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Topic: Iturbide

	Iturbide - LoveToKnow 1911
		ITURBIDE (or YTT [[Rbide), Augustin De]] (1783-1824), emperor of Mexico from May 1822 to March 1823, was born on the 27th of September 1783, at Valladolid, now Morelia, in Mexico, where his father, an Old Spaniard from Pampeluna, had settled with his creole wife.
		In December 1813 Colonel Iturbide, along with General Llano, dealt a crushing blow to the revolt by defeating Morelos, the successor of Hidalgo, in the battle of Valladolid; and the former followed it up by another decisive victory at Puruaran in January 1814.
		Although the congress refused to accept his abdication on the ground that to do so would be to recognize the validity of his election, it permitted the ex-emperor to retire to Leghorn in Italy, while in consideration of his services in 1820 a yearly pension of £5000 was conferred upon him.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Iturbide (669 words)

	HISTORY OF MEXICO - CHAMELEON ADVENTURER: THE ASTONISHING CAREER OF AGUSTIN DE ITURBIDE - BY JIM TUCK IN MEXICO CONNECT
		Iturbide, on the other hand, was a career soldier and his civil career didn't begin until he installed himself as head of state.
		Iturbide perished violently at age 41, a victim of ill-advised ambition.
		Iturbide was born in Valladolid (today Morelia) in 1783, the son of a Spanish father and a Mexican mother.
	www.mexconnect.com /mex_/history/jtuck/jtaugustiniturbide.html (1082 words)

	Augustin de Iturbide
		Iturbide was born in the town now known as Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico, then called Valladolid and part of the colony of New Spain.
		Iturbide did this with some genuine reluctance, since he was a sincere believer in the divine right of kings, and thought that as someone without royal blood he was unworthy.
		Iturbide attempted to run the nation as he had led the army, giving orders and commanding that those who disagreed with him be imprisioned.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/it/Iturbide.html (577 words)

	Articles: Iturbide, Agustín de - Historical Text Archive
		Iturbide manipulated and deceived groups, the loyal Spaniards and the rebels, in order to plant himself in a position to use his military power as a political weapon.
		Iturbide continued to receive reports from Mexico from some advisors that if he returned he would be hailed as a liberator and a potential leader against the Spanish invasion.
		Iturbide strived to be a hero for the Mexico that he loved and so desperately wanted to succeed as a new independent state.
	www.historicaltextarchive.com /sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=540 (1208 words)

	Seeing the Archaic World Through Modern Eyes - April 27, 2006 - The New York Sun
		Iturbide's book of photographs of her native Mexico, as well as some from her work in India.There are 32 fl-and-white gelatin silver prints, 16 inches by 20 inches, pictures of great beauty, hovering resonance, and ideological purpose.
		Iturbide was born in 1942, married in 1962, had three children, and was deeply shaken by the death of her middle child, Claudia, when the girl was 6 years old.
		Iturbide absorbed Bravo's influences: the tradition of Mexican portraiture, the respect for native, pre-Hispanic culture, and the international modernist impulses of mid-20th-century art and photography.
	www.nysun.com /article/31713 (649 words)

	Agustín de Iturbide - Encyclopedia.com
		Iturbide undertook the command with the intention of overthrowing the viceroyalty and establishing Mexican independence.
		After Guerrero had inflicted minor defeats on his troops, Iturbide opened negotiations with the insurgent leader, and the result was the Plan of Iguala (1821).
		Iturbide has been regarded by conservatives as the champion of Mexican independence, rather than Hidalgo or Morelos y Pavón.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Iturbide.html (331 words)

	ITURBIDE, Augustín de
		Iturbide and Guerrero, in February 1821, issued the so-called Plan of Iguala, which included provisions for Mexican independence under a monarchical form of government.
		Iturbide proclaimed himself emperor as Augustín I in 1822.
		Iturbide went into exile in Italy but returned to Mexico in 1824.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=212985 (762 words)

	MySA.com: Visual Arts
		And, most striking, Iturbide talked about the death of her young daughter Claudia, and how she was able to deal with the pain through her art.
		When the gallery began collecting Iturbide's work, the photographer already was an established artist, known for her work photographing the Zapotec Indian women of Oaxaca and the Seri Indians of Sonora.
		Iturbide had never printed the photograph of the corpse until she was approached by Todd and Wittliff.
	www.mysanantonio.com /entertainment/visualarts/stories/MYSA102206.1P.iturbide.1bc1a0c.html (932 words)

