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Topic: Italian Communist Party

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	Italian Communist Party - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista d'Italia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that body's congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno.
		In 1926 the party was outlawed by the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini.
		In 1998 the PDS, with several smaller parties, the Laburisti (liberal socialists), the Cristiano Sociali (christian socialists), the Comunisti Unitari (right-wing split of the PRC), the Sinistra Repubblicana (left republicans) and the Riformatori per l'Europa (social democratic trade unionists), co-founded the "Democratici di Sinistra" (DS) or Democrats of the Left party.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Italian_Communist_Party (1087 words)

	Communist Refoundation Party (Italy) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Communist Refoundation Party (Italian: Partito della Rifondazione Comunista) is an Italian reformed communist party.
		It was formed in 1991 when the Italian Communist Party split in two: the Democratic Party of the Left, led by Achille Occhetto, and the Partito della Rifondazione Comunista, originally headed by Armando Cossutta.
		The party participates both in the European Anticapitalist Left and the Party of the European Left.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party (498 words)

	Communist Party Statistics Sources
		Its authority was particularly evident in relations with the Communist parties in Eastern Europe and with the smaller parties of Western Europe and the western hemisphere.
		The party's secretary-general from 1930 until 1964, Maurice Thorez, was briefly (1946-47) vice-premier of France; the party was led by Georges Marchais (1920-97) from 1972 to 1993.
		Communist parties in the western hemisphere, except for those of Cuba and Nicaragua, are generally small and sometimes illegal.
	www.adherents.com /largecom/communist_parties.html (3823 words)

	D'Alema (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		His father was a parliamentarian with the Communist party, and his mother was a member of the Italian Communist Party (PCI).
		D'Alema became the party secretary for the southern region of Apulia.
		Upon the formation of this new party, D'Alema became its Political Coordinator.He was reelected to parliament in 1992, and became President of Deputies for the PDS (O'Grady, 1998).
	www.uwgb.edu /galta/333/BIOS98/DALEMA.HTM (980 words)

	New Page 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Italian communists called for a new state-market relationship since "the problem is the reverse of the proposition that has guided international Communism: not to abolish the market in order to establish socialism, but to use and govern the market to realize gradually a society of free and equal people" (Daniels 366).
		The Italian Communist Party in particular emphasized democratic initiatives as a means to rectify the failure of the push for proletarian dictatorship (Daniels 365).
		The Italian notion of "democracy as the path to freedom" (Daniels 367) was echoed by the Sandinistas who argued for "the defense of the freedom of expression and the right of all citizens, journalists and communicators to communicate" (Daniels 361).
	students.washington.edu /dustind/essay/rejection.htm (1357 words)

	Italy's Communist Party appears to win elections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		ROME -- Italy's former Communists and their centrist allies were projected as the winners of Sunday's parliamentary elections, putting them in line to govern the country for the first time if the trend held.
		Italians had hoped the third national elections in four years would finally produce a stable government, but the presence of a hard-line Communist party in the center-left coalition could signal yet more conflict ahead.
		The coalition is dominated by the Democratic Party of the Left, which has grown more moderate since dropping Marxist rhetoric in its transformation from the Communist Party.
	www.chron.com /content/chronicle/world/96/04/22/italy.html (356 words)

	Abigail Brooks
		In response to the autonomous feminist movement and to pressures from women within their parties (who were often reflecting to some degree the voice of the extra-political feminist movement), the PCI and the DC's frames on women's issues shifted significantly throughout the late 1960s and 1970s.
		It was the women of the Italian Communist Party and the UDI, the women activists within the political structure, who employed framing strategies which incorporated many of the feminist demands on abortion and appeased the Catholics within the party, culminating in a final and successful frame of compromise.
		In speaking of the Italian women's movement as a whole it becomes clear that the autonomous feminist movement invoked a tremendous effect on both the Communist Party and the Christian Democrats in regards to their approach to women's issues.
	www.bc.edu /bc_org/avp/cas/soc/SocialMoments/brooks1.htm (3706 words)

	Berlusconi suffers major defeat in Italian regional elections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Berlusconi’s alliance of right-wing parties, called the House of Freedom, which has governed the country for four years, lost in 11 of the 13 regions in which elections were held to the centre-left alliance called “l’Unione” (the Union), led by the former European Union commission president Romano Prodi.
		The kidnapping in Iraq of Italian journalist Giuliana Sgrena followed by the killing of the man who negotiated her release, Nicola Calipari, by a US military patrol served to revive anti-war sentiment in the spring of this year.
		The so-called “left” parties in the alliance, such as Communist Refoundation, fulfil the task of providing a left cover for politicians committed to imposing whatever attacks on the working class are necessary to make Italian capitalism more competitive within the global market economy.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2005/apr2005/ital-a09.shtml (1444 words)

