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Topic: Italian battleship Roma (1940)

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	Italian Navy, Ondina, Pietro Calvi, Cantore, Morosini, Bolzano, Attendolo
		Her last signal was on the 31st December and she was presumed lost on minefields in the approaches to the port.
		The Italian surrender was signed in Sicily on the 3rd, but not announced until the 8th to coincide with the main Allied landing at Salerno, and in the forlorn hope of preventing the Germans from taking over the country.
		On the 12th the arrested Benito Mussolini was rescued from his Italian captors in the Abruzzi Mountains by German Col Otto Skorzeny's paratroops and flown to Germany.
	www.naval-history.net /WW2CampaignsItalianNavy2.htm (2942 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Battleship was the name given to the most powerfully gun-armed and most heavily armored classes of warships built between the 15th and 20th centuries.
		Battleships evolved from northern European cogs, and included carracks and galleons in the 16th Century, ships of the line in the 17th and 18th centuries, broadside ironclads and Pre-Dreadnoughts in the 19th century, and Dreadnoughts in the 20th Century.
		Battleships still in existence as museums include the American USS Massachusetts, North Carolina, Alabama and Texas, the British HMS Mary Rose and Warrior, the Japanese Mikasa, the Swedish Vasa, the Dutch Buffel and Schorpioen, and the Chilean Huascar.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=Battleship (7417 words)

	RN Roma (1942) - Wikimedia Commons
		Roma is famous for being the most powerful Italian battleship ever built, because she incorporated many improvements over her two older sister ships, but tragically also for being the first battleship to be destroyed by radioguided gliding bombs dropped from aircraft.
		Roma enterprised in all 20 war combat actions, but remained without contact, because enemy units tried to avoid fighting by withdrawing quickly wherever she appeared.
		Roma é famosa per essere la piu potente nave da battaglia italiana mai costruita, perché conteneva un numero di miglioramenti contro le due navi sorelle precedenti, ma tragicamente anche di essere la prima nave da battaglia affondata da bombe radioguidate lanciate da aeroplani.
	commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/RN_Roma_(1942) (411 words)

	Comando Supremo: Events of 1943
		Italian Torpedo Boat Climene is sunk off the coast of Sicily by British submarine HMS Unshaken.
		The new Italian government offers to assist in the war against Germany, but need Allied reinforcements in Rome before the declaration of war against Germany is delivered.
		Italian destroyer Quintino Sella is sunk by a German S-Boote in the Adriatic.
	www.comandosupremo.com /1943.html (2430 words)

	Italian Navy
		Italians lacked totally from this point of view, all their airplanes were controlled by th Air Force which imposed to not build any carrier.
		Mussolini thought that all Italian peninsula was a huge aircraft carrier: this though will be tragically wrong.During the tragedy of Second World War 33.000 Italian Seamen lost their lives and were lost 270.000 tons of warships.
		During the period between 1925 and 1940, the Regia Marina dedicated large resources to the strengthening of its submarine forces, which resulted in the deployment of 50 large, 89 medium, 2 cargo and 50 small units.
	homepage.eircom.net /~war/itanav.htm (681 words)

	War in the Mediterranean - The Taranto Raid
		The five (soon six) Italian battleships suddenly became a very serious threat and it was the Royal Navy this time that might have had doubts before engaging such a force.
		That was because several of the estimated 15,000 rounds of all calibers fired by shore and warship anti-aircraft defenses had landed on the merchantmen and even in the city, causing severe damage.
		Three battleships had been hit, one (Cavour) had sunk in shallow waters, another (Littorio) had her bows underwater and her keel in the mud and finally a third one (Duilio) sustained moderate damage but two magazines were completely flooded.
	www.geocities.com /ed_morris_inc/grandfather/Taranto.htm (2307 words)

	Italian Battleships
		On the basis of this treaty, Italy demolished the four battleships of the Caracciolo class of which one had already been launched and three were laid down.
		During the reconstruction of the 4 old battleships, the Regia Marina began studies on new units based on the dictates of the Treaty of Washington which allowed up to 35,000 tons and guns of up to 406 mm which were rejected in favor of guns of 381 mm.
		The battleship of the Littorio class, which in 1943 was renamed Italia, were the only Italian battleships armed with triple turrets, two forward and one aft, configuration typical of those of other navies.
	www.regiamarina.net /arsenals/ships_it/battleships/battle_us.htm (795 words)

