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Topic: Italian War of 1521

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	Italian Wars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Italian Wars involved all the major states of western Europe from 1494 to 1559: France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, England, Scotland, the Republic of Venice, the Papal States, and most of the city-states of Italy.
		The inconclusive third war between Charles and Francis began with the death of Francesco Maria Sforza, the duke of Milan.
		The Italian Wars had a number of impacts on the work and workplace of Leonardo da Vinci, for example scuppering his plans for a "Gran Cavallo" horse statue in 1495 when the seventy tons of bronze were instead cast into weapons to save Milan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Italian_Wars (1406 words)

	Italian War of 1521 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Italian War of 1521 (1521–26) was an episode in the Italian Wars involving Francis I of France, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and a number of other European powers.
		The war was a clear defeat of France and a victory for Spain, England, Holy Roman Empire and the Papal States.
		Francis thus resolved to invade Habsburg territory, a venture in which he was supported by the Republic of Venice, the Papacy, and a number of smaller Italian states.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Italian_War_of_1521 (767 words)

	The Dominion of War - Fred Anderson - Penguin Group (USA) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Unlike the three previous wars between Britain and France, this one ended in a decisive victory, as a result of which the North American empire of France ceased to exist and Spain (France’s ally in the final year of the war) was compelled to surrender its imperial claims east of the Mississippi River.
		Americans continued to fight wars according to the just-war ideology first worked out in the War of 1812—the notion that to be justified wars must either protect or expand the sphere of liberty—and that they have applied, in one form or another, ever since.
		It denies that chauvinist demands for imperial wars in 1812, 1846, and 1898 were somehow exceptions to an otherwise pacific history in which Americans make war only when they have been driven to it by the need to preserve their threatened liberties.
	us.penguingroup.com /nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,0_0670033707,00.html (10131 words)

	History Of Italy
		Many Italians are afraid of being appreciated only for their past; yet, for a proper understanding of present-day Italy, it is necessary to go back to pre-Roman times, at least seven or eight centuries before the present era.
		Besides their involvement in the issues of Trentino and Trieste, the natural sympathies of the Italians were enlisted on the side of the Allies because of what was portrayed as the brutal German aggression against Belgium, the atrocities committed by the Germans in the invaded countries, and the vandalism of the German troops.
		Italian soldiers were sent as "volunteers" to fight for General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), and Albania was occupied in 1939.
	members.tripod.com /~worldsite/italy/history.html (18405 words)

	Chapter 19: A History of Spain and Portugal, vol. 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The War of Independence was in the long run a struggle of attrition in which the French were ground down by constant harassment and, from 1812, by the commitment of Napoleon's main strength to eastern and central Europe.
		The seat of Spanish government during the greater part of the War of Independence was Cádiz, the country's leading Atlantic port, separated from the mainland by a narrow peninsula easily defended from French assault, protected and provisioned by the British and Spanish fleets.
		That the civil war lasted nearly seven years was due in large measure to the disarray of the nascent liberal regime, unable to generate the considerable resources of money, manpower, and material needed to fight campaigns of attrition against regional forces.
	libro.uca.edu /payne2/payne19.htm (15693 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Leo X
		IOVANNI DE Born at Florence, 11 December, 1475; died at Rome, 1 December, 1521, was the second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449-1492) and Clarice Orsini, and from his earliest youth was destined for the Church.
		Other causes for discontent were found in the unfortunate war with Urbino and in the abolition of the election capitulations and the excessive privileges of the cardinals.
		The war with Urbino, encouraged by Francis I and Maximilian for the purpose of increasing Leo's difficulties, was finally brought to a close, after having cost enormous sums and emptied the papal treasury.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09162a.htm (5270 words)

