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	Italy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It comprises a boot-shaped peninsula and two large islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia, and shares its northern alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia.
		The architects of Italian unification were Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, the Chief Minister of Victor Emmanuel, and Giuseppe Garibaldi, a general and national hero.
		The musical influence of Italian composers Palestrina, Monteverdi, Corelli and Vivaldi proved epochal; in the 19th century, Italian romantic opera flourished under composers Gioacchino Rossini, Giuseppe Verdi, and Giacomo Puccini.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Italy (1648 words)

	Italian unification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Italian unification (Italian: Risorgimento) was the political and social process that unified disparate countries of the Italian peninsula into the single nation of Italy between the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.
		At the time, the struggle for Italian unification was perceived to be waged primarily against the Austrian Empire and the Hapsburgs, since they directly controlled northeastern Italy and were the single most powerful force against unification.
		Italian unification was completed at the end of World War I with the annexation of Trieste and Trento, with the respective territories of Friuli Venezia Giulia and Trentino.
	www.hackettstown.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Italian_unification (3859 words)

	ITALIAN
		Italians were also prominent in the fishing industries of the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Coast states.
		Italian immigrants were as devoted to their families as they were to their faith.
		The response to the masses of Italian immigrants was unfriendly and inhospitable.
	nhs.needham.k12.ma.us /cur/kane98/kane_p3_immig/Italian/italian.htm (1138 words)

	Italian Unification
		An insurrection in 1848 caused pope Pius IX to flee Rome and a republic was proclaimed.
		Napoleon's growing concern with respect to the sudden (large) size of his neighbor was resolved in part by the cessation of the Sardinian provinces of Savoy, near the Alps, and Nice, on the Mediterranean coast to France in 1860.
		After 1860, the only French presence on the Italian peninsula was in the city of Rome, where French troops remained at the request of the pope.
	www.arcaini.com /ITALY/ItalyHistory/ItalianUnification.htm (1463 words)

	Italian Peninsula, 1000 B.C.-1 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The archaeological record indicates direct contact between the northern and southern parts of the Italian peninsula, Sicily, and the Lipari Islands.
		to the Italian peninsula by eastern Mediterranean craftsmen, facilitated by the new stability afforded by the Roman empire, revolutionizes the
		Mass-produced utilitarian glass vessels come to be used for a wide variety of purposes in Roman daily life, and are the basis for glass's eventual status as one of the most versatile and ubiquitous materials in the Roman world.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/04/eust/ht04eust.htm (1389 words)

	Backgrounds to the Italian Renaissance
		The popes of the later middle ages and the Italian Renaissance could scarcely be considered churchmen; drawn from the nobility, they were ruthless politicians whose central goal was the expansion of their political power.
		So important is this area for Italian culture that after the unification of Italy in the nineteenth, the Tuscan language eventually became the official and widespread language of Italy.
		It was the last significant moment in Italian Renaissance history; the Reformation, one of the most significant events in European history, was on the eve of its eruption, awaiting a cold morning at the end of October, 1517, to permanently change the face of European culture.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/REN/BACK.HTM (2870 words)

	Gabaccia and Ottanelli/Italian Workers of the World. Chapter 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		DONNA R. Migrations of humble laborers from the Italian Peninsula and the nearby island of Sicily were already rising when a nationalist movement—called the Risorgimento—emerged in Italy to demand a united and independent state for a nation of "Italians." In 1789, the French Revolution sparked both imitation and horror among Italy's nationalists.
		But the peninsula was in political fragments, as it had been for three centuries, and nationalists could not even agree whether invasion by France constituted an opportunity or a challenge to Italians.
		The long-term legacy of the Risorgimento was an Italian state without a secure or a united nation to support it and a worldwide scattering of Italian citizens uninterested in creating a coherent diaspora nationalism like that of Jews, Greeks, or Poles, with their clear focus on change in the homeland.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /epub/books/gabaccia/ch1.html (7998 words)

	Andrew Weiss (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Although the Italian peninsula was once home to one of the most successful and revered civilizations in the history of man, the Roman Empire, it is now home to one of the youngest and weakest nations in Europe.
		In fact, the original plan for "Italian unification" that was conceived by Cavour and Napoleon III of France would have created an enlarged northern kingdom with the rest of the peninsula under a federal structure with pope as head (Duggan 127).
		Many Italians are eager to show their support for the Northern League and wave the red and white flags during a Bossi speech, but afterward they may not be as likely to admit support for the movement (Frei 163).
	shakti.trincoll.edu /~aweiss/italy.htm (5063 words)

	Italian Texans
		Italian explorers, from the 15th and 16th centuries, were well known indeed, but none came in the service of an Italian city or province.
		In the mid-16th century—and for many years before and after—the Italian peninsula was a mass of republics, city-states, kingdoms, and duchies.
		Significant Italian emigration was a part of the 1880-1920 surge from southern and eastern Europe.
	www.texancultures.utsa.edu /publications/texansoneandall/italian.htm (554 words)