	TREATY BATTLESHIPS
		She became the first battleship sunk underway at sea by aircraft, and this event, more than Pearl Harbor, signaled the end of the battleship's years as the dominant class of warship.
		This negated the concept used in previous battleships, which was based on the deformation of relatively light and elastic bulkheads to contain the blast from an underwater explosion.
		All of the treaty battleships were heavily compromised to a greater or lessor extent by the need to at least nominally conform to the limitations of the various international naval arms limitation treaties.
	www.chuckhawks.com /treaty_battleships.htm (11483 words)

	THE BISMARCK CLASS
		The Dante Alighieri class of battleships were the first battleships in the world to have the triple turrets down the centerline. They were also Italy’s first dreadnoughts. Although she was faster than most of her contemporaries, she had relatively weak armor, which would later become typical of all Italian ships
		The Caracciolo class of battleships were neverbuilt. Work on them were suspended in 1916, in order to concentrate on building destroyers, submarines, and other light craft. Work on them resumed in 1919, but was stopped once again in 1920. They were all scrapped by 1922.
		The RN Roma’s career lasted 15 months, during which she participated in no combat missions. She made 20 sorties, steamed 2,492 miles during 133 hours underway and consumed 3,320 metric tons of fuel. She was out of service for 63 days during her career.
	www.ussmissouri.com /Battleship-Italian.htm (608 words)

	Italian battleship Roma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Roma is the name of three battleships of the Regia Marina:
		(1865), a steam battleship of the Roma class;
		(1940), a dreadnought battleship of the Vittorio Veneto class.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Italian_battleship_Roma (108 words)

	the Wells Brothers' Battleship Index: Are Battleships Obsolete?
		Battleships of this era had an extensive secondary battery of smaller guns, (usually in "casemate" mountings) which were intended to defeat destroyers and torpedo boats.
		While Japan was permitted fewer battleships than Britain or the United States, her entire battle fleet was concentrated in the Pacific Ocean; The US Navy battleships were divided between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and the Royal Navy's battleships were divided between the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.
		Battleships could no longer claim their traditional role in controlling the seas, however they have long been recognized for their value in providing heavy gunfire support for amphibious assault operations.
	home.att.net /~wellsbrothers/Battleships/obsolete.html (4920 words)

	[No title]
		Although not all designs were physically attractive, Italian battleships were often known for their physical beauty.
		To the Italian admirals the two new battleships and four rebuilt battleships were not sufficient to counter the likely French and British opposition in the Mediterranean.
		In a reverse of tumblehome the hull narrows slightly as it descends from the deck towards the anti-torpedo bulge.
	www.steelnavy.com /RMRoma.htm (4890 words)

	Dreadnought
		Only 3 of the American and only 2 of the Japanese battleships would be finished, many old ships would be scrapped by Britain and the United States, and Britain would be allowed to build 2 new battleships to make up for the age of her remaining ships.
		Battleships missed their chance for many surface actions because they were being held back for the more "serious" fleet actions that never occurred.
		The few glorious moments of battleships were born of desperation, both between the British and the Germans and between the United States and Japan.
	www.friesian.com /dreadnot.htm (8819 words)

	Italian battleship Roma (1940) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Roma was an Italian Vittorio Veneto class battleship that served in the Regia Marina during World War II.
		Roma was sunk on 9 September 1943, one day after the Italian government surrendered to the Allies, by a German Fritz X bomb launched from a Dornier Do 217 aircraft.
		Among those killed was the Italian Commander in Chief of Naval Battle Forces, Admiral Carlo Bergamini [1].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Italian_battleship_Roma_(1940) (242 words)