	Iturbide
		The Agustín de Iturbide Collection, which forms part of the Genaro García Collection, was purchased by the University of Texas in 1921 from the heirs of Genaro García.
		Iturbide joined the army in 1800, by 1810 was fighting with the royalists, and by 1820 held the rank of colonel.
		Iturbide was proclaimed emperor in May 1822 but by October was forced to dissolve the national congress because of resistance from the opposition.
	www.lib.utexas.edu /benson/Mex_Archives/Iturbide.html (607 words)

	Agustín de Iturbide Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Iturbide was born in Valladolid (now Morelia), Mexico, on Sept. 27, 1783, the scion of a wealthy, staunchly Catholic, aristocratic family of Basque descent.
		Iturbide was among the young Creole aristocrats who began to contemplate the possibility of separation from Spain in response to an 1820 military revolt which placed Spain under a liberal regime.
		Iturbide proved to be a tactless ruler, and his regime was characterized by constant disputes with the legislature, which challenged his efforts to concentrate power in his own hands.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/agustin-de-iturbide (925 words)

	AGUSTÍN (Iturbide y Arámburu) @ Archontology.org: presidents, kings, prime ministers, biography, database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		His defense of Valladolid against the revolutionary forces of José María Morelos dealt a crushing blow to the insurgents, and for this victory Iturbide was given command of the military district of Guanajuato and Michoacán.
		In Veracruz, the commander of the garrison, Antonio López de Santa Anna, rose against Iturbide and proclaimed a republic (1 Dec 1822).
		Facing a threat of rebellion, Iturbide ordered the members of the dissolved congress to reassemble (4 Mar 1823) and himslef abdicated (19 Mar 1823; abdication presented at the night session of congress by Minister Juan Gómez Navarrete) and fled to Italy.
	www.archontology.org /nations/mex/mex1/iturbide2.php (516 words)

	Iturbide - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		ITURBIDE (or YTT [[Rbide), Augustin De]] (1783-1824), emperor of Mexico from May 1822 to March 1823, was born on the 27th of September 1783, at Valladolid, now Morelia, in Mexico, where his father, an Old Spaniard from Pampeluna, had settled with his creole wife.
		In December 1813 Colonel Iturbide, along with General Llano, dealt a crushing blow to the revolt by defeating Morelos, the successor of Hidalgo, in the battle of Valladolid; and the former followed it up by another decisive victory at Puruaran in January 1814.
		Although the congress refused to accept his abdication on the ground that to do so would be to recognize the validity of his election, it permitted the ex-emperor to retire to Leghorn in Italy, while in consideration of his services in 1820 a yearly pension of £5000 was conferred upon him.
	www.1911ency.org /I/IT/ITURBIDE.htm (695 words)

	Agustín de Iturbide
		After enjoying a better education than was then usual in Mexico, Iturbide entered the military service, and in 1810 held the post of lieutenant in the provincial regiment of his native city.
		In December 1813 Colonel Iturbide, along with General Llano, dealt a crushing blow to the revolt by defeating Jose Maria Morelos, the successor of Hidalgo, in the battle of Valladolid; and the former followed it up by another decisive victory at Puruaran in January 1814.
		Although the congress refused to accept his abdication on the ground that to do so would be to recognize the validity of his election, it permitted the ex-emperor to retire to Leghorn in Italy, while in consideration of his services in 1820 a generous yearly pension was conferred upon him.
	www.nndb.com /people/511/000097220 (740 words)

	Metroactive Arts \| Graciela Iturbide
		Though she travels through Mexico and photographs both day-to-day life and annual rituals, Iturbide creates pictures that are not a folkloric inventory but a shared exploration, a dialogue between artist and subject.
		Iturbide's tender portraits of the cross-dresser Magnolia reveal that not only women enjoy a greater breadth and fluidity of gender roles in the Zapotec town.
		Iturbide's images are postcards from the realm of ambiguity and duality, where the serpent of the past wraps around the present and nips the tail of the future.
	www.metroactive.com /papers/metro/03.11.99/art-9910.html (790 words)

	CIRCULO DE ITURBIDE - ITURBIDE CIRCLE
		The Iturbide Circle is small, international group dedicated to the study of Emperor Agustin Iturbide, the author of Mexico's independence and her first post-independence ruler.
		Mexican Flag established in 1821 by Emperor Agustin I. Medals, Coins and Banknotes of the Iturbide Empire.
		An obituary of Empress Iturbide was published in The Philadelphia Bulletin on March 25, 1861.
	www.geocities.com /iturbide_circle (549 words)

