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Topic: Italian Independence wars

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Civil War

	War - LoveToKnow 1911
		And statesmen themselves would realize that when war is afoot their interference is worse than useless; that preparation for defence, whether by the multiplication of roads, the construction of railways, of arsenals, dockyards, fortresses, is not the smallest of their duties; and lastly, that so far as possible diplomacy and strategy should keep step.
		His foresight, his prevision of the accidents inevitable in war, would necessarily be far inferior to those of men who had spent their lives in applying strategical principles to concrete cases; and it is exceedingly unlikely that he would be as prolific of strategical expedients as those familiar with their employment.
		Prisoners of war may be set at liberty on parole if the laws of their country authorize it, and, in such a case, they are bound, on their personal honour, scrupulously to fulfil, both as regards their own government and the government by whom they were made prisoners, the engagements they have contracted.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /War (12444 words)

	Italian Independence wars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Italian independence leaders like Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini returned to Italy to took part to the events, but were rather coldly welcome by the House of Savoy, who aimed to maintain a moderate and pro-governative character to the war.
		The second independence war, also known as Austro-Sardinian War, was declared by the kingdom of Sardinia, in 1859, with the alliance of France.
		The Third Independence War was declared by the kingdom of Italy (unified in 1860) against the Austrian Empire, in 1866, with the alliance of the Kingdom of Prussia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Italian_Independence_wars (955 words)

	Italian Unification
		An insurrection in 1848 caused pope Pius IX to flee Rome and a republic was proclaimed.
		Napoleon's growing concern with respect to the sudden (large) size of his neighbor was resolved in part by the cessation of the Sardinian provinces of Savoy, near the Alps, and Nice, on the Mediterranean coast to France in 1860.
		The Italian kingdom was missing Rome, which was still a papal possession, and Venice, which was controlled by the Austrians.
	www.arcaini.com /ITALY/ItalyHistory/ItalianUnification.htm (1463 words)

	Trentino-Alto Adige travel guide - Wikitravel
		Italian independence wars in the last half of the XIX century claimed back from Austria the former Venetian Republic.
		After the war was lost by Austria, the portion of Tirol south of the Brenner Pass was annexed by Italy and renamed Trentino - Alto Adige, Trentino being the part with Italian-speaking population.
		During the war, the region was briefly annexed to the Third Reich.
	wikitravel.org /en/Trentino-Alto_Adige (549 words)

	ThinkQuest : Library Search
		Patent wars on pharmaceuticals are an ongoing battle, one that affects the lives of a myriad of people around the world yet sorely lacking the awareness and recognition it merits.
		With its mighty wars and political conflicts the Italian Peninsula has transformed greatly and is now beheld in front of you.
		Separating two world wars, the 1920's followed events such as the sinking of the Titanic (1912), the invention of stainless steel (1913), and the completion of the Panama Canal (1914).
	www.thinkquest.org /library/search.html?search_text=wars (854 words)

	[Regents Prep Global History] Conflict: World Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This page will deal with the long-range and more immediate causes of World War I, the technological advances created during the war, some aspects of WWI battles, and the far-reaching effects of the conflict on Europe and the rest of the world.
		The machine gun, the tank, the airplane, the submarine, and the use of poison gas drastically changed the face of modern war, and resulted in large numbers of casualties.
		Italian and German troops gained control of the Mediterranean and the North coast of Africa.
	regentsprep.org /Regents/global/themes/conflict/worldwars.cfm (1102 words)

	The First Italian War of Independence (1848-49) -- a Military History
		The Italians were, however, beset by political turmoil: for example, the question of whether Sardinia was actually fighting for a united Italian republic or a united Italy ruled by Sardinia.
		On the fourth day, for example, the Italians were exhausted and out of supplies, whereas the Austrian units facing them had been properly rotated with their reserves and were therefore relatively fresh.
		Garibaldi, who had joined the fight for independence just as the armistice was about to be agreed, took his followers into the mountains and fought on for another three weeks, winning two stunning victories with his 500 men against an Austrian army of 5,000, but then was forced to retreat to Switzerland.
	www.victorianweb.org /history/risorgimento/2.html (953 words)

	Category:Wars - Military History Wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		War is a conflict involving the organized use of weapons and physical force by states or other large-scale groups.
		Wars usually take the form of a series of military campaigns between two opposing sides involving a dispute over, amongst others issues, sovereignty, territory, resources, religion, or ideology.
		A war to liberate an occupied country is called a "war of liberation"; a war between internal factions within a state is a civil war.
	www.militaryhistorywiki.org /wiki/Category:Wars (827 words)

	The Terrible Truth - The Human History of War
		161 - 166 Parthian war of Lucius Verus
		1532 - 1546 Ottoman-Habsburg War in the Mediterranean
		1551 - 1581 Ottoman-Habsburg War in the Mediterranean
	www.bibleufo.com /terribletruth5.htm (1805 words)