	Comando Supremo: Littorio Class Battleship
		The Littorio and Vittorio Veneto conducting gunnery exercises in 1940
		Littorio class battleships had radar installed by 1942 and it was called the Gufo system.
		Only one Battleship was lost in the war, the Roma, which was sunk by a German guided missile called the 1400 FX on September 8, 1943 after the Italian surrender to the Allies.
	www.comandosupremo.com /Littorio.html (245 words)

	Italy, Sicily, Mussolini, Fascist, Somaliland, Abyssinia, League of Nations, Albania, Pact of Steel, Axis, Rome
		German and Italian aircraft sank and damaged a number of warships and transports in the invasion area including a US destroyer on the 10th.
		torpedoed in the Strait of Messina by MTB-81; Italian
		On the 11th, Adm A B Cunningham fittingly had the honour of signalling to the Admiralty the arrival of the Italian battlefleet in Malta.
	www.naval-history.net /WW2CampaignsItaly.htm (3996 words)

	Italian 381 mm/50 (15") Model 1934
		This superb performance had a price in that they suffered from excessive dispersion and a very short barrel life, which was only about half that of other nation's large-caliber guns.
		Most guns were constructed of an A tube in two layers over the chamber and part of the rifled bore, the outer layer continuing to the muzzle.
		Note: This data is from "Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II" for a muzzle velocity of 2,789 fps (850 mps) and is based upon the USN Empirical Armor Penetration Formula.
	www.navweaps.com /Weapons/WNIT_15-50_m1934.htm (1022 words)

	WW2DB: Roma
		Roma was commissioned into the Italian Navy in mid-1942, but by then Italy was already showing signs of a fuel shortage, thus this powerful warship remained in port often.
		Berlin's response was clear in retrospect; the Italian fleet was to be destroyed to deprive the Allies of usage of those ships.
		At 1545, Roma was hit on the port side, amidships between 90mm AA gun mounts, piercing deck and side; the first hit reduced her speed to 10 knots.
	ww2db.com /ship_spec.php?ship_id=151 (392 words)

	Aquila
		In 1940 the Italian High command realized that their otherwise fine navy was compromised by not having an air component travel with the fleet.
		In "Grand Fleet" the Italians had been working with her training carrier Falco and the Fleet carrier Sagittario long enough to appreciate the significance of aircraft accompanying the Fleet, and was eagerly planning to convert ocean liners in the event of war.
		Though slowed by the material and manpower demands of the war, the Aquila was ready for trials in mid-1942 and with the Littorio-class battleship Roma proudly joined the Regia Marina in January of 1943.
	www.combinedfleet.com /furashita/aquila_f.htm (547 words)

	[No title]
		By the forth salvo the Italian battleship had the cruisers ‘zeroed in.’ As soon as the cruisers saw that they were under the fire of 381-mm guns, they broke off quickly toward the southeast, laying down heavy smoke screens as they went.
		As the Italian anti-aircraft guns engaged the level bombers, three Swordfish came in at water level from the stern.
		Roma were the targets of the first successful usage of the guided missile.
	www.steelnavy.com /DelphisVVeneto.htm (6190 words)

	Italian World War Military
		Superficially, it is not easy to see any sign that this pair of ships was completed in 1915-1916.Between 1933 and 1940 both ships were taken in hand for a modernisation that was as radical as any given to capital ships.
		Italian cruisers were organised in homogenous groups, the four Zaras forming the 1st division.
		the lone Gorizia was seized by the Germans at the Italian armistice in September 1943 and finally sunk, ironically by a joint British-Italian 'human torpedo' attack in june 1944.
	worldwars.bravehost.com /italy.html (762 words)

	Remote Piloted Aerial Vehicles : The 'Aerial Target' and 'Aerial Torpedo' in Germany
		It is interesting to note that of the fifteen battleships lost to airpower (seven in the open sea) one of these, the 41,650-ton Italian flagship, Roma, was sunk by a Fritz X. Later, the British battleship, Warspite, was hit by a Fritz X and put out of action for six months.
		The size and weight of the Henschel designs in 1940 were necessarily limited by the smallness of the Luftwaffe's operational bombers which were to carry the missiles.
		The battleship Italia was damaged and Roma sunk as victims of a new type of air-to-surface weapon, the Ruhrstahl/Kramer X-1 or Fritz X. It was a free-falling bomb guided by the parent aircraft.
	www.ctie.monash.edu /hargrave/rpav_germany_hr.html (4939 words)