	Unmasking Mexico: The Photography of Graciela Iturbide - Susan Tenaglia
		Her expansive, complex vision of her native country is revealed in the exquisite photographs she's produced over the last three decades and in her photo-essays Those Who Live in Sand (1981), Juchitán of Women (1989), and In the Name of the Father (1993).
		Her major retrospective Graciela Iturbide: Images of the Spirit, released in 1996, depicts the richness of her Mexican culture from the indigenous communities of the Sonora Desert and Juchitán to the barrios of Los Angeles and the urban life of Mexico City.
		Iturbide works as an anthropologist does, living among a community, befriending its women and children, and sharing in their daily chores and annual festivities.
	www.worldandi.com /specialreport/2004/march/Sa23765.htm (265 words)

	HISTORY OF MEXICO 3
		Iturbide saw this as an attempt to undermine his power since he was in charge of the army.
		Iturbide was an emperor in name, but he was really a caudillo that congress had given legal sanction to rule.
		Iturbide was alarmed that there was now organized and armed resistance against his rule and he placed José Antonio Echáverri in charge of the imperial response to Santa Anna's rebellion.
	www.emayzine.com /lectures/mex3.html (4641 words)

	Graciela Iturbide
		Born in Mexico City, Iturbide came to photography after marrying at the age of twenty and having three children, fulfilling the pressures of an upper-middle class family.
		Through Iturbide's images, we come to understand that the power of the Catholic church could not erase the greater power of pre-Hispanic cultures, which created a country flourishing with modern technologies [radio, television, advertisements] yet cognizant and proud of its traditional and religious customs.
		Graciela Iturbide has solidified her place as one of the most important contemporary Mexican photographers, who images reveal her love of Mexico and its people.
	www.edelmangallery.com /iturbide.htm (452 words)

	GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY - THE AGUSTIN DE ITURBIDE COLLECTION: COLLECTION DESCRIPTION
		During this insurgency, Iturbide rose to the rank of colonel, and in 1813 forces under his command dealt a crushing blow to the revolution by defeating Hidalgo's successor Morelos at the battle of Valladolid.
		Iturbide entered Mexico City on September 27, 1821 and installed a provisional junta, with himself as president, pending the response of Spain's Ferdinand VII.
		On July 21, 1822 he was crowned Agustin I. Iturbide reigned over a high-handed regime, characterized by his arbitrary imprisonment of political opponents, the dissolution of congress and a refusal to acknowledge growing civil and social unrest in the provinces.
	gulib.lausun.georgetown.edu /dept/speccoll/cl157.htm (717 words)

	Amazon.com: Images of the Spirit: Books: Graciela Iturbide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Iturbide's definition of beauty is complex--in turn violent, spiritual, joyous, tense or tender--and it always has to do with dignity, the dignity of a ritual performed, a bond asserted, an identity worn with pride.
		Graciela Iturbide comes to her success with the lense by assisting the master Mexican photographer Manuel Alvarez Bravo in the early 1970's.
		In one epic photograph she chooses a relaxed barfly, cigarette in hand, shot glass near by, sitting in a Mexican dive, with a surreal,swirled, mural in the background, complete with religious imagery and hospital beds, dominated by a headstone that says R.I.P. The religious festivals capture an eerie quality that haunts the viewer.
	www.amazon.com /Images-Spirit-Graciela-Iturbide/dp/0893816817 (1119 words)

	ITURBIDE (or YTURBIDE)... - Online Information article about ITURBIDE (or YTURBIDE)...
		ITURBIDE (or YTURBIDE), AUGUSTIN DE (1783-1824), See also:
		Iturbide entered the military service, and in 1810 held the See also:
		principal events in the public life of Augustin de Iturbide, written by himself (Eng.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /INV_JED/ITURBIDE_or_YTURBIDE_AUGUSTIN_D.html (1218 words)

	THE IMPERIAL HOUSE OF MEXICO THE HOUSE OF ITURBIDE
		Don Martin de Iturbide was Alcalde of the valley of Baztan in 1432 and exercised jurisdiction in the King's name.
		The Iturbide family continued to hold high office in the Basque lands from the 15th century onwards and many prominent members of the family are recorded in the archives of Pamplona.
		Don Salvador de Iturbide, Prince of Mexico, was born at Mexico City, the son of the Emperor Augustin I's 8th child and third son, Don Salvador, by his wife Dona Rosario de Marzan y Guisasola.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Column/7292/book.html (3146 words)

