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Topic: Italian Republic (Napoleonic)

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	The History Of The Italian Flag
		The Italian tricolor was first established during the Napoleonic Wars by French republics in northern Italy, who styled it after the French tricolor.
		This flag was adopted on January 7, 1797 and had the red at the top, the white in the middle, charged with the coat of arms, and the green at the bottom.
		In 1802 the Cisalpine Republic became the Italian Republic and on August 20, 1802 a new flag was adopted.
	www.arcaini.com /ITALY/ItalianFlag/HistoryOfItalianFlag.htm (511 words)

	Napoleonic Wars - ninemsn Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Given Napoleon's character, however, all this was most unlikely, and the only sign of movement—the abandonment of France's colonial ambitions in the western hemisphere represented by the sale of Louisiana to the United States—was negated by massive naval construction and evidence of fresh designs on Egypt.
		As for Prussia, fears that Napoleon might launch a surprise attack upon her were countered by suspicions of Austria, Russia, and Sweden that led her actually to explore the possibility of an alliance with France.
		Nor was Napoleon finished: formally placing the new crown on his own head in Milan on May 26, in early June he announced the annexation of Genoa, Parma, and Piacenza, and appropriated Lucca as a principality for his younger sister, Elise.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761565675/Napoleonic_Wars.html (2315 words)

	Napoleonic Wars - MSN Encarta
		The Napoleonic Wars were a continuation of the wars of the French Revolution (1789-1799), in which the Habsburgs and other dynastic rulers of Europe combined in an effort to overthrow the revolutionary government of France and restore the rule of the French monarchy.
		In 1796 Napoleon was entrusted by the government of France, the Directory, with conducting military operations against Austrian forces in northern Italy.
		Napoleon crossed the Alps into northern Italy with a newly raised army of 40,000 men and on June 14 defeated the Austrians in the Battle of Marengo.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761565675/Napoleonic_Wars.html (1147 words)

	Encyclopedia
		Napoleon graduated in 1785, at the age of 16, and joined the artillery as a second lieutenant.
		Napoleon destroyed the Prussian army at Jena and Auerstädt (1806) and the Russian army at Friedland.
		Napoleon was sometimes a tyrant and always an authoritarian, but one who believed in ruling by mandate of the people, expressed in plebiscites.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=217281 (2099 words)

	Italian Republic (Napoleonic) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana) was a short lived (1802-1805) republic, located in Northern Italy, and supported by the First French Republic of Napoleon.
		The Italian Republic was the successor of the Cisalpine Republic, which changed in its constitution to allow the French First Consul Napoleon to become its president.
		In 1805, following Bonaparte's assumption of the title of Emperor of the French, the Italian Republic was transformed into the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia), with Napoleon as king and his stepson Eugène de Beauharnais as viceroy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic) (181 words)

	Napoleonic Titles and Heraldry
		Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba, off the coast of Italy; he was given sovereignty over the island for his lifetime (the arms of the island under Napoleon were argent on a bend gules three bees or).
		Napoleon then ceded his rights to the crown of Spain and the Indies to his brother Joseph by treaty of Bayonne, 5 July 1808.
		As with Napoleon I, Napoleon III was allowed to adopt a son from among the descent of the brothers of Napoleon I, but this ability was denied to any successor.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/france/napoleon.htm (6120 words)

	Italy - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Italian Republic or Italy (Italian: Repubblica Italiana or Italia) is a country in Southern Europe.
		The architects of Italian unification were Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, the Chief Minister of Victor Emmanuel, and Giuseppe Garibaldi, a general and national hero.
		On June 2, 1946, a referendum on the monarchy resulted in the establishment of the Italian republic, which led to the adoption of a new constitution on January 1, 1948.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Italy (1729 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Lombard Republic, Transpadan Republic, Cispadan Republic, Cisalpine Republic, Italian Republic
		It was reconquered by Russian troops in 1799 and retaken by Napoleon in 1800.
		In 1802, the Cisalpine Republic was renamed ITALIAN REPUBLIC, in 1805 enlarged by Venice, Istria, Dalmatia and the Ionian Islands, and transformed into the KINGDOM OF ITALY.
		The Council of State of the Italian Republic to the First Consul of the French Republic, President of the Italian Republic, Apr. 5th 1802, from napoleonseries.org
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/italy/cispadan.html (386 words)