	wrecks sardinia roma
		The Roma, together with her sister ships Vittorio Veneto and Italia (former Littorio - the battleship was renamed after the fall of Mussolini), was the most powerful Italian battleship, built during 1940-41 and completed during 1942.
		On September 9, 1943, the Roma left her base in La Spezia (Liguria, Italy) with the sister ships Italia and Vittorio Veneto, the cruisers Eugenio di Savoia, Montecuccoli and Attilio Regolo, escorted by eight destroyers.
		The Italian ships were spotted by German recoinessance airplanes in the Bocche di Bonifacio (between Sardinia and Corsica).
	www.sportesport.it /wrecksSA027.htm (672 words)

	World Battleships List: Italian Dreadnoughts
		Ships that could not sail were scuttled and fell into German hands; the rest put to sea on the evening of the 8th, one being sunk en route to Malta.
		The fleet was returned to the new Italian government, although 3 ships were assigned to the Allies as reparations postwar.
		The last Italian battleships were stuck in 1956.
	www.hazegray.org /navhist/battleships/ital_dr.htm (662 words)

	Fritz X Guided Bomb - Military Photos
		Late on 8 September 1943, the terms of Italy's armistice with the Allies went into effect, and the Italian fleet left their anchorage on the Italian mainland, bound for Malta, where the ships would be surrendered.
		The Italians told the Germans that the fleet was going to sea to help fight the Allies, but the Germans were suspicious, and Luftwaffe aircraft shadowed the warships to see where they were going.
		The battleship was towed away and did not return to action until June 1944.
	www.militaryphotos.net /forums/showthread.php?t=100015 (3183 words)

	Scale model RMS Littorio Battleship - Resin Italian Battleship, 1:700 Scale. The lead ship
		The lead ship of the Italian Littorio class 'treaty' battleships, RMS Littorio commissioned in May 1940.
		She was hit by 3 air launched torpedoes at Taranto on the night of the 11th of November 1940; repaired by April 1941, was damaged in the battle of Sirte in March 1942 then by air attack in June 1942 and again in April 1943.
		She surrendered to the Allies on the 9th of September 1943 at Malta after being damaged by a German Glider-bomb enroute.
	www.italianmodelshop.com /prid_25-109-370.html (178 words)

	German Bombers of World War II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The 1940 invasion of Norway saw the Ju 52/3m involved in what was the first large scale use of air transport in a war.
		Development continued and the plane entered service in 1940 eventually seeing service as a night fighter, torpedo, anti-shipping, and reconnaissance aircraft and guided missile carrier as well as level bomber.
		On Sept 9, 1943 two Fritz-X guided bombs dropped from Do 217s sank the Italian battleship Roma, with the loss of 1,255 of her crew.
	www.ww2guide.com /germanb.shtml (4517 words)

	Koster Do-217K-2/M-11 Conversion
		The RLM (Reichs Luftfahrt Ministerium) and for that matter, the entire German Military mindset was to take a good idea and develop it to its ultimate capability and the 217 is a fine example of that process.
		From 1940 to 1944 there were many improvements in this aircraft including increased engine power and performance, revised wing configurations and electronic packages and true to form, each improvement and upgrade received a new designation.
		Further attacks crippled the Italian battleship Italia, the British battleship Warspite, a British cruiser Uganda and the U.S. cruiser Savannah (CL 42).
	www.swannysmodels.com /Do217KM.html (1274 words)

	1.JmA - Special German weapons
		In 1940, the RLM got interested in Dr Kramers work, and The Ruhrstahl factories in Westfalen, in coordination with Dr Kramer, were ordered to make a guided free fall weapon system of the PC 1400 bomb for attacking ships.
		The most famous is the sinking of the Italina Battleship Roma and the damaging of her sistership Italia on 9 September.
		The situation regarding the future faith of the still important Italian navy was tense during these autumn days.
	www.1jma.dk /articles/1jmaluftwaffegroundweapons.htm (2715 words)

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