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Topic: Italian Unity

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Italian unification

Tarentum

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Fascist

Bersaglieri

Count Cavour

Nationalist

Fascism

Grand Duchy of Tuscany

Venice, Italy

Upper house

Freemasons

Italy

Sardinia

Freemasonry

	Carbonari - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		At Modena, Duke Francis IV., the worst of all Italian tyrants, was expelled by a Carbonarist rising, and a dictatorship was established under Biagio Nardi on the 5th of February.
		The example of the Spanish and Italian revolutions incited the French Carbonari, and risings occurred at Belfort, Thouars, La Rochelle and other towns in 1821, which though easily quelled revealed the nature and organization of the movement.
		One of its chief merits was that it brought Italians of different classes and provinces together, and taught them to work in harmony for the overthrow of tyranny and foreign rule.
	www.1911ency.org /C/CA/CARBONARI.htm (1140 words)

	Italy
		The peace treaty of Sept. 15, 1947, required Italian renunciation of all claims in Ethiopia and Greece and the cession of the Dodecanese islands to Greece and of five small Alpine areas to France.
		At the end of 2003, Italian food giant Parmalat was accused of a massive accounting fraud scheme—$5 billion the company claimed was in fact nonexistent.
		With polls already indicating that more than 70% of Italians were opposed to Italian troops in Iraq, Berlusconi announced that he was likely to withdraw all 3,000 Italian troops in the fall.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107658.html (1687 words)

	Guissepe Mazzini (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Mazzini's primary goals were the end of Austrian hegemony in Italy and of the temporal power of the pope, Italian unity, republicanism, democracy, and the liberation of all oppressed peoples.
		Imbued with a messianic zeal, he believed that, united under the banner of "God and people", Italians would succeed in ridding themselves of their various rulers and establish a democratic unitary republic with its capital in Rome.
		In 1861 the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed at Turin, capital of Piedmont-Sardinia, by a Parliament in which sat elected representatives from all of Italy except Venetia and Rome.
	www.ohiou.edu /~chastain/ip/mazzini.htm (868 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Gregory XVI
		In Germany the followers of Hermes were condemned by the Apostolic Letter, "Dum acerbissima", of 26 September, 1835.
		And in 1844, near the end of his reign, he issued the Encyclical, "Inter praecipuas machinationes", against the unscrupulous anti-Catholic propaganda in Italy of the London Bible Society and the New York Christian Alliance, which then, as now, were chiefly successful in transforming ignorant Italian Catholics into crudely anti-clerical free-thinkers.
		While he was engaged in combating the libertarian movements of current European thought, Gregory was obliged also to struggle with the rulers of States for justice and toleration for the Catholic Church in their realms.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07006a.htm (3185 words)

	Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In opposition and sustaining the struggle against Italian unity was Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli, a great diplomatic champion of counter-Risorgimento.
		But some contemporary Italians in what many will consider her darkest hour can return for inspiration to the pure ideal of Giuseppe Mazzini, who could inspire passionate devotion to the duty of Italians to give their lives in patriotic devotion to liberate Italy from all tyranny.
		Goffredo Mameli, the martyred follower of Mazzini and composer of Fratelli d'Italia, the Italian national anthem, is as arousing as the story of the Jewish leader of the Venetian Republic Daniele Manin in the crucial struggle on the lagoons.
	cscwww.cats.ohiou.edu /~Chastain/introduc.htm (4075 words)

	Stichting Magenta - Other Magenta's around the World.
		The town was the site of the Battle of Magenta (June 4, 1859), fought during the Franco-Piedmontese war against the Austrians (second War of Italian Independence, 1859-61).
		Napoleon III and his 54,000 troops met 58,000 Austrian troops under General Franz Gyulai in a highly disorganized battle that left some 9,700 dead or injured and 4,600 missing.
		The narrow French victory over the Austrians was an important step toward Italian independence, for it led many districts and cities, beginning with Bologna on June 12, to throw off Austrian rule and join the cause of Italian unity.
	www.magenta.nl /othermagentas.html (267 words)

	Optical Treasures: Missing-Disappeared
		Most likely they were all destroyed sometime between World War I and World War II Camillo Cavour spectacles
		Camillo Cavour (1810-1861) was a highly regarded and world-renowned Italian statesman.
		He was cofounder of the newspaper “Il Risorgimento” which gave its name to the movement for Italian unity.
	www.antiquespectacles.com /treasures/disappeared.htm (1146 words)

	vatican history - Books, journals, articles @ The Questia Online Library
		...Italian culture and the European educational system on how Vatican officials think about bureaucracy; how they think about the...You have a nice line in the book: "The curia is a product of history and not of management theory."A blessed condition?
		A Survey of Jewish Reaction to the Vatican Statement on the Holocaust
		After 1870, Austria still retained...For the modern period, see B. King, A History of Italian Unity (2 vol., 1924, repr...Italy (3d ed.
	www.questia.com /search/vatican-history (1794 words)

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