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Topic: Italian Western

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	WESS Italian Studies Web
		The Italian Studies Web is designed to provide access to scholarly resources in Italian Studies.
		Accademia Italiana di Lingua (the professional association of schools, institutions and experts in the field of teaching Italian as a foreign language)
		The Italian Studies Web is only one part of the Western European Specialists Section Web of resources for West European studies.
	www.library.yale.edu /wess/italian.html (368 words)

	Spaghetti Western - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spaghetti Westerns is a nickname for a broad sub-genre of Western film that emerged in the mid-1960s, so named because most of them were produced by Italian studios.
		Spaghetti westerns are known as "macaroni westerns" in Japan.
		The German Westerns of the 1960s, which were successful in Europe before the Italian Westerns, were made after novels by Karl May and mostly filmed in former Yugoslavia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Italian_Western (531 words)

	Italian bee - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Apis mellifera ligustica is the Italian bee which is a sub-species of the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera).
		The Italian honeybee originates from the continental part of Italy, South of the Alps, and North of Sicily.
		Italian bees, having been conditioned to the warmer climate of the central Mediterranean, are less able to cope with the "hard" winters and cool, wet springs of more northern latitudes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Italian_bee (513 words)

	Italian language and history by ALS International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Italian is further used as a language of commerce in the former Italian colonies of Ethiopia, Somalia, Libya, and Tunisia.
		Italian is currently spoken by some 66 million people, mostly in peninsular Italy, but with some spillover in the Ticino canton of Switzerland; in the southeastern border regions of France; and in small communities in Slovenia and Croatia.
		The dialect-speakers (many illiterate in Italian) arrived not as conquerors whose language had to be learned by the host population, but rather as newcomers who had to adapt to the established English-, Spanish-, or Portuguese-speaking cultures of their adopted countries.
	www.alsintl.com /languages/italian.htm (860 words)

	Italian Army WW1
		Although the Italian government declared its intentions to be neutral on the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, Cadorna expected war and began building up his army.
		The Austro-German Caporetto Offensive in October 1917 was disastrous for the Italian Army.
		Vittorio Orlando, the Italian prime minister, was aware that he would need military victories to strengthen his negotiating position to obtain territorial demands after the war.
	www.diggerhistory.info /pages-conflicts-periods/ww1/italian_army.htm (560 words)

	Italian Thistle, Non-native Plants of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks
		Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus) is native to the Mediterranean region and was introduced to California in the 1930's.
		Western thistle (Cirsium occidentale) is the most common thistle encountered in the foothills of Sequoia National Park.
		Western thistle also lacks the prominent spiny wings along the stem that are obvious on Italian thistle.
	www.nps.gov /seki/snrm/nnp/html/badcapy.htm (520 words)

	A Fistful of Westerns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It is because the films are primarily of Italian origin that the critics adopted the phrase 'Spaghetti Westerns', initially as an expression of derision.
		But, as was the case with many Italian film genres, once the ball started rolling and the commercial possibilities realised, many other film-makers jumped on the bandwagon, with the result that close to 600 Spaghetti Westerns were made - the majority of these in the mid to late 60s.
		The Italian Western boom also gave many up-and-coming young film-makers, who had previously worked as assistant directors on the earlier 'Sword and Sandal' epics, their first opportunity to take full artistic control of a movie.
	website.lineone.net /~braithwaitej/mainsite/overview/definition/definition.htm (620 words)

	Revenge Motif in Popular Italian Film (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Italian cinema is conventionally associated with neorealist films and their contribution to the international art film movement.
		As the gap between northern and southern Italian economies widened in the post-war era (largely due to the rapid industrialization of the north vs. the largely agrarian economy of the south), southerners found that their village-based subsistence economy was gradually being eroded by the limited welfare provisions of the state.
		Thus, in the spaghetti western, as in the peplum, revenge functions as a cleansing agent for society: in Hercules the old family is destroyed and replaced with a new one; in One Upon a time in the West, it is the institution of the family itself which must be destroyed and then created anew.
	www.film.queensu.ca /Critical/Horton.html (4289 words)

