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Topic: Ivar Fredholm

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	Fredholm biography
		Ivar, who was born in the Klara area of Stockholm City, proved a brilliant school pupil at the Beskowska School in Stockholm and he was awarded his baccalaureate on 16 May 1885.
		Fredholm's work on integral equations was met with great interest and boosted the morale and self-respect of Swedish mathematicians who so far had been working under the shadow of the continental cultural empires Germany and France.
		Their eldest son, Bengt Ivar Fredholm, was born in 1912 and he became a major in the Swedish army.
	www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/Biographies/Fredholm.html (1692 words)

	Erik Ivar Fredholm Summary
		Fredholm was born on April 7, 1866, in Stockholm, Sweden.
		Fredholm received his doctorate from Uppsala in 1898, although he conducted the bulk of his studies under Mittag-Leffler at the University of Stockholm.
		Fredholm conducted his doctoral thesis on partial differential equations, and his work became significant to the study of deformation of anisotropic media, such as crystals.
	www.bookrags.com /Erik_Ivar_Fredholm (666 words)

	Fredholm, Erik Ivar - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Fredholm, Erik Ivar
		Fredholm founded much of his theory on work carried out by US astronomer George Hill (1838–1914), who used linear equations involving determinants of an infinite number of rows and columns.
		In Fredholm's paper ‘Sur une nouvelle méthode pour la résolution du problème de Dirichlet’ (1900), he first developed the essential part of the theory of what is now known as Fredholm's integral equation;; further, he went on to define and solve the Fredholm equation of the second type, involving a definite integral.
		Fredholm was born in Stockholm and studied at the Polytechnic Institute there, and at the University of Uppsala.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Fredholm,%20Erik%20Ivar (235 words)

	Fredholm, Erik Ivar (1866-1927)
		This became a major research topic in the first quarter of the twentieth century and underpinned important theoretical developments in physics; David Hilbert, in particular, extended Fredholm's work to arrive at the concept of Hilbert space.
		Fredholm also devoted time to actuarial science and made a particularly important contribution by proposing an elegant formula to determine the surrender value of a life insurance policy.
		He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Uppsala but then spent the rest of his academic career at the University of Stockholm.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/F/Fredholm.html (168 words)

	Fredholm operator - Wikipedia
		In mathematics, a Fredholm operator is a bounded linear operator between two Banach spaces whose range is closed and whose kernel and cokernel are finite-dimensional.
		The abstract structure of Fredholm's theory (if not the computational aspects) can now be derived in terms of the spectral theory of Fredholm operators on Hilbert space.
		The use of Fredholm operators in partial differential equations is an abstract form of the parametrix method.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fredholm_operator (230 words)

	Fredholm
		Poincaré had all solved problems which now came under Fredholm's general case of an integral equation; this was an indication of how powerful his theory was.
		Hilbert immediately saw the he importance of Fredholm's theory, and during the first quarter of the 20th century the theory of integral equations became a major research topic.
		Fredholm received many honours for his mathematical contributions, including the V A Wallmarks Prize for the theory of differential equations in 1903, the
	www.educ.fc.ul.pt /icm/icm2003/icm14/Fredholm.htm (1549 words)

	Ivar
		Ivar Kreuger Ivar Kreuger (Swedish financier and industrialist.
		Ivar's was founded in 1946, Haglund opened a new restaurant, Ivar's Acres of...
		Ivar Vidfamne Ivar Vidfamne was, according to 695, Norway, Denmark, and parts of England.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/ivar.html (125 words)

	Fredholm, Erik Ivar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Fredholm was born in Stockholm and studied at the Polytechnic Institute there, and at the University of Uppsala.
		Fredholm founded much of his theory on work carried out by US astronomer George Hill (1838-1914), who used linear equations involving determinants of an infinite number of rows and columns.
		In Fredholm's paper Sur une nouvelle méthode pour la résolution du problème de Dirichlet 1900, he first developed the essential part of the theory of what is now known as Fredholm's integral equation; further, he went on to define and solve the Fredholm equation of the second type, involving a definite integral.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/F/Fredholm/1.html (165 words)

	History of Operator Theory
		The full idea of a function spaces is of the Twentieth Century, indeed it is the central notion of Twentieth Century analysis, and was influenced by attempts to understand the Dirichlet problem, Fourier series and transforms, and the work of Vito Volterra and Ivar Fredholm on integral equations.
		A major event was the appearance of Fredholm's theory of integral equations, which arose as a new approach to the Dirichlet problem.
		A careful analysis of the convergence of a sequence of operators, as Fredholm approximated his equations with Riemann sums and passed to a limit.
	www.mathphysics.com /opthy/OpHistory.html (2636 words)