	Peninsula Italian American Social Club History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It was either 1933 or 1934 when a group of Italian American residents of San Mateo, under the leadership of Frank Lodato, joined together to form a social club for members of the Italian American community known as the New Deal Italian-American Federation of San Mateo California.
		The purpose of the club is to promote the Italian culture among Italian-Americans of the San Francisco Peninsula, and to ensure a lasting legacy for their descendants.
		The Peninsula Italian American Social Club of San Mateo, Inc., as it is formally named, is deliberately operated close to break-even, since most of its activities are member activities, designed for their pleasure and their enjoyment.
	www.peninsulasocialclub.org /clubhistory.htm (1387 words)

	La Famiglia Abruzzese: Timelines; Italian Peninsula 4
		Italians were more dissatisfied with their government than before the war.
		Italian army (unprepared for modern warfare) suffered defeats in North Africa, Ethiopia, Eritea, and Greece.
		Mass prosecution by the Italian government of 452 accused Mafia in Palermo (338 were convicted as a result of the trial).
	www.cimorelli.com /pie/regions/abruzzo/tlineit4.htm (2000 words)

	Italian Peninsula, 1-500 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Under the Roman emperors, the Italian peninsula, particularly Rome and its surrounding areas, experiences great achievements in literature, architecture, and the arts.
		An eventual decline in imperial power and the threat of invasions across the Alps to the north of the peninsula, however, lead to economic and political collapse.
		Constantinople replaces Rome as the new capital in 330 A.D., and the Italian peninsula, as part of the Western Roman Empire, eventually falls to the Ostrogoths in 476.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/05/eust/ht05eust.htm (833 words)

	JUDEO-ITALIAN KINAH
		Italian Jewry has often, and rightfully so, been considered the oldest Jewish community of the Western world, as Jewish presence in Italy has been continuous for over two millennia.
		In all other aspects of daily life, Italian Jews had totally adopted the local customs and/or language(s), feeling more comfortable with the latter-the local regional vernacular with which each community expressed itself-which was, after all, their native tongue.
		Geography and history have therefore divided the Jewish communities—as with the Italian regions—hence preventing the formation of a strong, unified koiné, as in the case of Yiddish and, on a lesser scale, Ladino.
	www.geocities.com /CollegePark/Library/8945/kinah.html (6051 words)

	Italian unification Cavour Garibaldi Italy German unification
		The territories of the chuch that straddled the central portion of the peninsula were again placed under Papal sovereignty whilst to the south the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Sicily and Naples) was restored to a junior branch of the Spanish Bourbon dynasty.
		This society hoped to achieve "the marriage of the Italian insurrection to the army of Piedmont" and took as its slogan "Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy" in the hope that monarchists, federalists, liberals and also those disenchanted with Mazzini's hitherto unavailing leadership of "Italian" republicanism could unite under a common cause.
		Whilst many Italian nationalists might consider that "without Rome for its capital Italy cannot be constituted" it was also the case that sincere Roman Catholics in Italy and beyond regarded the Temporal Sovereignty of the Popes as being beyond question.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /history/italian_unification.html (7146 words)

	The Rise and Fall of Mazzinian Nationalism on the Italian Peninsula (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Mazzinian tenets were tied even closer to the heart of unification by the Italian National Society, which combined "the ideals of…Mazzini with the policies of Cavour and the heroism of Garibaldi" (Grew 460).
		Cavour, the architect of the Italian State, was further affected by Mazzinian ideals through his cooperation with the SNI, and Mazzini therefore maintained some influence over the course of the Risorgimento.
		His focus was, of course, Italian unification, but that purpose was merely a reasonable fraction of his true goal: the universal association of mankind.
	users.ox.ac.uk /~chri2057/z1999mazzini.htm (4114 words)

	Italian Peninsula -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Italian Peninsula extends from the region of the Po River southward for some 600 miles (960 km); it has a maximum width of 150 miles (240 km).
		Italian is currently spoken by more than 66 million people, of whom the vast majority live in peninsular Italy.
		Italian is also (with German and French) an official language of Switzerland's Ticino canton, where it is spoken by some 500,000.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9043020 (905 words)

	La Famiglia Abruzzese: Timelines; Italian Peninsula 3
		Italian republics with constitutions and legal reforms, were set up wherever the French conquered.
		Much of the Italian peninsula became unified (new laws, single monetary system, united army, and representative assemblies) after it's conquest by Napoleon Boneparte.
		Italian troops moved into Rome and Rome was annexed to Italy.
	www.cimorelli.com /pie/regions/abruzzo/tlineit3.htm (1557 words)

	Italian Language Sites
		Italian lessons for beginners, incorporating links to Italian websites in the lesson texts to illustrate the lesson topics.
		The Icon Consortium is composed of some 24 Italian universities, in collaboration with the ministries of Foreign Affairs and of Education, with the purpose of providing online courses and materials for foreigners and Italians resident abroad who are interested in Italian language, culture and history.
		The Italian daily newspaper online, which seems to feature all the stories that appear in the paper version, and has complete back issues to the beginning of the month and a search engine.
	www.fredriley.org.uk /call/langsite/italian.html (1778 words)

