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Topic: Italian Fascism

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	Fascism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fascism is associated by many scholars with one or more of the following characteristics: a very high degree of nationalism, economic corporatism, a powerful, dictatorial leader who portrays the nation, state or collective as superior to the individuals or groups composing it.
		Fascism is also typified by totalitarian attempts to impose state control over all aspects of life: political, social, cultural, and economic; in the examples given, by way of a strong, single-party government for enacting laws and a strong, sometimes brutal militia or police force for enforcing them.
		Italian Fascism took power with the blessing of Italy's king after years of leftist-led unrest led many conservatives to fear that a communist revolution was inevitable (Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci popularized the conception that fascism was the Capital's response to the organized workers' movement).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fascism (5150 words)

	Italian fascism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Italian fascism (in Italian, fascismo) was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini.
		Italian Fascism is often considered to be a proper noun and thus denoted by a capital letter "F", whereas generic fascism is conventionally represented with the lower-case character "f".
		Italian Fascism is considered a model for other forms of fascism, yet there is disagreement over which aspects of structure, tactics, culture, and ideology represent a "fascist minimum" or core.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Italian_fascism (3272 words)

	Fascism www.wikipedia.org
		It differed from Italian fascism in the emphasis on the state's purpose in serving a racial rather than a national ideal, specifically the social engineering of culture to the ends of the greatest possible prosperity for the so-called "Master Race" at the expense of all else and all others.
		Fascism rejects the central tenets of Marxism, which are class struggle, and the need to replace capitalism with a society run by the working class in which the workers own the means of production.
		Italian fascism took power with the blessing of Italy's king after years of leftist-led unrest led many conservatives to fear that a communist revolution was inevitable.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Fascism/Fascism_Wikipedia.html (6595 words)

	Fascism - ninemsn Encarta
		Fascism, form of totalitarianism that seeks the strict regimentation of national and individual existence in accordance with nationalist and often militarist ideals; conflicting interests being adjusted by total subordination to the service of the state and unquestioning loyalty to its leader.
		Fascism drew support from all sections of society, but principally from members of the middle class who feared the threat of Communist revolution, business leaders with similar fears, discharged veterans who had failed to adjust to civilian life, and violent young malcontents.
		The actual term Fascism was first used by Benito Mussolini in 1919 and referred to the ancient Roman symbol of power, the fasces, a bundle of sticks bound to an axe, which represented civic unity and the authority of Roman officials to punish wrongdoers.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761568245/Fascism.html (1080 words)

	Fascism - MSN Encarta
		Fascism should also be distinguished from right-wing separatist movements that set out to create a new nation-state rather than to regenerate an existing one.
		Fascism also stands apart from regimes that are based on racism but do not pursue the goal of creating a revolutionary new order.
		Second, fascism gained popularity because many intellectuals, artists, and political thinkers in the late 19th century began to reject the philosophical emphasis on rationality and progress that had emerged from the 18th-century intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761568245_3/Fascism.html (1677 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Mussolini: What is Fascism, 1932
		Fascism, the more it considers and observes the future and the development of humanity quite apart from political considerations of the moment, believes neither in the possibility nor the utility of perpetual peace.
		Fascism conceives of the State as an absolute, in comparison with which all individuals or groups are relative, only to be conceived of in their relation to the State.
		Fascism is the doctrine best adapted to represent the tendencies and the aspirations of a people, like the people of Italy, who are rising again after many centuries of abasement and foreign servitude.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/mussolini-fascism.html (744 words)

	Italian Fascism: An Interpretation
		Italian fascism was the first application of what would become a generic ideology encompassing, or allegedly encompassing, movements of the political right in every nation of Western Europe, the United States, the British Commonwealth nations and even Japan.[4] It was believed by Italian leaders to be highly exportable, yet it carried strong Italian nationalistic overtones.
		Fascism was to be the single inspiration point for the Italian nationalistic dream of cultural and spiritual leadership.
		The majority of Italians were not enfranchised; among those who were there existed, for the formative years, a papal prohibition on political participation owning to the fact that the papacy was most displeased at the seizure of papal lands and other properties during the unification.
	www.ihr.org /jhr/v04/v04p--5_Whisker.html (9772 words)