	Biography of Palmiro Togliatti. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		From the formation of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in 1921 until his death in 1964 he remained a crusader in the Italian Road to Socialism.
		It was both an invitation for the masses and a firm establishment of the PCI as a legitimate, national political party concerned with the general interests of the people (Gray, 1980; Pasquino, 1980).
		Urban, J.B. Moscow and the Italian Communist Party: From Togliatti to Berlinguer.
	www.uwgb.edu /galta/333/togliat.htm (1371 words)

	Metaforum.it > Enrico Berlinguer - Biografia From Wikipedia
		At the end of 1944, Togliatti appointed him to the national secretariat of the Communist Organisation for Youth (FGCI); he was soon sent to Milan, and in 1945 he was appointed to the Central Committee as a member.
		The following year he was elected national vice-secretary of the party (the secretary being Luigi Longo); in this role he took part in the 1969 international conference of the Communist parties in Moscow, where his delegation disagreed with the "official" political line, and refused to vote on the final document.
		The break with the Soviets and other Communist parties became clear when the PCI didn't participate in the 1980 international conference of Communist parties held in Paris.
	www.metaforum.it /berlinguer/wikipedia_berlinguer.htm (1502 words)

	Red Biographies: Antonio Gramsci
		At the University, despite years of terrible suffering due to inadequate diet, unheated flats, and constant nervous exhaustion, Antonio took a variety of courses, mainly in the humanities but also in the social sciences and in linguistics, to which he was sufficiently attracted to contemplate academic specialization in that subject.
		On the evening of November 8, 1926, Gramsci was arrested in Rome (after the Communist Party was outlawed by the Fascists) and committed to solitary confinement at the Regina Coeli prison.
		The Italian Communist Party began released scattered sections of the "Prison Notebooks" and some of the approximately 500 letters he had written.
	reds.linefeed.org /bios/gramsci.html (731 words)

	RAND \| Papers \| The defense and military policies of the Italian Communist Party
		Analyzes policies of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) from the Second World War to the present, drawing on the author's knowledge of writings of Party leaders and debates in Parliament.
		Italian domestic politics have been crucially shaped by relations between the superpowers, and this had guided PCI decisions as they balance domestic opportunities for influence with constraints imposed by the international environment.
		Four factors influencing PCI's political approach to military affairs are: the Party's strategy for sharing in the governance of Italy and eventually building a socialist society; their Marxist-Leninist framework for analysis of international events; the Party's historical relationship with Tito's Yugoslavia; and desire for credibility of their commitment to NATO after many years of opposition.
	www.rand.org /pubs/papers/P6012 (366 words)

	Someplace Somewhere - Italy goes red, red, red! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Communist Refoundation was born in 1991, IIRC, when the PCI (Italian Communist Party) became DS (Democratic Left).
		Communist Refoundation immediately abandoned the governing coalition, but a few of them decided to stay in the coalition by forming the Italian Communists party.
		It comprises three parties, New Force, Tricolored Flame and Freedom of Action, all more or less evocative of the MSI (Italian Social Movement), which was born straight out of the ashes of the Salo's Republic.
	www.someplacesomewhere.com /topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=25284 (1244 words)

	LRB \| Perry Anderson : Land without Prejudice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Italian prosecutors and judges - it is a peculiarity of the system that there is no career division between them - are a highly politicised body, in which tacit party affiliations and overt professional factions are taken for granted.
		But the former Communists were not alone in feeling that drastic electoral reform, abolishing the hated 'Mattarellum', the hybrid system concocted in the throes of crisis five years earlier, was the key to founding a stable Second Republic.
		Aznar's party, after all, is the direct descendant of a Fascist regime that lasted twice as long as the Italian, and killed many more of its citizens; yet today it is a veritable model of political propriety, indeed a favourite interlocutor of emissaries of the Third Way from London.
	www.lrb.co.uk /v24/n06/ande01_.html (10584 words)

	[No title]
		He guided the party along an "Italian way to socialism," and as editor of "Rinascita" was an active participant in the major cultural debates of the period.
		Certainly we writers in the party are prepared for the eventuality of having to limit our work, whenever that becomes indispensable for the construction of a classless society.
		Italian patriot and revolutionary, and the major exponent of a Republican Italy during the Risorgimento.
	www.uga.edu /~italian/novecento/242.htm (1436 words)

	Parti Communiste d' Espagne (reconstitué)
		For some years, our Party has been paying special attention to the Committees of Support for the Resistance for Communism (CARC) which were attracting those people and organisations which were putting forward the task of rebuilding the Communist Party in Italy.
		However, in the end, their leaders, especially those of the so-called Preparatory Committee for the foundation congress of the "(new) Italian Communist Party", have revealed themselves to be concealed Trotskyists, saboteurs and a scheming rabble.
		If we were to have to highlight the main problem which the European communist movement faces today, it would be the lack of communist vanguards capable of orienting and leading the workers movement in different countries.
	www.antorcha.org /engl/trotsk.htm (742 words)