	Matematiska Institutionen:Historia
		Ivar Fredholm (1866-1927) har fått en grundlig och välskriven biografisk skildring i [21].
		Fredholms lilla uppsats från år 1900 har haft ett utomordentligt stort inflytande på utvecklingen av integralekvationsteorin och funktionalanalysen, och det är knappast överdrivet att hävda att hans arbete är det mest kända bidraget till den matematiska forskningens utveckling.
		Fredholm blev genom sin integralekvationsteori en berömdhet i den vetenskapliga världen.
	www.math.su.se /matematik/Historia/Historia.html (7037 words)

	Erik Ivar Fredholm
		Fredholm is best remembered for his work on integral equations and spectral theory.
		Hilbert immediately saw the he importance of Fredholm's theory, and during the first quarter of the 20th century the theory of integral equations became a major research topic.
		Fredholm received many honours for his mathematical contributions, including the V A Wallmarks Prize for the theory of differential equations in 1903, the Poncelet Prize from the
	umm.kou.edu.tr /math/Erik%20Ivar%20Fredholm%20.htm (1482 words)

	Geometry.Net - Scientists: Fredholm Ivar
		I Netuka and J Vesely, Ivar Fredholm and the origins of functional analysis (Czech), Pokroky Mat.
		fredholm Erik ivar (18661927), szwedzki matematyk, profesor uniwersytetu w Sztokholmie, jeden z twórców teorii równa cakowych.
		Location.fredholm, ivar, 18661927, Oeuvres complètes, 1, QA 3 F86 1955, Killam.
	www.geometry.net /scientists/fredholm_ivar.php (1167 words)

	Geometry.Net - Scientists: Fredholm Ivar
		Ivar Fredholm 's parents were Ludvig Oscar Fredholm and Catharina Paulina Stenberg.
		Ivar Fredholm lived from 1866 to 1927 Fredholm is best remembered for his work on integral equations and spectral theory.
		Fredholm discovered in 1900-03 the algebraic analogue of his own theory of integral equations.
	www.geometry.net /detail/scientists/fredholm_ivar.html (1432 words)

	Kosmologika - Scientists - Oskar Klein
		Examiner was Ivar Fredholm (1866-1927), professor in mekanics and mathematical physics at the University.
		In competition with mainly Ivar Waller (1898-1991) Klein entered the professorship in mechanics and mathematical physics at "Stockholms högskola" in 1930.
		He succeded Ivar Fredholm, that died three years earlier and had been the opponent of Klein at his disputation.
	www.kosmologika.net /Scientists/Klein_english.html (3225 words)

	Klein_Oskar
		Fredholm the mathematical physicist best known for his work on integral equations and spectral theory.
		Fredholm's position at Stockholm Högskala and he finally returned to his native city to take up a post that he held until his retirement in 1962.
		During the 1930s, Klein helped many refugee physicists who were expelled from Germany and other nations largely due to their Jewish heritage.
	www.educ.fc.ul.pt /icm/icm2003/icm14/Klein_Oskar.htm (2125 words)

	Fredholm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Ivar Fredholm was a student at Uppsala, then later at Stockholm and undertook research into mathematical physics.
		A student of Mittag-Leffler, Fredholm is best remembered for his work on integral equations and spectral theory.
		Fredholm wrote papers with great care and attention so he produced work of high quatity which quickly gained him a high reputation through Europe.
	www.bg-rams.ac.at /intranet/Physik/history/Fredholm.html (161 words)

	Ballangrud, Ivar -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Ivar Ballangrud skates at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
		In the years between the first Winter Olympics and World War II, Ivar Ballangrud of Norway set five world speed-skating records and won seven individual Olympic medals, a men's record for the Winter Olympics.
		More results on "Ballangrud, Ivar" when you join.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article?tocId=9310051 (469 words)

	Fredholm, Ivar -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		in full Erik Ivar Fredholm Swedish mathematician who founded modern integral equation theory.
		Fredholm entered the University of Uppsala in 1886.
		More results on "Fredholm, Ivar" when you join.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9035273&query=Ivar%20Aasen&ct=eb (401 words)

	April 7 - Today in Science History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Swedish mathematician who is remembered for Fredholm integral equations with applications in mathematical physics and actuarial science.
		His first paper (1890) was on a special class of functions inspired by the heat equation.
		David Hilbert extended one of Fredholm's integral equations discoving Hilbert spaces on which would be built the quantum theory.«
	www.todayinsci.com /4/4_07.htm (2340 words)

	Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Memorial University of Newfoundland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It was only around the turn of this century when Vito Volterra (in 1896) and, above all, Ivar Fredholm (between 1900 and 1903) created the foundations of the modern theory of such equations.
		In general, the problem is much more complicated (since its setting is now that of an infinite-dimensional space, in contrast to linear algebra), and Fredholm's work represents in many ways the origin of (linear) functional analysis (see Applied Mathematics 4100).
		Many mathematical modelling processes lead to linear (and, often, nonlinear) integral equations, and it is thus not surprising that this field of pure and applied mathematics is still very much alive and growing.
	www.math.mun.ca /index.php3?content=includes/undergradhandbook/courses/am4161.htm (389 words)