	ItalianFlag.us - Downloads
		On 15 April 1861, Kingdom of Sardinia/Piedmont flag (the Italian tricolour with Savoy's coat of arms) is declared national flag of the newly-formed Regno d'Italia (Kingdom of Italy).
		The Italian tricolour with Savoy's coat of arms was the Italian flag for 85 years, until the fall of the royal house of Italy.
		In its current form, the Italian flag was adopted on 1 January 1948, with the introduction of the republican constitution, and the end of the rule of the House of Savoy over Italy.
	www.italianflag.us /downloads.html (249 words)

	SparkNotes: Napoleonic Europe (1799-1815): Third Coalition (1804-1807)
		On May 1804, Napoleon made himself Emperor of France, and, functionally though not in name, Emperor of the Italian Republic and the Confederation of Switzerland.
		On October 21, 1805, the British fleet decimated Napoleon's fleet at the battle of Trafalgar, solidifying its stranglehold on the sea.
		In 1806, Napoleon finally dissolved the tottering Holy Roman Empire, replacing it with the Confederation of the Rhine, with himself as its "protector".
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/napoleonic/section3.rhtml (1054 words)

	All About Romance Novels - Kathleen O'Reilly on the Napoleonic Wars
		Napoleon had an elaborate plan to divert the superior British naval forces to the Mediterranean (where the Spanish Armada would join in) and then, after a grand triumph, his fleet would invade Britain.
		Napoleon gave the Portuguese an ultimatum, which they defied, and then he declared the Portuguese royal family “deposed.” Nobody was very happy about that, especially Portugal, and thus began Napoleon’s own Vietnam.
		Napoleon was loosely exiled to the island of Elba, in April 1814; life as an “ordinary man,” however, soon bored him.
	www.likesbooks.com /napoleonicwars.html (3611 words)

	Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kingdom of Italy was born on 17 March 1805 when the Italian Republic, whose president was Napoleon, became Kingdom of Italy, with Napoleon as King of Italy and Eugène de Beauharnais viceroy.
		Napoleon was crowned in Milan's cathedral, on 26 May 1805, with the Iron Crown of Lombardy.
		When Napoleon abdicated on 11 April 1814, Eugène attempted to be crowned king, but the opposition of the Senate of the Kingdom and the Milan insurrection (20 April 1814) foiled his plan: Eugène was exiled by the Austrians, who occupied Milan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic) (405 words)

	Italian Real Estate - Guide to locating & purchasing real estate in Italy
		Italians generally do not like to publicize photos of properties, because Italian property sellers tend to first fear that their neighbors and others will think they are selling their property for reasons of financial hardship.
		Italian: Italia) is a country in the south of Europe, consisting mainly of a boot-shaped peninsula together with two large islands in the Mediterranean Sea:
		The president of the republic is elected for 7 years by the parliament sitting jointly with a small number of regional delegates.
	italian-realestate.com (1444 words)

	Italian unification Cavour Garibaldi Italy German unification
		Napoleon, in exile on the remote island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic, had left written records that characterised one of the main planks of his policy as Emperor as being that of the championing of states based on nationality.
		Napoleon III drew back from his pact with Sardinia-Piedmont and an armistice of Villafranca, concluded in early July between France and Austria without consultation with Sardinia, formally awarded only Lombardy and Parma to annexation stating that several of the states that had experienced revolts should be restored to their former rulers.
		Napoleon III in his own day found himself on the horns of a dilemma: if he abandoned the Pope he would incur the enmity of the French Catholics, if he protected the Pope he would thwart Italian patriotism.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /history/italian_unification.html (7166 words)

	The Anthony P. Campanella Collection of Giuseppe Garibaldi
		The Anthony P. Campanella Collection, recently presented to the University of South Carolina by Dr. Campanella, is a resource of major significance on Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882), Italian liberator and hero-figure of nineteenth-century liberal nationalism, and on the Risorgimento, the 1860 reunification of Italy.
		Apart from the wars and territorial redistributions of the Napoleonic period, Italian reunification was the most influential, far-reaching political event in nineteenth-century Europe: the intellectual and political consequences of the event extended far beyond the boundaries of Italy.
		His greatest triumph was the 1860 overthrow of the Kingdom of Naples, the event which precipitated Italian unification.
	www.sc.edu /library/spcoll/hist/garib/garib.html (492 words)

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