	Agustín de Iturbide. History. Mexico for Kids
		Iturbide was born in Valladolid (today's Morelia) in the state of Michoacán, on September 27th, 1783.
		He was born of a rich Spanish father called Joaquín de Iturbide and a Mexican mother, from Michoacán, called María Josefa de Arámburu, into a life full of privilege.
		He studied in the seminary of his native city and received a commission in the viceroy's army while still in his teens, as a second lieutenant in the provincial regiment.
	www.elbalero.gob.mx /kids/history/html/gober/bioiturbide.html (577 words)

	National Museum of Women in the Arts
		Iturbide dedicated years to studying the Zapotec Indian people in the town of Juchitán, Mexico, going about their daily ceremonial activities.
		Iturbide also turns her lens toward a wide range of other subjects, from the Mujer ángel (Angel woman) of the Sonora Desert to girl gangs of Los Angeles.
		Iturbide was born in Mexico City in 1942.
	www.nmwa.org /news/news.asp?newsid=63 (728 words)

	Agustin de Iturbide - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Iturbide, Agustín de (1783-1824), Mexican revolutionary leader and self-proclaimed emperor (1822), born in Valladolid de Michoacán (now Morelia)....
		Early in the 19th century, Mexico fought an armed struggle to achieve independence from Spain.
		In 1821 Agustín de Iturbide, a military officer who...
	encarta.msn.com /Agustin_de_Iturbide.html (152 words)

	Philadelphia Museum of Art - Information : Press Room : Press Releases : 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Born in Mexico City in 1942, Iturbide has brought a deeply personal and poetic vision to the Mexican artistic tradition of exploring issues of identity, diversity and selfhood.
		Iturbide's work was influenced by two of the best-known earlier photographers of Mexico: Tina Modotti, recognized as one of the first socially concerned photographers, and Modotti's friend Manuel Alvarez Bravo, who began to photograph in Mexico City after Modotti was forced into exile in 1930.
		Iturbide, who initially studied filmmaking, worked as Alvarez Bravo's assistant in the early 1970s and began to devote her time and talent to still photography.
	www.philamuseum.org /press/releases/1998/227.html (715 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online:
		ITURBIDE, AGUSTÍN DE Agustín de Iturbide, emperor of Mexico from May 1822 to March 1823, was born on September 27, 1783, at Valladolid (present Morelia, Michoacán), Mexico.
		Because of his part in the defeat of the revolutionaries in the battle of Valladolid in December 1813, he was given command of the military district of Guanajuato and Michoacán, but in 1816 charges of extortion and violence led to his recall.
		After the treaty of Córdoba gave Mexico her independence, Iturbide entered Mexico City in September 1821 and on May 19, 1822, was proclaimed Agustín I, emperor of Mexico.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/II/fit1.html (362 words)

	Museum of Contemporary Photography: Iturbide, Graciela
		Graciela Iturbide is famous for her pictures of Mexico, particularly its indigenous population, though later projects have taken her to India and the American South in her exploration of modern culture.
		In particular she is known for her master work Juchitán of Women, a decade long project begun in 1979 when artist Francisco Toledo invited a group including Iturbide to visit Juchitán, a small town in southern Mexico’s Tehuantepec Isthmus, and contribute to an exhibition for the town’s Casa de Cultura.
		Graciela Iturbide was born on May 16, 1942 in Mexico City.
	www.mocp.org /collections/permanent/iturbide_graciela.php (291 words)

	Mexican Independence
		If Morelos had lived to the year 1821, Iturbide would not have been able to take control of the national insurrection; and the nation would not have passed through a half century of shameful and bloody revolution which caused it to lose half of its territory.
		They persuaded the Viceroy to appoint Iturbide head of the force preparing to destroy Vicente Guerrero's stronghold, one of the most consistent and most active resistance leader from the time of Morelos' death.
		After the death of O’Donoju and formation of a factionalized Congress of Bourbonites, Republicans and Imperialists, Iturbide was proclaimed as Emperor of Mexico by his military and the Congress was dissolved.
	www.tamu.edu /ccbn/dewitt/mexicanrev.htm (2577 words)

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