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Topic: Iwakura mission

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	Members of the Iwakura Mission - Picture - MSN Encarta
		The delegates of the Iwakura mission were among the first Japanese to encounter the West after Japan emerged from a long period of international isolation in the mid-19th century.
		The Meiji government, which had recently overthrown Japan’s centuries-old feudal system, sent the mission around the world from 1871 to 1873 to study the economic and political systems of Western countries.
		The mission’s leader, Iwakura Tomomi (pictured here in traditional Japanese clothing), returned from the trip hopeful that Japan could catch up with the West.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461575498/Members_of_the_Iwakura_Mission.html (94 words)

	Iwakura mission - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Iwakura Mission or Iwakura Embassy (岩倉使節団, Iwakura Shisetsudan) was a Japanese diplomatic journey around the world, initiated in 1871 by the oligarchs of the Meiji era.
		The mission was named after and headed by Iwakura Tomomi in the role of extraordinary and plenipotentiary ambassador, assisted by four vice-ambassadors, three of which (Okubo Toshimichi, Kido Takayoshi, and Ito Hirobumi) were also ministers in the Japanese government.
		Makino Nobuaki, a student member of the mission was to remark in his memoirs: Together with the abolition of the han system, dispatching the Iwakura Mission to America and Europe must be cited as the most important events that built the foundation of our state after the Restoration.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iwakura_mission (907 words)

	Korean Courtiers Observation Mission's Views on Meiji Japan and Projects of Modern State Building
		Mission’s trip to Japan was also an important landmark in the history of Korean-Japanese contacts: for the first time, the traditional roles of “exporter” and “importer” of the advanced culture were traded.
		Second, as Fukuzawa stressed, Meiji missions were strongly conscious about their aim of comprehending the main points of West’s intellectual and material achievements for the sake of obtaining an equal place in the “community of the nations”, and were mostly staffed with the energetic individuals who were in the positions of power.
		The Mission’s attendants were mostly chosen on the basis of their personal relationship with the individual courtiers, and, - except Yun Ch’iho (1865-1945) and Yu Giljun (1856-1914) who were scheduled to remain in Japan for further studies, - lacked both in bureaucratic experience and professionalism.
	www.geocities.com /volodyatikhonov/Huhenglish.htm (8034 words)

	eZ Systems -
		This mission was the last, most important, and largest of all the Japanese missions sent to Western countries between the end of the Edo Period and the beginning of the Meiji Era, that is, between 1860 and 1873.
		The Iwakura Mission was in Italy during May and June, 1873, and visited many places, including Florence, Rome, Naples and Venice, where they inspected various institutions such as a military hospital and a ceramic factory as well as historical monuments, churches and museums, and were entertained by the King of Italy at the Royal Palace.
		When the mission arrived in Italy after having visited nine countries, they knew that they needed to gather information on all aspects of the political, social, economic and cultural life of the West in order to be able to reform the Japanese institutions quickly and effectively.
	www.asjapan.org /Lectures/1996/Lecture/lecture-1996-02.htm (245 words)

	Setting New Paths
		In the fall of 1871, Iwakura Tomomi, the de facto leader of the Meiji government, organized a massive embassy mission to visit fifteen Western countries.
		The Iwakura Mission sailed from Yokohama on December 23, 1871, bound for San Francisco.
		The Iwakura Mission proved to be an elaborate learning and diplomatic adventure that established useful contacts in the West who could provide useful advice when needed.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C26/E2601.htm (4144 words)

	International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Iwakura Tomomi (1825-83), the defacto leader of the Meiji government, led this mission of almost fifty people as the Chief Ambassador, and visited fifteen Western countries, starting in December, 1871.
		Whereas in the 1860s, the prevailing slogan was "enrich the nation and strengthen the army", "civilization and enlightenment" better captured the mood of the 1870s, although to overcome national humiliation from foreigners by building a rich country and a strong army was always one of the main objectives for about a century.
		In general the Iwakura mission deepened the ambassadors' appreciation of Western achievements and weakened their respects for the Chinese civilization.
	www.oycf.org /Perspectives/1_083199/international.htm (2719 words)

	Francis Britto CCG1999 ttakak18 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The purposes of the mission were to revise the treaty with the Western countries, to study "constitutions, laws and regulations of the most enlightened countries of Europe and the U.S.A.", to collect "economic information" and to study the education system including "the curriculum and administration of schools" (Beasley 368).
		The mission felt that there was freedom of belief and there was a connection between religion and education.
		The mission thought that it was very difficult to stabilize the republic in the countries with a long history like Japan.
	pweb.sophia.ac.jp /~britto/geekids/task18/ttakak18.html (2083 words)

	Rits - 21st COE Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The mission that visited Chicago in Meiji 5 (1872) did witness the tragedy of the conflagration that hit Chicago immediately before that.
		Collapse of a lot of buildings and spectacles of burnt-out areas surprised the mission and 5,000 dollars were contributed from ambassador Iwakura to the city (*2).
		At first the mission seems to have thought that such a problem did not occur if the city was covered by buildings of stone and brick, but they learnt that even a modern city like Chicago was annihilated due to a fire.
	www.ritsumei.ac.jp:8080 /se/rv/coe/newsletter-e2-2.html (881 words)

	Iwakura Mission - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Iwakura Mission - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Iwakura Mission, fact-finding mission (1871-1873) by 48 leading Japanese politicians and officials to the United States, Britain, Germany, and other...
		With the last Tokugawa shogun overthrown in 1868, Kido became Choshu's representative in central government, serving in 1870-1874 and 1875-1876, and...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Iwakura_Mission.html (110 words)