	Are Origins of Italian Star Found in Hills of Kentucky?
		Western Kentucky's mascot, known as Big Red, is about to land the university and Mediaset, the television company controlled by the prime minister of Italy, Silvio Berlusconi, in court.
		Western Kentucky's lawyers contend that since Mediaset introduced its mascot, Gabibbo, in 1990, the company has been illegally exploiting the image of Big Red, which was created in 1979.
		Western Kentucky's best evidence in the battle might be an interview a Mediaset manager gave to the Italian magazine Novella 2000 in February 1991.
	www.nytimes.com /2004/02/27/business/worldbusiness/27mediaset.html?ex=1393218000&en=1311faf61f5a6a5f&ei=5007&partner=USERLAND (551 words)

	"Sergio Leone and the Spaghetti Western Genre" by Sarah Polsinelli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Italians didn't invent the Western, but they took an American staple and made it their own.
		In contrast to the Spaghetti Western genre, American Westerns abided by an unwritten ethical code called the Hays Code, which prevented the shooter and the victim from being in the same frame together (so if the frame was focused on the victim, the shot would come from off-screen for example).
		Leone only made a total of five Spaghetti Westerns, releasing his final film in 1972 and retiring from his self-made genre when he noticed that audiences were mocking the film titles and contrived storylines.
	www.pumpkin-face.com /western.html (802 words)

	::: Italian Undergraduate Programs ::::
		Individuals who study Italian, as with any other foreign language, perfect skills that enable them to express their thoughts and ideas with clarity, and in turn to understand and interpret the thoughts and ideas of others.
		Students choosing "Italian Language and Literature" are required to take four upper-division courses in Italian, and are asked to do as much of their work as possible in Italian.
		Students who study Italian are also prepared for graduate or professional school, or for advanced study in Italian, with the goal of teaching at the college or university level.
	www.coh.arizona.edu /french/itundergrad.htm (653 words)

	An Unfortunate Region - The north-western Austro-Italian alpine front
		The western segment of the front, going from Zwitzerland in the north to Lake Garda in the south, was of very little strategic importance.
		For example: the Italian artillery avoided bombing the relief squads when a large Imperial barrack caught fire in March 1917 near Trafoi and an Imperial officer asked the Alpini near the top of Monte Cristallo to avoid staying so exposed, because his command had asked him why they were not shooting at such easy targets.
		The Italians brought down their guns and machineguns, closed the doors as well and moved forward to take possession of Trentino and SüdTirol, before being demobilised.
	www.xs4all.nl /~aur/Battlefields/Italy.htm (2127 words)

	SoundtrackCollector: Western Scores
		Western scores are one of my favorite styles in film score music, I own about 100 western scores and here is some suggestions I can offer you.
		The western scores from the 80's till today I think for the most part have more of a full grand orchestrated sound to them if you like that style here are some of my picks.
		They may not all be "got to have" western scores but I think that they are all good examples of the genre and show the diversity that this genre has.
	www.soundtrackcollector.com /forum/displayquestion.php?topicid=3315 (520 words)

	Italian Translation Service - English to Italian Translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		You probably don't speak Italian yourself, so there are a few questions you'll need to consider when choosing a translation company.
		Population includes some of whom are native bilinguals of Italian and regional varieties, and some of whom may use Italian as second language.
		Neapolitan is reported to be unintelligible to speakers of Standard Italian.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /languages/italian_translation.shtml (610 words)

	Italian Films - The Spaghetti Westerns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This spaghetti western is a favorite of director Alex Cox (Repo Man, Sid and Nancy), who described it as "...a mad, fast, energetic film with a great script...it's the best film I've seen set in that period." Dubbed in English.
		The film is dubbed in English, except for the restored footage from the Italian release (never dubbed in English), which is presented in Italian with English subtitles.
		Top-of-the-line spaghetti western thrills as a mysterious gunman (Lee Van Cleef) plays protector to a young, gun-slinging ruffian who's falsely accused of murder, eventually bringing him face-to-face with the desperadoes who framed him.
	www.multilingualbooks.com /foreignvids-ital-spaghettiwestern.html (2236 words)

