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Civil War

	Democratic Republic of Congo: On the precipice: The deepening human rights and humanitarian crisis in Ituri. - Amnesty ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Ituri is one of the major epicentres of the conflict waged in the DRC since August 1998, in which the government forces of Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi and client armed political groups have fought against the DRC government (supported by Zimbabwe, Angola and Namibia), against other assorted armed political groups and sometimes between themselves.
		Ituri is an area of considerable natural wealth, with potentially rich farming lands, deposits of gold, diamonds and other precious minerals (for example, petroleum in the Lake Albert Basin), and an important cross-border trade (and consequently lucrative customs revenues) with Uganda.
		Ituri has been under the effective control of the Ugandan military since the arrival of the UPDF in the region at the outset of the current conflict in DRC in August 1998.
	web.amnesty.org /library/index/ENGAFR620062003 (11081 words)

	Ituri Conflict - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ituri conflict is a conflict between the agriculturalist Lendu and pastoralist Hema ethnic groups in the Ituri region of northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
		The conflict has, however, become vastly complicated by the presence of various armed groups who participated in the Second Congo War, the large amount of small arms in the region, a scramble for the area's abundant natural resources, and the ethnic tensions of the surrounding region.
		The continued conflict has been blamed both on the lack of any real authority in the region, which has become a patchwork of areas claimed by armed militias, and the competition among the various armed groups for control of natural resources in the area.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ituri_Conflict (1471 words)

	Gold and Ethnic Conflict in the Ituri Region
		Additional conflicts broke out in 1985 and 1996 (2).The current conflict, which began in 1999, is based partially on claims made by the Lendu that the Hema were attempting to expand their land holdings into Lendu territory using false documents created with the help of Hema officials, a charge that the Hema categorically deny (2).
		The conflict in the Ituri region is largely the result of resource scarcity, both in terms of land and mineral wealth.
		Spillover from the conflict in Rwanda is prevalent in the DRC, with Hutu and Tutsi identification being adopted by the Lendu and the Hema, respectively (3).
	www.american.edu /ted/ice/ituri.htm (2088 words)

	Crimes of War > War in Africa
		An objection that was voiced in some parts of Congolese society was that the selection of Ituri, besides being politically dangerous, would have negative judicial consequences because it left entire conflicts outside of the realm of the Court’s investigations.
		Of interest to the International Criminal Court is the sheer brutality of the conflict in Ituri, particularly in its effects on the civilian population.
		But telling the story of the conflict in Ituri is only telling one chapter in the history of the Democratic Republic of Congo’s war, which began in 1998 when Rwandan- and Ugandan-backed rebels ousted the government in Kinshasa.
	www.crimesofwar.org /africa-mag/afr_05_kambale.html (4584 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Ituri is often described as the bloodiest corner of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
		The conflict in Ituri is important not just because of the extent of the suffering and destruction imposed on local people, but also because of these links with broader struggles.
		Ituri is a humanitarian catastrophe: over 500,000 people have been displaced from their homes and large segments of the population at risk do not have access to humanitarian assistance.
	www.genocidewatch.org /CongoAugust15SOS.htm (8678 words)

	Open Letters for Peace > Resources > Democratic Republic of the Congo > Events > May 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A UN base in Ituri is fired on by local militiamen as fighting continues in Bunia.
		A plane carrying a Congolese government delegation for peace negotiations in Ituri is damaged by gunfire while attempting to land in Bunia, and is rerouted to Uganda.
		The commander of MONUC states that the existing UN mission in Ituri is not equipped to act as a protection force.
	www.olfp.org /DRCMay03.htm (1338 words)

	Ituri: Congo's Savage Conflict Defeats Free Elections
		As conflict continues throughout much of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in advance of the first elections in 46 years, the Ituri region in the northeast remains this vast country's bloodiest corner.
		This regional civil conflict of massive savagery went almost totally ignored by the world — and by Africa-based foreign correspondents — until March this year, when an Ituri warlord was brought to The Hague to face charges brought by the fledgling International Criminal Court, ICC.
		There were occasional conflicts, but at no point in the documented history of Ituri did violence attain the levels seen since 1999, when the occupying Ugandan army sided with the Hema.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/jul2006/2006-07-28-01.asp (1620 words)