	CMS Winter 2004 Meeting
		In 1900 Ivar Fredholm presented a method for the solution of integral equations.
		The method was extremely useful in showing the existence of solutions for certain types of boundary-value problems in partial differential equations, and attracted a good deal of international attention.
		In this paper we examine these two threads in the early reception of Fredholm's work, which persisted as separate though interacting traditions.
	camel.math.ca /Events/winter04/abs/hm (2715 words)

	Oskar Klein
		In 1923 he received a professorship at University of Michigan in Ann Arbor amd moved there with his recently wedded wife, Gerda Koch from Denmark.
		Klein returned to Copenhagen in 1925, became docent at Lund University in 1926 and in 1930 accepted the offer of the professorial chair in physics at the Stockholm University College, which had previously been held by Ivar Fredholm until his death in 1927; Klein retired as professor emeritus in 1962.
		He was awarded the Max Planck medal in 1959.
	www.mlahanas.de /Physics/Bios/OskarKlein.html (304 words)

	The Hutchinson Encyclopedia: Fredholm, Erik Ivar (1866-1927)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Hutchinson Encyclopedia: Fredholm, Erik Ivar (1866-1927)@ HighBeam Research
		Fredholm founded much of his theory on work carried out by US astronomer George Hill (1838-1914), who used linear equations involving determinants of an infinite number of rows and columns.
		In Fredholm's paper 'Sur une nouvelle mthode pour la rsolution du problme de Dirichlet'...
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:100097479&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf&COOKIE=NO (185 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Spectral representations of Operators A LaTeX file for two theorems on the spectral representation of bounded and unbounded operators.
		The specific example of T(f) given is a bounded operator whose range is not closed (hence for which the Fredholm alternative does not apply).
		Separable Fredholm Integral Equations Separable integral equations are equivalent to matrix equations with appropriate definitions.
	www.math.montana.edu /~pernarow/M560/2000/M560.html (511 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Homework 3 Multidimensional Fredholm integral equation, resolvent operators and eigenvalues of compact integral operators, non-self adjoint compact operator, and solvability of Ku=f.
		Homework 5 Conversion of BVP to integral equations, Fredholm alternative, necessary conditions for solvability, series solutions, eigenfunctions and solvability in systems.
		The code allows for the definition of a separable kernel, creates the equivalent matrix system and then solves the integral equation (when solutions are unique).
	www.math.montana.edu /~pernarow/M560/1998/M560.html (663 words)

	orientering.se
		SM-vinnaren Eva Fredholm får ingen plats i VM-laget, som helt baseras på rankingen efter de senaste årens tävlingar.
		Sverige har sedan tidigare beslutat att enbart delta i en av VM-disciplinerna i preo, den öppna klassen.
		SM-vinnaren från dagen före, Eva Fredholm, fick i den här tävlingen ge sig för Bernt Gustafsson, Flundrehof, som var betydligt snabbare på tidskontrollerna.
	www.orientering.se /t2.asp?p=1920&x=1&a=127838 (564 words)

	Integral Research
		There are special methods for Fredholm-type and Volterra-Type, "First Kind" and "Second Kind", linear and non-linear, symmetric kernels and separable kernels, etc. Some well known methods are-- Fredholm's method (determinants), Volterra's method (iterated kernels, Neuman series), ortho-normal series expansion, undetermined coefficients or power series expansion, numerical quadrature (e.g.
		There is one group of methods that are suitable for theoretical analyses providing analytical solutions such as Fredholm's and Volterra's.
		Rao Transform (RT) is useful in solving linear integral equations such as Fredholm and Volterra Integral Equations of the First and Second kind.
	www.integralresearch.net (1792 words)

	Giaever, Ivar -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		More results on "Giaever, Ivar" when you join.
		Japanese solid-state physicist and researcher in superconductivity who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1973 with Ivar Giaever and Brian Josephson.
		Josephson, Brian D. British physicist whose discovery of the Josephson effect while a 22-year-old graduate student won him a share (with Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever) of the 1973 Nobel Prize for Physics.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9036715 (419 words)

	Encyclopedia: Erik Ivar Fredholm
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	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Erik-Ivar-Fredholm (84 words)

	Software Reuse (1998-11-03) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Partik Jonsson has a long history of working at Rational together with Ivar Jacobsson.
		He is together with Ivar one of the coauthors of the books OOSE (Object Oriented System Engineering) and Software Reuse.
		Partik started by describing his book Software Reuse and let the audience drive his presentation by telling what areas they thought he should cover.
	www.rain-oo.org /meetings/1998/1998-11-03/m1998-11-03referendum.htm (450 words)

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