	Italian Language
		Considered a single language with numerous dialects, Italian, like other Romance languages, is the direct offspring of Latin spoken by the Romans and imposed by them on the peoples under their domination.
		An Italian dialect of the eastern Alps, the Friulian, is spoken in northeastern Venetia.
		In modern Italian the Latin qualities of the Florentine dialect are preserved, but the vocabulary of Latin has been made to meet the changing conditions of Italian life.
	www.floria-publications.com /italy/italian_culture/italian_language.html (534 words)

	La Famiglia Abruzzese: Timelines; Italian Peninsula 1
		It was the end of (Italian Rome) the Western part of the Roman Empire.
		St. Benedict of Nursia, Italian, founder of the Benedictines.
		Peninsula divided between Lombards in the north and the Byzantine Empire centered in Ravenna.
	www.cimorelli.com /pie/regions/abruzzo/tlineit1.htm (1752 words)

	Greenwood Publishing Group I1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In that time, no fewer than eight campaigns involving hundred of thousands of troops were mounted in the Italian peninsula, as France and Austria struggled over this secondary, but still vitally important theater of war.
		Beginning with a geo-strategic overview of the Italian peninsula and its place in French and Austrian calculations, Schneid moves on to a careful consideration of the major campaigns that began in 1805, 1809, and 1813.
		-- The Conquest of the Italian Peninsula, 1805-1806
	info.greenwood.com /books/0275968/0275968758.html (396 words)

	Italian peninsula (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Italian Ambassador to Saudi Arabia Torquato Cardilli has converted to Islam, reported the Nov. 27 Saudi Gazette.
		Italian Embassy to Host Forum on Korean Issues The Italian Embassy in Seoul will organize a forum on Korean peninsula is...
		Italian Ambassador Carlo Trezza will deliver an opening remark, while such dignitaries as Prof.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Italian_peninsula (279 words)

	Map - Itallian Renaissance
		The Italian peninsula extends south from the mainland of Europe, into the Mediterranean Sea.
		The Italian peninsula, surrounded by water on three sides, is separated from the mainland of Europe on the fourth side by the Alps, a rugged mountain range.
		Running on a northwest-southeast axis, through the center of the Italian peninsula, is a less formidable mountain range, but one that nevertheless provides some degree of isolation to each region.
	www.dac.neu.edu /theatre.history/thhist2/italren-maps.htm (184 words)

	Young Students Learning Library: ITALIAN HISTORY@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Italian peninsula in Europe has a history of almost ceaseless warfare within its shores and countless invasions from abroad.
		The Etruscans conquered lands to the north and south but were never able to take over the whole peninsula.
		The Italian city of Rome succeeded where the Etruscans had failed.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:28016440&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (182 words)

	Italian Studies at the University of South Florida
		For this reason, to understand the complexity of past and present experiences of Italians in the peninsula and of their descendants abroad, the Undergraduate Certificate in Italian Studies is designed with a broad interdisciplinary perspective.
		In addition, however, offerings will also focus on the Italian diaspora with specific reference to the experiences of people of Italian descent in the many nations in which they settled from the early 19th century to the present.
		Study Abroad: Students in the Italian Studies Certificate program are strongly encouraged to study abroad for the summer, a semester or a year in the USF in Italy program or in any other accredited program.
	italianstudies.cas.usf.edu (523 words)

	Italian Cuisine; A Cultural History; Alberto Capatti and Massimo Montanari
		It gives the history of the Italian eating tradition, exploring ingredients and recipes of the Italians within an economic and topographical context.
		o Salad was a distinctive aspect of the Italian meal as early as the sixteenth century.
		Massimo Montanari teaches medieval history at the University of Bologna and is the preeminent historian of Italian food and eating habits.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/cup/catalog/data/023112/0231122322.HTM (699 words)

	Immigration...Italian: Introduction
		It was an Italian who began the story of immigration to America.
		When Christopher Columbus set foot on American soil in 1492, he launched a flood of migration that is still in motion, and that transformed the continent completely.
		Although Italy as a unified nation did not exist until 1861, the Italian peninsula has sent millions of its people to the shores of North America.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/ndlpedu/features/immig/italian.html (248 words)

	The Conquest of the Italian Peninsula by the Carpatho - Danubians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Conquest of the Italian Peninsula by the Carpatho - Danubians
		the re-conquest of the peninsula by the Carpatho-Danubian Ramantes, led by the "Magnificent Aeneas";
		Time goes by, history changes, only for the Messapian people from the east of the Apennine Peninsula, as well as for the Venetics on the lower flow of the River Padus, to be considered today of Thracian origin (according to some, Thraco-Illyrian).
	www.dr-savescu.com /history/italia_e.html (2127 words)

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