	Spaghetti Western - Restaurant Review - H Texas Online
		The massage parlor still occupies half of the building, but the dishwasher hospital has given way to the Spaghetti Western Italian Café, a year-old neighborhood Italian joint that harks tastily back to Joe di Maggio?s.
		The waitress, much younger than the stereotypical Italian mama but just as solicitous, warned us off a full order because it would be way too much for just two people.
		Italian nachos will come as a shock to Texas taste buds programmed to equate nachos with "hot and spicy." Some thin slices of pepper dot the landscape, but they are not jalapenos, they are sweet, mild banana peppers.
	www.htexas.com /review.cfm?ReviewID=300 (536 words)

	USATODAY.com - Western Kentucky mascot in Italian imbroglio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Western Kentucky and the company that licenses Big Red are suing Berlusconi's Mediaset company for $250 million, an estimate of how much Gabibbo has earned through Striscia la Notizia, or Slithering News, a book, a No. 1 album of songs and other enterprises.
		To make the case to Italians, the Western Kentucky mascot appeared at a news conference Monday ahead of a court hearing this week.
		Italian justice is notoriously slow, and the two sides are far apart — as a few words from each of the characters reveal.
	www.usatoday.com /sports/college/2004-03-02-big-red-italy_x.htm (642 words)

	For immediate Release:
		The event brought all the Italian Western Equestrian Discipline and Breed Associations together to hold their respective annual general meetings as well as board meetings and year-end awards banquets.
		During the Western Equestrian Discipline and Italian Reining Horse Association (ANCR) general meeting he outlined the format of the first NRHA European Championship Show.
		He continued, "It is with these associations and the FEI that the Italian Reining Horse Association will continue joining efforts, as it has ever since its inception, in order to pursue the goals set forth both at the grass roots and at the elite top of our reining community.
	www.nrha.com /media/PR_031402_Wall.htm (697 words)

	The DVD Maniacs - Forum - Clint Eastwood Sucks, and so do Italian Westerns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The term "Italian western" or "spaghetti western" is a mis-nomer.
		The "westerns" he directed are not westerns at all, they're an American's imitation of "spaghetti westerns." Eastwood's films are about strutting and acting cool.
		I personally like Italian Westerns, as they see the Western as something different than American Westerns...the lines of good and bad are blurred, which is an interesting, and when you look at it, realistic view.
	www.dvdmaniacs.net /forums/showthread.php?t=11683 (1761 words)

	Gabibbo ruling expected in early 2006 - Diversions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The lawsuit, filed in February 2003 by Western and licensing company Crossland Enterprises, Inc., alleges that an Italian television company called Mediaset is using Big Red's identity in the form of Gabibbo.
		Gabibbo is the star of an Italian television series called "Striscia la Notizia," or "Stripping the News." Western officials and Crossland believe the red, furry creature resembles Big Red too closely, despite the tuxedo cuffs and bow tie the character wears.
		Western will have a better chance of being rewarded the damages if the judge finds that there has been infringement.
	www.wkuherald.com /news/2005/08/30/Diversions/Gabibbo.Ruling.Expected.In.Early.2006-971833.shtml (412 words)

	Dining, Restaurant, Weddings, Italian, Parties, Western New York ....Romanellos South
		Filled with spicy Italian sausage, peppers and onion and a trio of cheeses; served on a bed of sun dried tomato pesto.
		Giant shrimp wrapped in aged and salt-cured Italian ham placed on a bed of baby spinach, dressed in roasted tomato vinaigrette.
		Tossed with Italian sausage, mushrooms and spinach served with a sweet garlic sauce.
	www.romanellos.com /s_menu.php3 (352 words)

	Canto Morricone Songbook, Part 2
		The focus of Italian cowboy films shifted to a severely allegorical/mythological agenda which put accent on "male style", specifically as regards death - how, when, and why a man lives or dies becomes the focal point of the Italian Western warriors.
		Tevis is actually a component of the true seed from which the Italian Western sound sprung forth.
		Both songs are indicative of the Italian "pre-Leone" habit of escalating the epic sentimentality of the American Western.
	www.filmscoremonthly.com /features/morricone2.asp (931 words)