	Erich Wollenberg: Just Wars in the Light of Marxism (February 1936)
		Marx and Lenin, when they used the expression “just war”, meant a war in the epoch of the bourgeois revolution, that is, in the nineteenth century, conducted by an oppressed nation divided up among foreign states, against its oppressors with the aim of uniting itself into a single national state.
		The civil war is also a war, the war of the oppressed classes against their exploiters and oppressors.
		The civil war, the continuation and the highest form of the class struggle, is the most outstanding type of “just” war in the epoch of imperialism.
	www.marxists.org /history/etol/newspape/ni/vol03/no01/wollenberg.htm (2789 words)

	Wikinfo \| Milan
		Milan (Milano in the Italian language, from Latin, mediolanum with the meaning of 'in the middle of the plain') is the main city in northern Italy, and is located in the plains of Lombardy, one of the most developed Italian regions.
		In the 18th century Austria replaced Spain as Milan's overlord, but after the French revolution and the Napoleonic wars the city became one of the main centres of Italian nationalism, reclaiming independence and the unification of Italy.
		In 1859 (after the second of the Italian Independence wars) Austrian rule was ended by kingdom of Sardinia (which transformed into kingdom of Italy in 1861).
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Milan (552 words)

	The History Guy: Wars of 1899
		Wars and conflicts fought in the year 1899 are featured on this page in rough chronological order.
		He resumed his war in 1908 and harassed the occupiers of his country until 1920.
		(1899-1902)--Originally called the "Philippine Uprising", this was a war of independence fought by the Filipinos against the occupying American military.
	www.historyguy.com /wars_of_1899.html (1115 words)

	Italian Pride: Bologna, The Italian Museum of Food
		That is not to say that the city itself is not remarkable; in fact, it's one of the best preserved of the old European cities.
		In 1249, Bologna won its independence from Rome in the Battle of Fossalta, taking prisoner the son of the Holy Roman Emperor.
		In spite of subsequent feudal wars, the city grew in wealth and was eventually taken under the wing of the papal states in the beginning of the sixteenth century.
	www.italianpride.com /bologna.htm (336 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| Ancient and Medieval Wars
		As Hannibal met Rome's strongest army at Cannae, Rome's vaunted tenacity and soldiery were expected to prove decisive despite the Carthaginians' recent victories.
		On May 14, 1264, King Henry III confronted Simon de Montfort and his noblemen, but it was the impetuous Prince Edward who decided the outcome of the battle.
		During the Crusades, Europe’s military leaders learned the principles of building war engines capable of effectively slinging rocks weighing a ton or more against castle walls.
	www.historynet.com /wars_conflicts/ancient_medieval_wars (591 words)

	THE LIFE OF PETER STUART - The "Ditton doctor" - By Mazzini Stuart - Presented by Francis Treuherz & ...
		In view of that fact it is, perhaps, not strange that his son should evince so warm a feeling for those who sought assistance and sympathy for the cause of Italian independence.
		In his nature there lay a strong wish to see justice dispensed without regard to class or position, and his efforts on behalf of the Italian cause were actuated by his belief in the principles of free nationalities.
		About the period under review the Italian cause was the Irish question of European politics, and though there were many people in England who supported the idea of a united Italy, the majority were indifferent with regard to the aspirations of the states which formed the Italian nation.
	www.homeoint.org /books3/stuart/italians.htm (1140 words)

	Wars, Battles, Insurgencies, Rebels and Empires
		1828 war was precipitated by the Greek War of Independence and ended with the Treaty of Adrianople.
		Japanese military's systematic destruction of the Chinese countryside in a war of pacification.
		Vietnam War: Major North Vietnamese surprise offensive against American and South Vietnamese forces on the eve of the lunar New Year celebrations.
	www.geocities.com /dtmcbride/hist/wars.html (2076 words)

	ITALIA - Genoa Museums
		The home where Giuseppe Mazzini was born preserves documents and memorabilia of the Risorgimento (autographs, objects, uniforms, flags) that illustrate a historic journey from Balilla to Rome, the capital city of a united Italy, passing through the Jacobins, the Ligurian Republic, Giovine Italia,1848, the wars of Independence and the feat of Garibaldi's Mille.
		Two new sections have recently been opened: the first is dedicated to Goffredo Mameli and the Italian National Anthem and the second to Garibaldi and his heroic deeds.
		Paintings, sculptures, drawings and engravings, which can be dated between 1860 and 1930, mainly portraits, scenes of everyday life and landscapes, according to criteria followed by the upper middle classes at the beginning of the 19th century.
	www.italiantourism.com /genoa.html (1502 words)

	Wars of Modern Egypt
		Egypt declared independence from official Ottoman rule, and defeated Turkish forces sent to subdue the Pasha's rebellion.
		That ruler was overthrown by the British at the beginning of the war due to his pro-German sympathies.
		They fought both the French and the Italians before engaging in combat with the British in Egypt during World War I as allies of the Ottoman Turks.
	www.historyguy.com /wars_of_egypt.html (1121 words)