	CRIN - Child Rights Information Network - Resources -
		Ituri is one of the areas worst hit by Congo?s devastating war, which is still underway.
		A local conflict between Hema and Lendu ethnic groups that began in 1999 was exacerbated by Ugandan military forces and aggravated by a broader international armed conflict in the DRC.
		Ituri in particular became a battleground between the governments of Uganda, Rwanda and the DRC.
	www.crin.org /resources/infoDetail.asp?ID=7775 (1041 words)

	FOR THE RECORD 2003
		It should be recalled that the root causes of the Ituri conflict, which relate to a power struggle indigenous to the area over land and resources, have recently been exacerbated by the protagonists of the wider conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
		The conflicts that have afflicted these neighbouring countries have had a direct impact on security in border communities in the Kivus, be it as a result of refugee movements or the cross-border activities of rebel groups fighting the Governments of their countries of origin.
		The strengthening of the rule of law is one of the fundamental challenges to be overcome, to break the vicious circle of violence, eradicate impunity, combat the root causes of the conflict and lay the foundation of a democratic society.
	www.hri.ca /fortherecord2003/documentation/security/s-2003-566.htm (12305 words)

	UN report slams armed groups in Congo - Breaking News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		At least 8,000 civilians were deliberately killed or were victims of the indiscriminate use of force in Ituri province in 2002 and 2003 and more than 600,000 civilians were forced to flee their homes, according to the UN peacekeeping mission in Congo and other human rights groups.
		The Ituri conflict, which erupted in 1999, is part of a larger five-year, six-nation war in Congo that has killed more than three million people, mostly through starvation and disease.
		While much of the fighting in Ituri has been between rival ethnic Hema and Lendu militias, the UN report gives details on seven Ituri armed groups and three regional political groups involved in the Ituri conflict.
	www.smh.com.au - !http: //www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/08/10/1092022443136.html (426 words)

	Ann Mckechin MP
		Unfortunately, conflict is still the chief obstacle to progress in Africa, and I should like to focus my remarks on the continuing crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
		The conflict in the DRC has cost an estimated 3 million lives since 1998,and just this month a massacre, which is estimated to have killed more than 1,000 civilians, occurred in the Ituri province.
		The conflict in Ituri runs not only on tribal lines-principally, the Hema and Lendu groups-or as a national dispute for control of the DRC itself, but increasingly as a dispute between two neighbouring countries, Uganda and Rwanda.
	www.annmckechinmp.net /posts/posting36114.shtml (914 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Whispers of Genocide, and Again, Africa Suffers Alone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Once again, there is bloodletting in Africa, this time in a place called Ituri, in the dense equatorial forests in the northeast of the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire).
		The conflict -- of which Ituri is one theater of battle -- is part of a domino effect caused by Rwanda's genocide.
		In Ituri, aid groups estimate the death toll to be 50,000.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A43548-2003Jun27?language=printer (1741 words)

	Background to the Hema-Lendu Conflict in Uganda-Controlled Congo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		FACTS: The region of Ituri has been occupied by the Ugandan Peoples Defense Forces (UPDF) since April 1998 and is torn apart by a war between the two prominent ethnic groups, the Lendu and the Hema.
		The establishment of a neutral international inquiry to ascertain the facts concerning the distinct confrontations in Ituri and that those responsible be punished.
		The VSV reiterated their concerns voiced in June 2002 for an impartial, efficacious and lasting resolution of the Ituri conflict.
	www.genocidewatch.org /Bunia11september2002.htm (5565 words)

	monuc.org: DR Congo holds 'last chance' peace talks with Ituri warlords ::: 11/05/2004
		Hundreds have died in fighting and massacres in Ituri since the broader peace pact for DRC was enacted.
		Interior and Security Minister Theophile Mbemba Fundu said the conflict in Ituri had "very much weakened" the peace process, while fanning inter-ethnic hatred in the region, still controlled by militias whose members are drawn mainly from two warring ethnic groups, the majority Lendu and minority Hema.
		UN Secretary General Kofi Annan's special representative to DRC, William Lacy Swing, said the two-day meeting was likely to be the last chance for all sides involved in the Ituri conflict to pull their region out of crisis.
	www.monuc.org /news.aspx?newsID=2526 (750 words)

