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Topic: Italian Social Republic

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	Birth of the Italian Republic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The birth of the Italian Republic (officially on June 2, 1946) is a key event of Italian contemporary history.
		The Italian Social Republic was headquartered in the town of at Salò, and is commonly known as the Republic of Salò.
		In northern regions, on the contrary, the presence of Nazi troops, the post-fascist Italian Social Republic, partisans, disbanded troops from the Italian army, and foreign troops advancing, resulted in a chaotic war against Germans and Salò puppet state forces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Birth_of_the_Italian_Republic (3081 words)

	Italian Social Republic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana, RSI) was a Fascist puppet state in German-occupied northern Italy.
		It was informally known as Salo Republic (Repubblica di Salò), after its capital, Salò, a small town on Lake Garda.
		While Mussolini contended that he was in control of the Republic, in practice, it was a largely irrelevant and ineffective puppet of the German forces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Italian_Social_Republic (470 words)

	Italian Social Republic: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The italian republic or italy (italian: repubblica italiana or italia) is a country in southern europe....
		Salo (italian: salò) is a small town in the province of brescia in the region of lombardy in northern italy on the banks of lake garda....
		Venice (italian venezia), the city of canals, is the capital of the region of veneto, population 271,663 (census estimate 2004-01-01)....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/it/italian_social_republic.htm (1406 words)

	Fascism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Italian fascism (in Italian, fascismo) was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini.
		Italian Fascism took power with the blessing of Italy's king after years of leftist-led unrest led many conservatives to fear that a communist revolution was inevitable.
		Italian fascists viewed increasing the birthrate of Italy as a major goal of their regime, with Mussolini launching a program, called the 'Battle For Births', to almost double the country's population.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fascism (4318 words)

	ipedia.com: Birth of the Italian Republic Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The birth of the Italian republic (officially on June 2, 1946) is a highly controversial historical passage in Italy, where suspects of fraud are advanced by monarchists, but it also identifies a part of the national history extremely rich in events, consequences, causes and effects that make it an alone-standing moment.
		The Italian referendum was meant to "merely" determine whether the Head of State, the one who appoints members of the government (but does not govern personally), had to come from a familiar dynasty or be elected by a popular vote.
		In the northern regions, the presence of the RSI (a nazi-fascist self-proclaimed republic) was causing a civil war (that was to finally end in a republican era).
	www.ipedia.com /birth_of_the_italian_republic.html (3491 words)

	Learn more about Fascism in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Both a movement and a historical phenomenon, Italian Fascism was, in many respects, an adverse reaction to both the apparent failure of laissez-faire and fear of the left, although trends in intellectual history, such as the breakdown of positivism and the general fatalism of postwar Europe should be of concern.
		Despite the themes of social and economic reform in the initial Fascist manifesto of June 1919, the movement came to be supported by sections of the middle class fearful of socialism and communism, while industrialists and landowners saw it as a defence against labour militancy.
		Dismissed as prime minister by King Victor Emmanuel III on July 25th 1943, and subsequently arrested, Mussolini was freed in September by German paratroopers and installed as head of a puppet "Italian Social Republic" at Salo in German-occupied northern Italy.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /f/fa/fascism.html (2479 words)

	The Italian Naval and Land Armed Forces in China, 1937-1943 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Italians who wanted to protect the numerous civilians, among them was also Italian consul Stefanelli, entrench themselves in Ermanno Carlotto barracks in the Forum and into the townhall deploying ca.
		About 170 of them joined to fascist Italian Social Republic (R.S.I.) and continued to fight on German and Japanese side while the rest of the Italian soldiers opted not to collaborate and was interned in prison camps in Tientsin, in Korea and in Japan where they were subjected to hard labour.
		Many Italian soldiers who had decided not to collaborate with the Japanese were after the Japanese surrender (September 1945) again captured by the Americans and interned in prison camps in the Philippines (near Manila) and in Honolulu (Hawaii).
	www.geocities.com /dutcheastindies/shanghai.html (2591 words)

	Italian Social Republic: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Mussolini estalished his capital at Salò (Salò: salo (italian: salò) is a small town in the province of brescia in the region of...
		Italian resistance movement (Italian resistance movement: the italian resistance movement was a partisan force during world war ii....
		Birth of the Italian Republic (Birth of the Italian Republic: the birth of the italian republic (officially on june 2, 1946) is a key event of...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/italian_social_republic (659 words)

	[No title]
		The term comes from the Italian word fascio, which means “union” or “league.” It also refers to the ancient Roman symbol of power, the fasces, a bundle of sticks bound to an ax, which represented civic unity and the authority of Roman officials to punish wrongdoers.
		Italian soldiers even started to mimic the goose-step marching style of their Nazi counterparts, though it was called the Roman step.
		Italian Fascism lacked the ideological fervor to indulge in systematic ethnic cleansing on the scale seen in Germany.
	www.angelfire.com /tx5/ara/pde/facism.html (10379 words)