	Italian Wars. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The wars began when, in 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and seized (1495) Naples without effort, only to be forced to retreat by a coalition of Spain, the Holy Roman emperor, the pope, Venice, and Milan.
		The rivalry between Francis I and Charles V, king of Spain and (after 1519) Holy Roman emperor, reopened warfare in 1521, and the French were badly defeated in the Battle of Pavia (1525), the most important in the long wars.
		The war ended (1529) with the Treaty of Cambrai (see Cambrai, Treaty of) and the renunciation of Francis’s claims in Italy.
	www.bartleby.com /65/it/ItalianW.html (629 words)

	ipedia.com: List of wars Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		1478 - War between the Principality of Moscow and the Republic of Novgorod.
		1532 - 1546 Ottoman-Habsburg War in the Mediterranean
		1918 Finnish Civil War, fought between "the reds" (rebellious Socialists) and "the whites" (anti-Socialists) in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution of 1917.
	www.ipedia.com /list_of_wars.html (1654 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Martin Luther
		The "gospel", he now sees, "cannot be introduced without tumult, scandal, and rebellion"; "the word of God is a sword, a war, a destruction, a scandal, a ruin, a poison" (De Wette, op.cit., I, 417).
		While Germany was drenched in blood, its people paralyzed with horror, the cry of the widow and wail of the orphan throughout the land, Luther then in his forty-second year was spending his honeymoon with Catherine von Bora, then twenty-six (married 13 June, 1525), a Bernardine nun who had abandoned her convent.
		The menacing religious war, between the adherents of the "Gospel" and the fictitious Catholic League (15 May, Breslau), ostensibly formed to exterminate the Protestants, which with a suspicious precipitancy on the part of its leader, Landgrave Philip, had actually gone to a formal declaration of war (15 May, 1528), was fortunately averted.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09438b.htm (16884 words)

	The History Guy: The War List
		These wars are placed in the Anglo-French category as an illustration of their placement in the pattern of wars between those two countries.
		This war was preceded by years of border combat short of all-out war.
		Parts of the war saw the Muslims and Croatians cooperate against their common foe, but from 1993-1994, Bosnia saw a three-way war when the Muslims and Croats battled each other as well as fighting the Serbs.
	www.historyguy.com /War_list.html (4061 words)

	Italian American History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Italian Americans are residents of the United States who trace their ancestry to Italy or to other regions where the Italian language is widely spoken.
		Even though about 75% of Italian immigrants were farmers in Italy, they did not wish to farm in the US (as it implied a permanence that did not figure in their plans).
		Some Italian American fishermen on the West Coast were forced to surrender their boats for the duration of the war, the exhibit organizers said.
	home.comcast.net /~m.quagliata/iahistory.html (2780 words)

	Timeline 1450-1499 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		During the war Margaret of Anjou, wife of the feeble-minded King Henry VI, was head of the House of Lancaster whose heraldic badge was a red rose.
		In the War of the Roses Edward of York defeated the Welsh Lancastrians in the 2nd battle of St Alban's.
		He wrote the 1st Italian grammar, the 1st theory of painting as an art, and the treatise "On the Art of Building." In 1970 Joan Gadol authored a biography.
	www.timelines.ws /1450_1475.HTML (5204 words)

	The World at War
		Faguendes was granted letterrs of patent by King Emmanuel in 1521 but the Portuguese made no attempt to colonize the new found isles.
		America, barely two weeks at war and still reeling from the Japanese onslaught in the Pacific, awakes a small glimmer of brightness.
		We Americans are engaged in a decisive war against Hitler and all his allies.
	worldatwar.net /article/miquelon (7882 words)

	NationMaster.com - Encyclopedia: Main Page
		A water well is an artificial excavation or structure put down by any method such as digging, boring or drilling for the purposes of withdrawing water from underground aquifers.
		At the end of the Second World War, Japan was occupied by Allied Powers.
		A state is an organized political community, occupying a territory, and possessing internal and external sovereignty, that enforces a monopoly on the use of force.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia (2869 words)

