isthmus
		The most famous isthmus is Panama, which connects the North, and South American continents.
		Other isthmuses include the isthmus between Africa and Asia, in Egypt where the Suez Canal is located; and the Kra Isthmus[?], which joins the Malay Peninsula with mainland Asia.
		The Panama Canal, which connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, drastically cut down on the naval travel time between the east as west coasts of the Americas.
	www.wordlookup.net /is/isthmus.html (317 words)

	Panama Railroad Stock Certificates, 1865, 1868, 1871
		Completed in 1855, fourteen years before the rails were joined at Promontory Summit, Utah, the Panama Railroad was the first railroad to traverse the continent and so also has a claim on the title of "first transcontinental railroad." The Panama Railroad was a great improvement over traveling and carrying mail overland through the Panama jungle.
		Theodore Judah also died of tropical disease as a result of crossing Panama, and Lewis Metzler Clement's wife traveled on the Panama Railroad to reach California to join her husband while he built the Central Pacific Railroad across the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
		Map of the Panama Canal and Panama Railroad by Everett E. Winchell from a 1913 booklet published by the Remington Typewriter Company to promote the then upcoming 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition which was held in San Francisco between February 20 and December 4, 1915.
	cprr.org /Museum/Ephemera/Panama_Railroad_Stock_1868.html (840 words)

	CNN - Researcher tells Isthmus of Panama story - June 30, 1998
		at 11:11 AM ET As the Isthmus of Panama formed, the exchange of water and marine life between the Caribbean and the Pacific was cut off.
		Her ongoing research is to determine how the isthmus has affected a group of marine organisms that inhabit the Caribbean and the eastern Pacific.
		After the emergence of the isthmus, the size of the corbulid bivalve mollusks, a type of clams, in the Caribbean and Atlantic was an indication that something was changing.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/science/9806/30/clams.yoto (537 words)

	Journeys - Ecotours and Travel - Panama
		Panama is a fascinating nation that welcomes visitors fervently.
		This is a very complete taste of Panama with the full flavor of natural and cultural diversity.
		This trip is a great introduction to the country's natural environments including the Panama Canal watershed, the Chiriqui highlands and the alluring Caribbean Sea of Bocas del Toro.
	www.journeys-intl.com /destinations/americas/panama (263 words)

	EO Newsroom: New Images - Panama: Isthmus that Changed the World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Scientists believe the formation of the Isthmus of Panama is one of the most important geologic events to happen on Earth in the last 60 million years.
		Even though it is only a tiny sliver of land, relative to the sizes of continents, the Isthmus of Panama had an enormous impact on Earth’s climate and its environment.
		In short, the Isthmus of Panama directly and indirectly influenced ocean and atmospheric circulation patterns, which regulated patterns of rainfall, which in turn sculpted landscapes.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16401 (639 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Convention Between the US And Panama (Panama Canal), 1903
		The Republic of Panama grants to the United States in perpetuity, a monopoly for the construction, maintenance and operation of any system of communication by means of canal or railroad across its territory between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean.
		The Government of the Republic of Panama shall have the right to establish in such ports and in the towns of Panama and Colon such houses and guards as it may deem necessary to collect duties on importations destined to other portions of Panama and to prevent contraband trade.
		If the Republic of Panama shall hereafter enter as a constituent into any other Government or into any union or confederation of states, so as to merge her sovereignty or independence in such Government, union or confederation, the rights of the United States under this convention shall not be in any respect lessened or impaired.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1903panama.html (1239 words)

	§25. The Isthmus of Panama. XIV. Travellers and Explorers, 1846–1900. Vol. 17. Later National Literature, ...
		In the golden days of ’49 there was a road to the Californian Eldorado by way of the Isthmus of Panama.
		A Story of Life on the Isthmus (1853) was written by Joseph Warren Fabens; and an even earlier one The Isthmus of Panama and What I Saw There (1839) is by Chauncey D. Griswold.
		Then there is Five Years at Panama (1889) by Wolfred Nelson, and numerous others between these dates, including an exceedingly scarce volume, The Panama Massacre (1857), which presents the evidence in the case of the massacre of Americans in 1856.
	www.bartleby.com /227/0725.html (262 words)

	Historical Text Archive: Articles: Crossing the Isthmus of Panama before the Canal
		In 1573, he crossed the isthmus and sacked Panama and took its silver. The other to the Dutch in 1628.
		The Panama Railroad was rescued financially by a 1,000 men who came on the paddle-wheel steamers, the Georgia and the Philadelphia, trying to reach the gold fields of California and, to do so, paid exorbitant prices to ride those 7 miles to walk along the right of way.
		He never understood that he had to have an adequate railroad to move men and materiel as work on the canal proceeded so the Panama Railroad was not properly used. He had trouble feeding and housing the gigantic work force his company employed.
	historicaltextarchive.com /sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=689 (2437 words)

	Smithsonian Institution Libraries: Make the Dirt Fly!
		An isthmus is a narrow neck of land surrounded by water that joins two larger land masses.
		Although the Isthmus of Panama and the Isthmus of Suez are the most famous, isthmuses are found throughout the world.
		In 1851, a herd of camels was imported to the isthmus to serve as beasts of burden, but the animals were no more effective than the mules and horses already in use.
	www.sil.si.edu /Exhibitions/Make-the-Dirt-Fly/whybuild.html (675 words)

	Books: Naturalists on the Isthmus of Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Stanley Heckadon, the Chiriqui native who was Panama's top environmental watchdog during part of the Endara administration and who now heads the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute's (STRI's) Public Programs, is not a natural historian by profession, nor is he formally educated in the history of science.
		That, in turn, was one of the things that prompted Mario Lewis, at the time the publisher of Epoca, a publication that now appears as a supplement in La Prensa but which is older than La Prensa, to ask Heckadon to write a monthly column on the pioneers of Panamanian biology.
		"Naturalists on the Isthmus of Panama" is one more reason, and one of the more compelling ones, for you to go to a book-buying expedition to the excellent little bookstore at STRI's Tupper Center in Ancon.
	www.thepanamanews.com /pn/v_10/issue_17/review_01.html (598 words)

	Travel to Panama: Ecotourism Trips and Adventure Travel - Wildland Adventures
		Panama (literally meaning "abundance of") is, perhaps, best known for its position at the crossroads of two seas and for the engineering marvel: The Panama Canal.
		Bordered by the Caribbean and the Pacific, the Isthmus of Panama is a land-bridge uniting South and North America.
		Panama's captivating, colorful history centers around the role it continues to play as a transport route between continents.
	www.wildland.com /trips/centralamerica/panama.aspx (524 words)

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