	Fascism in Sicilian History - Sicily's Fascists and Anti-Fascists - Fascism in Italy, Fascism in America
		Fascism, schools were built (mass literacy increased somewhat) but original thought was discouraged, forcing many of the more talented Italian thinkers (scientists, explorers, musical composers, educators) to seek their fortunes outside Italy.
		The number of Italians killed by gunfire (firing squad) in Nazi reprisals is usually placed at around 8,000, mostly civilians, and the men responsible have sometimes been tried for murder, though the German Federal Republic is not legally required to extradite such suspects, now old men in their 80s or 90s.
		They were the Italian Taliban, and in many ways their social policies, and eventual defeat, were remarkably similar to those of the Taliban in Afghanistan six decades later (and for which President Bush mentioned Fascism in his speech condemning the terrorist attacks in the United States in September 2001).
	www.bestofsicily.com /fascism.htm (3398 words)

	Fascism Defined - Source for Political Terminology Analysis and Defintions
		Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy 1922-1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini.
		In contrast, Mussolini's fascism held to the ideology that all of these factors existed to serve the state and that it wasn't necessarily in the state's interest to serve or engineer any of these particulars within its sphere as any priority.
		Meanwhile, fascism holds the state to be an end in of itself, which the people should obey and serve (rather than the other way around).
	www.politicsdefined.com /content/fascism.htm (3773 words)

	Flirting with Fascism
		Ledeen later made clear that he relished the ire of the left-wing establishment precisely because “De Felice was challenging the conventional wisdom of Italian Marxist historiography, which had always insisted that fascism was a reactionary movement.” What de Felice showed, by contrast, was that Italian fascism was both right-wing and revolutionary.
		One of the greatest exponents of such youthful vitalism was the high priest of fascism, the poet and adventurer Gabriele D’Annunzio, to whom Ledeen devoted an enthusiastic biography in 1977.
		As Ledeen shows, the Italian fascists expressed their desire “to tear down the old order” (his words from 2002) in terms that are curiously anticipatory of a famous statement in 2003 by the Defense Secretary, Donald Rumsfeld.
	www.amconmag.com /06_30_03/feature.html (979 words)

	[No title]
		The impossibility of clearly distinguishing fascism, commonly identified with the extreme Right, from its sworn communist enemy on the extreme Left, presents a major obstacle to definition, and therefore to understanding.
		Throughout his discussion of "historical fascisms" in Italy and Germany, Laqueur draws comparisons between them and the Stalinist Soviet Union, suggesting that for every characteristic of Nazi Germany, in particular, there is a Soviet parallel.
		It is opposed to classical liberalism [which] denied the State in the name of the individual; Fascism reasserts the rights of the State as expressing the real essence of the individual." (In 1932 Mussolini wrote, with the help of Giovanni Gentile, an entry for the Italian Encyclopedia on the definition of fascism.
	www.lycos.com /info/fascism--italian-fascism.html (584 words)

	Fascism and Italian Anarchists in Australia by Gianfranco Cresciani
		Yet, what made Italian anarchists historically significant, was their political influence which, during the twenties, ranged well beyond their number and made of them the unchallenged leaders of the anti-Fascist movement as well as a serious threat to Italian Fascists in this country.
		Four hundred and twenty Italian cane cutters at Mourilyan, two hundred and eighteen at Hambledon as well as hundreds more at the other mills demanded that the cane be burnt before being cut, in order to avoid Weil's disease, an infection fatal to some cane cutters who had to work with the green cane.
		This was the first time when Italians in Australia walked out of a job in large numbers and by their determination and class solidarity compelled the landowners to ask for governmental intervention and for police protection.
	www.takver.com /history/italian.htm (7419 words)

	Fascism, by Sheldon Richman: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty
		This collectivism is captured in the word fascism, which comes from the Latin fasces, meaning a bundle of rods with an axe in it.
		In economics, fascism was seen as a third way between laissez-faire capitalism and communism.
		Mussolini's fascism took another step at this time with the advent of the Corporative State, a supposedly pragmatic arrangement under which economic decisions were made by councils composed of workers and employers who represented trades and industries.
	www.econlib.org /LIBRARY/Enc/Fascism.html (1120 words)