	CARICATURE - LoveToKnow Article on CARICATURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In England one of the earliest caricatures extant is that in the margin of the Forest Roll of Essex, 5, ed.
		At this period satirical pictures usually did duty as the title-pages of scurrilous pamphlets; but one instance is known of the employment during the war of a grotesque allegory as a banner, while the end of the Commonwealth produced a satirical pack of playing cards, probably of Dutch origin.
		The Civil War did not awaken his latent genius till 1864, when he published a cartoon of fierce irony against the political party which opposed Lincolns re-election and advocated peace measures with the Southern confederacy.
	www.1911ency.org /C/CA/CARICATURE.htm (7710 words)

	Military Theory of War, Warfare Theory, Principles of War, Military Strategy, Theories, Theorists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Assuming that a nation at war has some rational objectives, the next question is: “Is the national military strategy tailored to meet the national political objectives?” What this question suggests is that there be a close correlation between the political ends of war and the military means employed to achieve those ends.
		Of all theories on the art of war, the only reasonable one is that which, founded upon the study of military history, admits a certain number of regulating principles, but leaves to natural genius the greatest part in the general conduct of a war without trammeling it with exclusive rules.
		In strategic war, a clash may well take place, but it is not always necessary, should normally be avoided, and is almost always a means to an end and not an end in itself.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/awc-thry.htm#suntzu (13110 words)

	Niccolo Machiavelli \| Statesman and Political Philosopher
		The Prince was written against this backdrop, and in its conclusion Machiavelli issued an impassioned call for Italian unity, and an end to foreign intervention.
		Actually it is a strategy he wrote about in his book, Art of War (1521).
		In "Art of War," Machiavelli combines Roman military theories with the revolutionary idea that war and politics form a kind of functional unity, with war serving as an instrument of politics.
	www.lucidcafe.com /library/96may/machiavelli.html (747 words)

	Crusader States, Kings of Jerusalem & Cyprus, Templars, Hospitallers, Israel, etc.
		As long as Lithuania was pagan, and engaged in slaving and in human sacrifices, the task of the Knights still seems a worthy one.
		The Baltic states remained under Russian rule until after World War I. Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia were then independent until conquered by Stalin in 1940, after he was given a free hand in the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939.
		In 1713, Sicily, Sardinia, and Naples passed to Austria and Savoy with the settlement of the War of the Spanish Succession.
	www.friesian.com /outremer.htm (14262 words)

	I's of the World: January 2005
		That is the country we are having a war “with“.
		Roman Northern Frontier Wars 25-16, Roman Eastern Frontier Wars 20-19, Trung Sisters' Rebellion 39-43, Roman Conquest of Britain 43-61, Roman-Parthian War 56-61, Boudicca's Rebellion (Iceni) 60-61, Roman Civil War (Nero) 68-69, Jewish Revolt 66-73, Jerusalem, Siege of (Titus) 70, Masada, Siege of 72-73, Mons Graupius (Grampians), Battle of 84.
		Chalukyan War against Harsha 620, Chinese-Cham War 605, Chalukyan War against Harsha 620, Mecca-Medina War 624-630, Sino-Korean War 610-614, Oswald's Wars 633-641, Byzantine-Muslim War 633-642, Chinese War against the Eastern Turks 629-630, Sino-Tibetan War 641, Chinese War against the West.
	butdad.blogspot.com /2005_01_01_butdad_archive.html (2634 words)

	Ireland Information Guide , Irish, Counties, Facts, Statistics, Tourism, Culture, How
		58 - 50 BC Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars
		1866 Third Italian Independence War, Unified Italy against Austria
		1964 - 1973 Vietnam War between the U.S. -led coalition (including the government of South Vietnam) and the National Liberation Front (NLF), backed by North Vietnam
	www.irelandinformationguide.com /List_of_wars (1611 words)

	Ed Rogers Rare & Out of Print Books - Rare Paleontology Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Later half calf, minor brown spotting, very good.
		An Italian paleontologist, mineralogist and petrologist at the University of Pisa; d'Achiardi (1839-1902) is best remembered for his topographical mineralogy studies of Tuscany.
		This study along with those below, and those by Weidenrich (see Weidenrich works) provide some of the only descriptions of Peking Man. The specimens disappeared in the early days of World War 2.
	www.geology-books.com /paleoak.html (9638 words)

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