	Axis Powers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana in Italian) succeeded the Kingdom of Italy as a member of the Axis in 1943.
		The northern half of Italy was occupied by German forces and on September 23, 1943 Mussolini proclaimed the Italian Social Republic.
		Italian had been taught in Albanian schools since before the Great War and a great degree of Italian forts existed to "protect" the Albanian people during the inter-war period.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Axis_Powers.htm (4100 words)

	Wikinfo \| Classical definition of republic
		A Classical Republic, (Greek: πολιτεια; Latin: respublica) is a "mixed constitutional government" which embodies civic duty, virtue, social cohesion and where there is a high devotion, fidelity and regard for the rule of law.
		The classical republics were all marked by the establishment of a senate body which grew into what is called a bicameral legislative body (the upper house being aristocratic and not elected by the people) and by a written constitution that marks out the duties and responsibilities of the different bodies.
		Though not a "true" classical republic, the Founding Fathers of the United States modelled America along the same lines as her mother country, Britain, and the Roman Republic with her civilian head.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Classical_definition_of_republic (6522 words)

	Neo Fascism in Sicily - Best of Sicily Magazine
		Born in 1926, he defended Mussolini's Italian Social Republic (Salò;) as a young man and later joined the MSI (democratic Italy's successor to the constitutionally outlawed Fascist party).
		The complexity here is that in 1945 Italy (like her allies Germany and Japan) found herself with literally millions of "patriots" morally compromised by participation in the misdeeds of a bad regime --everybody from generals responsible for war crimes in Ethiopia, Greece and Albania, to judges, mail censors and local Fascist bureaucrats.
		While hardcore Neo-Fascists are a tiny minority of Italians, their revisionist views are advocated by a number of center-right politicians who would like to rewrite Italian history to portray the Fascists as misdirected but patriotic "boys." Such perspectives, overlooking the lessons taught by real history, could negatively influence public policy.
	www.bestofsicily.com /mag/art163.htm (1446 words)

	Italian Social Republic
		Even if the Social Republic lasted just one year, also other special plates were issued, mainly for military vehicles, as you can see in the pictures number 3 and 4.
		G.N.R. was the police of the Social Republic and was made mostly by men of the previous Italian police who went back to the Italian police at the end of the war: it was independent till 1944, it was dangerous, used mainly in anti-partisan role and had the duty of keep the public order.
		Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano: the army of the Social Republic, the National Republican Army, was recruited at first among volunteers and trained in Germany by German instructors, but was not bright in its actions, except for the air force and at the end of the war many soldiers went back to the Italian army.
	www.targheitaliane.it /rsi/rsi.html?noframe (868 words)

	Italian Social Republic (1943-1945) (Italy)
		However in 1943, after his liberation, Mussolini proclaimed in Salo' the Italian Social Republic, limited to the northern Italy, still under german occupation.
		"The Republic of Saló" and the "Italian Social Republic" are two ways of referring to the same Government; the regime set up by the Germans after they freed Mussolini.
		The official national flag of the Saló Republic was the plain tri-color.
	flagspot.net /flags/it-isr.html (539 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In 1918 the southern parts of the Habsburg Kronland of Tirol (1) - inhabited by Italians and therefor claimed by Italian nationalists since 1849 - were occupied by Italian troops.
		(2) In 1922 the region was fully integrated into the Italian Kingdom, becoming the province of Trento, from which the province of Bolzano was detached in 1927.
		In 1943 both were occupied by German troops and became part of the Operation Zone Alpenvorland (1) These regions - known to the Italians as Venezia Tridentina - were made up of the territories of the secularized dioceses of Brixen and Trient and had been integrated into Tirol in 1815.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/South_Tyrol.html (223 words)

	Italian Organizations
		The armed forces of the Italian Social Republic were raised on 28 October 1943, exactly 19 years from the month and year that Mussolini came to power.
		On their Italian uniforms they wore a distinctive small red shield with a white cross, the symbol for the house of Savoy.
		Italian volunteers were used to lead mule trains through mountain trails to supply the Allies with food, ammunition and supplies.
	members.aol.com /Custermen85/Units/ItalianOrg.htm (2685 words)

	The Resistance in Italy: 5, The Italian Social Republic
		The Italian Social Republic, governed by Mussolini with the support of the German army, included the Center-Northern part of Italy in the beginning.
		As the Allied armies advanced, the territory was restricted to the northern regions situated near the Alpine Chain and to a part of Emilia and Tuscany.
		Overprint types were: a) fasces superimposed on the three-line legend "Italian Social Republic"; b) "fascio littorio"; c) "Italian Social Republic" in three lines; d) "fascio littorio" on the left and the three-line legend "Italian Social Republic" on the right, or reversed.
	www.cifr.it /Chapter_05.html (621 words)