	FASCISM AND ITALIAN/AMERICAN WRITERS
		Unlike the few Italian immigrant writers who preceded them, whose work essentially were arguments for acceptance as human beings and pleas for recognition as Americans, the children of Italian immigrants used their writing to both document and escape the conditions under which they were born and raised.
		Fascism was only a word to them; Mussolini a patriotic Italian putting his country on its feet.
		At the Second American Writers Congress in 1937, she gave a paper, entitled “Literature Under Fascism,” in which she described the effects of fascist repression on Italian literature of the 1930s and suggested that unless fascism is fought, similar consequences would face the writing of other countries.
	tell.fll.purdue.edu /RLA-Archive/1992/Italian-html/Gardaphe,Fred.htm (4550 words)

	ZIONISM AND ITALIAN FASCISM, 1922-1933
		As a revolutionary, Mussolini had always worked with Jews in the Italian Socialist Party, and it was not until he abandoned the left that he first began to echo the anti-Semitic ideas of the northern European right-wing.
		Weizmann's autobiography is deliberately vague, and often misleading, on his relations with the Italian, but fortunately it is possible to learn something of the meeting from the report given at the time to the British Embassy in Rome.
		Italian policy toward Zionism only changed in the mid-1920s, when their consuls in Palestine concluded that Zionism was there to stay and that Britain would only leave the country if and when the Zionists got their own state.
	www.codoh.com /zionweb/zizad/zizad4.html (2177 words)

	ADSW: Italian Art Deco
		One characteristic of Italian Deco is "bold typography and streamlined imagery." The images, especially in books and posters, resemble Russian Constructivism in their layouts, which break out of the traditional grid.
		Italian Art Deco was strongly influenced by Futurism and Fascism.
		The authors note that, "In their reverence for speed the Futurists imbued the automobile with the power of a religious icon, devoting poems, paintings and graphics to it." They also note that, in the 1920's, Fiat was Europe's largest auto maker, and the first to open a special advertising department.
	www.adsw.org /perspective/1998/ItalianArtDeco (386 words)

	Fascism: The Truth
		Fascism is a form of government founded by Benito Juarez Mussolini and other World War 1 veterans who were fed up with Italian decisions, and the Treaty which did not involve italian land gains.
		Fascism is a Dictatorship that brings pride in ones country, known as Nationalism.
		True Fascism is not a true Totalitarian ideal, it gives power to a council as well but gives the leader the final decision which is made for the best of country.
	www.angelfire.com /home/government/FascistNews.html (1099 words)

	Fascism and Mussolini
		Fascism A clear and concise account of the origins and development of Fascism by Dr C Jazwinski.
		The Nature of Fascism Extract from the Roger Griffin book, (St. Martin's Press, 1991), where he attempts to define "generic fascism," - the term he uses for those characteristics which are found in all fascist movements and ideologies, from Mussolini's Fascist Party to contemporary neo-fascist organizations.
		Nichols, Leroy W. - Fascism Article by L W Nichols details the ideological roots of fascism and examines how the doctrine was applied to the Italian government.
	www.casahistoria.net /Fascism.html (1257 words)

	ZIONIST-REVISIONISM AND ITALIAN FASCISM
		Italy; the system is called Fascism: to give their prophet a title, they had to coin a new term --'Duce'-- which is a translation of that most absurd of all English words-'leader'.
		Nor were the Italians pleased at the growing ascendancy within the WZO of the Social Democratic Labour Zionists who were affiliated, however distantly, to their own underground socialist enemies.
		Whatever any few think of Fascism's other points, there is no doubt that the Italian brand of Fascist ideology is at least an ideology of racial equality.
	www.codoh.com /zionweb/zizad/zizad10.html (5489 words)

	ZIONISM AND ITALIAN FASCISM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		s a revolutionary, Mussolini had always worked with Jews in the Italian Socialist Party, and it was not until he abandoned the left that he first began to echo the anti-Semitic ideas of the northern European right-wing.
		He insisted that a quarrel with the Italians over the Tyrolians would only serve the Jews; therefore, unlike most German rightists, he was always willing to abandon the Tyrolians.
		In the first years of the regime, the Zionists knew he resented their international affiliations, but that did not bring them to antiFascism and, certainly after the statements in 1927 by Sokolow and Sacerdoti, the Zionists could only be thought of as Mussolini's good friends.
	www.severi.org /studenti/ipertesti/jewish/Zionism.htm (1991 words)

	Flickr: Photos tagged with fascism
		NEW Explore and refine fascism photos with our brand new clustery goodness!
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	www.flickr.com /photos/tags/fascism (119 words)

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