	Between the World Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Outbreak of World War I. The Sultan allies with the Axis powers, threatening Britain's Suez route to India.
		One-third are from eastern Europe, one-third from Germany and Central Europe, escaping the rise of Nazism.
		At the war's end, the Jewish settlers expect the British White Paper of 1939 to be rescinded because of their aid to Britain and because of 100,000 survivors of the Shoah in Displaced Persons camps.
	www.bc.edu /bc_org/research/cjl/Israel_Palestine/between_world_wars.htm (453 words)

	Rome: The Conquest of Italy
		Rome was now vulnerable to all the peoples it had conquered, and various Italian states tried to attack Rome.
		In 295 BC, Rome began a war with a tough Latin people living in the Appenine mountains, the Samnites, who were joined by the remaining Etruscan cities, by Gaulish tribes, and some rebellious Italian cities.
		The result of this war, in 280 BC, was total Roman control over all of central Italy.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/ROME/CONQITAL.HTM (625 words)

	Index of Major Wars
		War of Italian Unification (26 Apr 1859 - 11 Jul 1859)
		Paraguay War, "War of the Tripple Alliance" (1864 - 1870)
		War of the Pacific, "Nitrate War" (1879 - 1883)
	www.worldstatesmen.org /WARS.html (347 words)

	Punic Wars and Expansion
		In the 3rd and 2nd Centuries BC, Rome, after consolidating its hold on the Italian peninsula would soon come up against the power of the Mediterranean, Carthage.
		As late as 279 BC, the two states were allied against Pyrrhus of Epirus in order to contain his expansionist goals, but as Rome's strength grew as a result, so did the rivalry and animosity between the two.
		Some of the greatest battles and commanders in world history were on center stage in the conflicts.
	www.unrv.com /empire/punic-wars-and-expansion.php (466 words)

	The Queen of All Evil - Lessons from the War for Southern Independence
		This and the Franco-Prussian War, along with the Battle over Schleswig were all of one package -- the "War" (if you need to call it that) for German Independence/Reunification -- Bismark's dream which ended up in the nightmares of the first half of the 20th Century.
		The emerging Italian state likewise saw conflicts, but the isolation of the Italian peninsula did not lend itself to the direct Great Power vs. Great Power conflicts we saw due to Germany's consolodation.
		Belligerance is indeed instinctive, and excellence at war is not a trivial attribute of a society's fitness for survival.
	www.qoae.net /posts/1146098641.shtml (5004 words)

	Candida Martinelli's Italophile Site(Italian History)
		This is a classic work on the Italian Renaissance: 'The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy' by Jacob Burckhardt from 1878, translated by S.G.C. Middlemore.
		Florence was the center of the Italian Rinascimento.
		Named for the famed Italian map-maker, writer and explorer Amerigo Vespucci, this ship is a hybrid of old and new, and is still used today as an Italian naval officer's training vessel.
	italophiles.com /italian_history3.htm (1600 words)

	Italy Gift Shop (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The flag of Italy (often referred to in Italian as Il Tricolore) is a tricolour featuring three equally sized vertical bands of green, white and red, with the green at the hoist side.The first entity to use the Italian flag was the Cispadane Republic in 1796, after Napoleon's army crossed Italy.
		The colours chosen by the Cispadane Republic were red and white, the colours of the Flag of Milan, and green which was the colour of the uniform of the Lombard Legion.
		The star is an ancient symbol of the personification of Italy (Italia Turrita), usually shining on her head, and was a symbol of the Kingdom of Italy from 1890;
	www.europeangiftshop.com /Italy.html (418 words)

	Study Abroad, Northwestern University
		The Study Abroad Office, together with the Department in French and Italian, is in the process of developing alernative 2007 summer options in Italy for Northwestern students who may have been interested in our Verona program.
		Located in the heart of Northern Italy, Northwestern’s faculty-led summer program is primarily a language intensive experience; students have the opportunity to either begin or increase their Italian language skills while simultaneously submersing themselves in Italian culture and society.
		Students enroll in a first or second year Italian language course and in addition have the option of enrolling in a content course focusing on Italian Opera.
	www.northwestern.edu /studyabroad/summerstudy/italy/index.html (573 words)

	The Italian Army 1939 - 1943
		Lupi di Toscana (7th) = Tuscany Wolves, the Tuscan volunteers of the Italian Independence Wars.
		During the war the 10th Piave and 16th Pistoia were transformed to Motorized Divsions also.
		This regiment were usualy formed during the war to give more manpower to some division garrisoning the Balkans, but in a few cases it was just a renumbering of their own Blackshirts (CCNN) Legions after the fall of the Fascism 1943.
	www.feldgrau.com /iaoob.html (1678 words)

	Scottish Wars of Independence - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Scottish Wars of Independence - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Scottish Wars of Independence, term for a series of conflicts fought in Scotland and northern England between 1296 and 1328 that were simultaneously...
		Scotland : History : The Wars of Independence
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Scottish_Wars_of_Independence.html (112 words)

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