	Berlinguer, Enrico on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Meeting of the Italian Communist Party led by Enrico BERLINGUER (IT, 1922-84), Secretary General of the (PAR159429)
		Meeting of the Italian Communist Party led by Enrico BERLINGUER (IT, 1922-84), Secretary General of the Party.
		Crowd gathered on the San Carlo square for a meeting of the Italian Communist Party led by Enrico BERLINGUER (IT, 1922-84), Secretary General of the Party.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/B/Berlingu.asp (679 words)

	TFF Jonathan Power Columns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		An offshoot of the communist party, the Democratic Party of the Left, more professing social democracy than communism, has taken power.
		For example, the eminence grise of the Spanish communist party, Manual Azcarate, who spelt out in an interview with George Urban in "Encounter" "that once the contagion of a liberated Eurocommunism spreads through western Europe into eastern Europe, the U.S. and the Soviet Union will find themselves removed from the battlefield for the European mind.
		The Italian communist party of the Eurocommunist era and after may have been embarrassed by and even detested what came out of that school--the Red Brigades--but it can never fully disown them because they were its children.
	www.transnational.org /forum/power/1998/pow28-10.html (705 words)

	Foreign Affairs - The Italian Crisis: A Communist Perspective - Giorgio Napolitano
		Summary: The policy of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) today is based on the conviction that Italy is in the grip of a very serious crisis and that the labor movement must do everything in its power to overcome this crisis.
		Giorgio Napolitano is a member of the Directorate of the Italian Communist Party, with responsibility for economic policy and social affairs.
		The policy of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) today is based on the conviction that Italy is in the grip of a very serious crisis and that the labor movement must do everything in its power to overcome this crisis.
	www.foreignaffairs.org /19780701faessay9875/giorgio-napolitano/the-italian-crisis-a-communist-perspective.html (626 words)

	Antonio Gramsci -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		After his party was outlawed by the Fascists, Gramsci was arrested and imprisoned (1926).
		The most influential and innovative Italian composer of his time, Antonio Vivaldi was an accomplished violinist who wrote music for operas, solo instruments, and small ensembles.
		Italian sculptor Antonio Canova was one of the greatest artists of the neoclassic movement (in art, a movement that imitated the classical art of ancient Greece and Rome).
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9037641 (851 words)

	Conversation with Federico Rampini, p. 2 of 5
		I was first a leader of the Communist Party in my university, and then I became more involved in the activities at the headquarters of the Communist Party in Rome.
		Already in the seventies for instance, the Communist Party in Italy was in favor of private property, of private enterprise.
		There was also the fact that the Italian Communists were very strong already in the fifties and in the sixties in some areas of the country like Tuscany and Emilia Romagna.
	globetrotter.berkeley.edu /people2/Rampini/rampini-con2.html (996 words)

	Conversation with Federico Rampini, p. 3 of 5
		The early tradition of the Communist Party was definitely anti-European.
		And why that evolution occurred, I think, is precisely because the Italian Communist Party, as well as other leftist parties, understood at that time that only a European federation would be strong enough to defend some peculiarities of the social European model against the forces of globalization.
		Labor unions, which are the main supporter of the leftist parties in Italy, opposed some of the measures that were taken, some of the legislation, like reducing public pensions and reducing public expenditures in general.
	globetrotter.berkeley.edu /people2/Rampini/rampini-con3.html (1499 words)

	BBC News \| Europe \| Atheist's audience with the Pope
		The Italian premier is a former Communist, the first to head a government in Western Europe, and a confirmed atheist.
		In 1949, Pope Pius XII excommunicated Communist Party members and their supporters and for years afterwards the church tried to curtail the influence of the Italian Communist Party, which was the most powerful in Europe.
		He said the Pope was right about the spiritual void in countries governed by Communist parties and he is paid tribute to him as one of the greatest personalities at the close of the century.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/250819.stm (292 words)

	Who Will Pay the Price of a New United Europe? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Pivetti is managing editor at L'Unita, the newspaper which held aloft the banner of class struggle in Italian politics for five decades, as the voice of the former Italian Communist Party (PCI).
		Her Party of the Democratic Left (PDS), which anchors the ruling Olive Coalition, was born when the Italian Communist Party split in 1992, in the wake of the fall of the Soviet Union.
		In a strange twist of historic positions, the PDS and Italy's leftwing labor federation, the General Confederation of Italian Workers, objected to shortening the workweek.
	dbacon.igc.org /Unions/05italy.htm (2244 words)

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