	June 2003 News Monitor - Prevent Genocide International
		Millions who flee conflict or economic crises pose enormous burdens on their new host nations, the four-day meeting on migration and trafficking was told.
		The trouble in Ituri was fostered during five years of occupation by the Ugandan Army, which sought to assert control over the mineral-rich region by recklessly arming proxy militias of rival tribal groups.
		Their conflicts led to the deployment of a French-led EU peacekeeping force that has since deployed in Bunia and has largely managed to secure the town and its airport.
	www.preventgenocide.org /prevent/news-monitor/2003june.htm (18904 words)

	Guardian \| A daunting task ahead in war-torn Congo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The conflict is not just the outcome of ethnic rivalries; it is a contest in which several states use proxies to vie for control of a key African region.
		Thus, the situation in Ituri resembles the 1994 Rwanda genocide in which at least 800,000 people were massacred during 100 days of clashes.
		The carnage in Ituri is likely to go on unless a sustained effort is made by the international community to sanction the external spoilers, breathe new life into the defunct Ituri Pacification Committee, strengthen the UN mission to the Congo...
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,,4706983-110889,00.html (590 words)

	UN brokers Ituri ceasefire days ahead of DR Congo elections
		"The two sides agreed to put an end to the armed conflict in Ituri and to create the conditions for a return to peace, reconciliation between all Congolese communities and consolidation of the electoral process," according to a copy of the agreement obtained by AFP on Thursday.
		UN peacekeepers have been deployed since 1999 in Ituri but the presence of the MRC has thus far prevented the return of the 200,000 people displaced within Ituri itself, after fleeing their homes because of attacks and looting.
		Ituri and other eastern provinces of the DRC have continued to be ravaged by army-rebel clashes and ethnic violence, despite the end in 1998 of a five-year war that engulfed the DRC and drew in armies from at least six neighbouring states.
	www.turkishpress.com /news.asp?id=135177 (677 words)

	Open Letters for Peace > Resources > Democratic Republic of the Congo > Events >June 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		UNICEF condemns the treatment of women and children in the midst of the Ituri conflict.
		Six factions in the Ituri conflict agree to negotiate a renewed ceasefire.
		Negotiations for the structure of the new DRC army are stuck in disagreement.
	www.olfp.org /DRCJune03.htm (1534 words)

	ABC Radio National - Background Briefing: 23 November 2003 - The Scramble for Africa
		A province of Congo is Ituri, an area where there has been such ferocious fighting and conflict that all who’ve been there talk of a humanitarian disaster.
		Ugandan troops remained in he resource rich province of Ituri, and ‘officially’ pulled out in May. But Ituri still is anarchic, terrifying in human terms, and uncontrollable as various forces vie for power.
		He also felt that oil had nothing to do with the conflict in the area and that if oil is found, it will help the Ugandans solve their energy crisis.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/talks/bbing/stories/s997919.htm (5946 words)

	Security Council Welcomes Agreement on Transitional Arrangements in Democratic Republic of Congo, Adopting Resolution ...
		It demanded that all the parties to the conflict, particularly in that area, ensure the security of civilian populations and grant to the United Nations mission and to humanitarian organizations full and unimpeded access to the populations in need.
		The Council also demanded that all governments in the Great Lakes region immediately cease military and financial support to all the parties engaged in armed conflict in the Ituri region, and reiterated that all foreign troops must be withdrawn from Congolese territory.
		Despite the declared withdrawal of most of the foreign forces and the commencement of disarmament, demobilization, repatriation, resettlement and reintegration, the military situation on the ground, particularly in the Ituri region and the Kivus, continues to be volatile.
	www.unis.unvienna.org /unis/pressrels/2003/sc7699.html (1357 words)