	Italian Navy, Ondina, Pietro Calvi, Cantore, Morosini, Bolzano, Attendolo
		Her last signal is on the 31st December and she is presumed lost on minefields in the approaches to the port.
		The Italian surrender is signed in Sicily on the 3rd, but not announced until the 8th to coincide with the main Allied landing at Salerno, and in the forlorn hope of preventing the Germans from taking over the country.
		On the 12th the arrested Benito Mussolini is rescued from his Italian captors in the Abruzzi Mountains by German Col Otto Skorzeny's paratroops and flown to Germany.
	www.naval-history.net /WW2CampaignsItalianNavy2.htm (3012 words)

	February 10th : WE REMEMBER - TRICOLORE.NET - ITALIAN FORUM
		The episodes of 1945 occurred partly under conditions of guerrilla fighting of Slovenian, Croatian and Italian partisans with the Germans, the Italian Social Republic's forces and their Slavic collaborators, and partially after the occupation of the territory by the army formations of Yugoslavia.
		Whether a neutral point of view is captured is dubious, as the concept of Italian fascism and its association with the German Nazism and their crimes in the region are neither directly mentioned or implied from the dialogues of this war drama.
		The Italian Social Republic's soldiers were presented as merciful and altruistic, whereas the Yugoslav partisans were presented as ruthless assassins and rapists, the main charachter among them fixated on taking back the son he had had from an Italian woman he raped years before.
	www.tricolore.net /cgi-bin/forum/Blah.pl?,b=1,v=display,m=latest (1131 words)

	Italy’s post-fascists bid for respectability, by Paolo Raffone
		As a result, with the exception of the Italian Social Movement (MSI) which could not be integrated on account of its direct links with the dissolved Fascist Party, the right was denied the possibility of developing the kind of historical roots that have characterised other European conservative parties.
		It has understood that Italian society stands in need of a dose of modernisation, and it realises that when a country wants to transform itself, the most reliable laws are those of the market (3)." Here the break with the past is clear.
		The progressive legitimisation of Gianfranco Fini at the national level was confirmed in the wake of the elections that gave victory to the centre-left in 1996.
	mondediplo.com /1998/05/09raff (1615 words)

	Italian Life Under Fascism - Italian Fascism
		Italian Fascism began on the left, seeking to combine strong nationalism with modern developmentalism and an aggressive new style of activism that prized violence, idealism, and anti-materialism.
		Participation in World War II as Germany's ally produced the downfall of Mussolini in 1943, but in German-occupied northern Italy the Duce was installed as leader of a new puppet Fascist-based Italian Social Republic, which waged a savage civil war against Italian anti-Fascists in 1944-1945.
		Though approximately thirteen thousand Fascists were executed by partisans at the end of the war, the official purge of Fascists conducted by the new democratic system in Italy was limited and half-hearted.
	www.library.wisc.edu /libraries/dpf/Fascism/Intro.html (630 words)

	Black Brigades - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Black Brigades (Italian: Brigate Nere) were one of the fascist paramilitary groups operating in Italian Social Republic (in northern Italy), during the final years of World War II, and after the signing of the Italian Armistice in 1943.
		Mussolini was rescued by German paratroopers and installed as the President of the Italian Social Republic, a regime nominally administering the German-occupied northern Italy.
		Although they wore the standard Italian army uniform they tended to only wear a fl sweater with the grey-green uniform pants and their badge or insignia was the jawless death's head.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Black_Brigades (354 words)

	The Italian Extreme Right On-line Network: An Exploratory Study Using an Integrated Social Network Analysis and Content ...
		In the SNA framework, social actors and their actions constitute a whole entity, and the unit of analysis is not the individual, but rather the community.
		Italian Social Republic (ISR) nostalgics (13 sites): These are groups which refer to the Fascist National Party of the 1920s and 1930s, to the ISR of Salò, or to Benito Mussolini's apologists.
		Nevertheless, it is not possible to claim from social network analysis alone that there is a correspondence between link data and the ER movement's interorganizational structure, or that links are "empirical indicators of affinity between movement organizations and ideological viewpoints" (Burris et al., 2000, p.
	jcmc.indiana.edu /vol10/issue2/tateo.html (6131 words)

	mussolini
		During World War Two, his actions led to the fall of his regime and his becoming Hitler's puppet as the head of the "Italian Social Republic." Also his actions at this time led to the fall of his regime.
		When the war ended, Italy was hit with an economic crisis along with vast amounts of social unrest, the result of participation in the war.
		Many Italians, including Mussolini, felt that the Treaty of Versailles, which did not give Italy the lands it had been promised when it entered the war on the side of the Allies, was unfair.
	nhs.needham.k12.ma.us /cur/Baker_00/03/baker-je-jp-03/mussolini.htm (1075 words)

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