	DVD Savant: The Spaghetti Western Genre, Part 1
		In 1966, he couldn't have known that cinema audiences in most non-English speaking countries around the world had already accepted the concept of Italian Westerns and were attending screenings of these so called Spaghetti Westerns in boxoffice-shattering numbers.
		These critics were quick to dismiss the films, labelling them 'Spaghetti Westerns.' Intended as a xenophobic and snobbish insult, fans of the films proudly adopted the phrase as an affectionate moniker for the new, but already much loved, genre.
		Some of the more capable Italian directors were able to adapt certain key elements from his approach to further embellish their own increasingly baroque visions.
	www.dvdtalk.com /dvdsavant/s116spaghetti.html (1111 words)

	Istria on the Internet - Linguistics - Ethnologue report for Italy
		South Bavarian is in the Bavarian Alps, Tyrol, Styria, including Heanzian dialect of Burgenland, Carinthia, northern Italy, and part of Gottschee; Central Bavarian is in the Alps and Lower Austria and Salzburg; North Bavarian in the north of Regensburg, to Nuremburg and Western Bohemia, Czech Republic.
		Western Lombard dialects (of Ticino and Graubnnden) are inherently intelligible to each other's speakers.
		Upper valleys of the Italian Piedmont (Val Mairo, Val Varacho, Val d'Esturo, Entraigas, Limoun, Vinai, Pignerol, Sestriero.
	www.istrianet.org /istria/linguistics/ethno-italy.htm (1268 words)

	Dolce Europa Fine Foods - Specialty gourmet food distributor and wholesaler in Western Washington
		Organic Italian Volcano Orange Juices come from 100% certified organic hand harvested oranges, which grow along the slopes of the Mount Etna Volcano in Sicily.
		Organic Italian Volcano Juices are a refreshing and nutritious drink and can also be used in salad dressings, sauces, desserts and cocktails.
		Organic Italian Volcano™ Orange Juice is made from a perfect blend of three sweet and juicy red orange varieties: Tarocco, Sanguinello and Moro.
	www.dolceeuropa.com /dreamfoods.htm (262 words)

	Western Italian Alps Monthly Snowfall and Snow Cover Duration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Data for 18 stations in the western Italian Alps.
		Two types of data are included: monthly snowfall amounts and monthly snow cover duration in days.
		Western Italian Alps monthly snowfall and snow cover duration.
	nsidc.org /data/g01186.html (176 words)

	St. Marks Guide / Restaurants / Regional / Western European / Italian
		Wow, if you like Italian food, there is no place in the world like the St. Marks Neighborhood.
		The pizza was an individual with thin crust, Italian style.
		A trendy, upscale Italian restaurant, including some traditional dishes (Penne Arrabbiata, Tortellini in a cream sauce, Rigatoni in a meat sauce) and lots of updated versions (such as raw tuna sashimi with a dipping sauce, spaghetti with a 1/2 Maine lobster, pizza with potatoes, creme fraiche and caviar).
	pnelsoncomposer.com /guides/stmarks/ShowCat.php?catid=17 (720 words)

	Italian Style
		As punctual as Father Christmas, Leonardo Pieraccioni arrives in the Italian cinema halls with a new, cute and well packaged film to make young and old happy during the holidays: "Il principe e il pirata".
		Tradition has it that this is the country of wolves, “because only wolves could choose to live in a place like this”.
		Villerupt is in fact a very peculiar town, deep in a land full of mines and furnaces and which for more than a century is destination for Italian immigration.
	www.wayitalia.net /rooten/style_cinema.html (732 words)

	The Great War - Italian Front - James Mowbray (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		First Battle of the Isonzo The Italians attack in the Gorizia area along the Isonzo River, not far from Trieste, on the Adriatic Coast and are repulsed due to extensive Austrian fortifications along the mountain ridges in the area
		Third Battle of the Isonzo The Italian Army, in spite of being heavily reinforced in preparation for the offensive, is again repulsed
		Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo On the northern part of the Isonzo Front the Italians captured the Bainsizza Plateau, a strategically important feature, but out ran their logistics and were forced to stop; the Austrians were on the verge of collapse, and asked for German help
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/mowbray/gw-ital.htm (507 words)

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