	International Crisis Group - Congo Crisis: Military Interve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The UN intervention must also be supported by sustained international pressure on the conflict’s regional actors and their proxies to support pacification and finalise negotiations toward establishment of a legitimate transitional Congo government.
		Indeed, Ituri pacification should provide a formula for the wider, directly linked task of pacifying the entire eastern Congo, notably the Kivus, where the conflict’s toll has been even higher and which have been at the heart of the region’s wars in the past decade.
		Pressure their respective proxies and allies in Ituri to work together with the IEMF, MONUC, and the IIA for the complete demilitarisation of Bunia, the cantonment of all militias, the distribution of relief food and medical care to the IDPs and the immediate ending of all fighting.
	www.crisisgroup.org /home/index.cfm?id=1626&l=1 (1773 words)

	DRC: Masina - Kinshasa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		DRC: The Impact of the Ituri Conflict on the Household Economy of the Population of Bunia Town, December 2003
		The violent Ituri conflict, rooted in ethnic tensions and sustained by local and foreign economic interest in the area's mineral wealth, has resulted in massive population movements, loss of life, widespread physical and infrastructure destruction, inaccessibility to basic services, and damage to livelihoods.
		Bunia Town, the administrative capital of Ituri District, and once a safe haven for the war-affected population from rural areas, has not been spared from the violence.
	www.savethechildren.org.uk /foodsecurity/documentation/eca/DRCIturi.htm (214 words)

	DR Congo's Challenge to UN Peacekeeping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the midst of the conflict, thousands of huts burned down, women endured rape, mothers witnessed the deaths of their spouses and children, and human organs were eaten in acts of grotesque cannibalism.
		The conflict in DR Congo requires a greater commitment of resources and time to heal the wounds caused by ethnic strife.
		Its shortsighted and uncoordinated approach in the Ituri province is failing to avert a geopolitical crisis.
	www.globalengagement.org /issues/2003/07/congo.htm (1910 words)

	Congo (Kinshasa): Urgent Peacekeeping Needs, 05/26/03
		Given the urgency of the situation, the two human rights organizations urged that a rapid reaction force be deployed immediately in the Ituri region, pending an agreement by the Security Council on the expansion and strengthening of MONUC's mandate, and the respective deployment of its reinforced troops.
		Ituri presents the Security Council with a critical test of the commitments it has made in many previous resolutions to prevent mass killings and protect civilians.
		In Ituri today, the elements of a devastating crisis are clearly present: thousands of civilians continue to be at risk as opposing Hema and Lendu ethnic militia groups remain fully armed and ready to attack again; tens of thousands of other civilians are believed to have fled Bunia, and their fate is unknown.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Urgent_Action/apic052603.html (2514 words)

	Ituri conflict linked to illegal exploitation of natural resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The report, whose final and official version was made public in August 2004, recommended that the government and the international community need to ensure that full state authority is restored to the DRC's north-eastern district which has been the scene of inter-militia fighting since 1998.
		Other recommendations include: land reform; disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration of former combatants "beginning with the children"; rebuilding public infrastructure and repairing private housing; information campaigns to encourage the return of communities to their places of origin; and restoration of local conflict management initiatives with the aim of rebuilding trust and reconciliation.
		IRIN is a project of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=43008 (344 words)

	Latest news from Rwanda
		It is equally an effort to cover up their role as the sole party responsible for the conflict and turmoil in the Ituri region.
		Mbabazi should have told the Uganda Parliament is that from the time the UPDF arrived in Ituri in 1999, they were guided by an ideology of factionalism, creating various rebel groups and fragmenting existing ones.
		The conflict in Ituri is clearly a creation of the UPDF and consequently Uganda can not turn around and act as an honest arbiter.
	www.gov.rw /government/state_mba190303.html (1478 words)

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