	Lahti Conference Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		When I was priveleged to edit the volume on the Iwakura Mission from our EAJS conference at Budapest, I was surprised at the extreme cordiality shown them by the countries of Europe.
		Afterwards the mission moved to France and followed a conventional path for Japanese delegations later in the nineteenth century but one which was more comprehensive.
		The great Iwakura Mission was a journey of discovery for the Japanese and an opportunity for education for the Europeans which proved abortive.
	www.eajs.org /Conferences/Lahti/keynote.html (3971 words)

	Comments
		Several of them were left behind to complete educations in the foreign countries, including five young women who stayed in U.S.A. to study, among them the then 7-year old Tsuda Umeko who after returning to Japan founded (in 1900) the renowned school now called the Tsuda College.
		Nakae Chomin, who was a member of the mission staff and the Ministry of Justice, stayed in France to study the French legal system.
		On December 23, 1871 the mission sailed from Yokohama, bound for San Franscisco.
	innerspace.blogdrive.com /comments?id=1 (277 words)

	The Sword and the Chrysanthemum
		On 23 December 1871, Kido left for the mission as the second-ranking member of the Iwakura Embassy, returning 23 July 1873 to Yokohama.
		Samurai who were reduced in their wages, of course, were not pleased with the change in events, nor the tax of stipends or change in funds.
		He joined Iwakura, Okubo Toshimichi, Ito Hirobumi, and Yamaguchi Hanzo as one of the Associate Ambassadors of the mission.
	red-bird.org /meiji/katsura/vol2.htm (2373 words)

	Princeton - PWB 101998 - Record of a journey, Translators and Japanese colleagues retrace route
		Record of a Journey of Observation to America and Europe chronicles the 1872 mission of Tomomi Iwakura, Japanese Prime Minister and Special Ambassador Plenipotentiary to the United States and beyond.
		The Japanese group was well-received: "The steamer America arrived in port at 9:35 yesterday morning and was saluted with salvos of artillery from Fort Alcatraz," according to the San Francisco Chronicle.
		Collcutt notes, "The Japanese were welcome wherever they went because they were understood to be on a diplomatic and trade mission that would open their country.
	www.princeton.edu /pr/pwb/98/1019/journey.htm (1201 words)

	Meiji Period
		In 1871, Iwakura Tomoni led a delegation to study western nations.
		The Iwakura Mission (pictured at left) went to the United States, England, and Europe.
		Part of the mission was leaving school children in these foreign countries with host families.
	www.lakelandschools.us /lh/modonnell/virtualjapan/Meiji.htm (1351 words)

	UH Press Journals: Korean Studies, vol. 29 (2005)
		This article is a study of the first large-scale observation mission sent abroad by the Korean government in modern times—the so-called Korean Courtiers’ Observation Mission dispatched by King Kojong to Japan in 1881.
		While a minority of the Mission members perceived Japan as a model for building a modern nation-state in Korea, the more conservative majority was interested only in limited technical borrowing along the lines of the “Eastern Morality and Western Skills” reasoning that was popular in China at that time.
		Unlike the famous Iwakura Mission (1871), the Korean Mission did not produce any widely published account of its experience that could be used for the popularization of reformist ideas.
	www.uhpress.hawaii.edu /journals/ks/KS29.html (1091 words)

	CEP: discussion papers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Comprising four lectures the symposium was attended by a packed audience of some 75 people including the Joint Chairman and many members of the Japan Society, several senior representatives of the Japanese Embassy, as well as staff and students.
		Each lecturer focused sharply on a particular aspect of the Mission's work in Britain that fell within his or her special field and each prompted numerous questions and much discussion.
		It is some measure of the great range of subjects that the Mission was attempting to cover that there was no real overlap between any of the four papers.
	cep.lse.ac.uk /pubs/abstract.asp?index=1777 (195 words)

	Asian Studies Conference Japan ASCJ 2002
		As a Korean counterpart of Japan's Iwakura Mission, Courtiers' Observation Mission to Japan (so called Gentlemen Observation Mission) was to study methodically the features of modernization taking place in Meiji Japan.
		Five attendants of the mission, including Yu Kil-chun (1856-1914) and Yun Ch'i-ho (1864-1946), stayed behind to study in modern Japanese schools.
		The objective of the present study is to shed light on what was the "modernity" experienced by the Mission in Japan, and how the "Japanese modernity" experienced by the Mission members was afterwards projected on Korea's own modernization process.
	www.meijigakuin.ac.jp /~ascj/2002/200232.htm (880 words)

	150th Anniversary of US-Japan Relations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Shogunate sends the first overseas mission to the U.S. to ratify the U.S.-Japan Treaty of Amity and Commerce.
		The mission is accompanied by the Kanrin maru, a Japanese ship.
		The first mission to the U.S. The Kanrin maru crosses the Pacific
	www.cgj.org /150th/html/historyE.htm#10 (459 words)

	The Meiji Era and the Modernization of Japan...Part 2
		To do this, the Meiji oligarchs set off on an around the world junket in 1871 known as the Iwakura Mission, named for the head of the delegation, Iwakura Tomomi.
		They brought home anything which might be useful to Japan, in one form or another, including a police system modeled somewhat on the French system, an educational system influenced by both America and Prussia, and new forms of agriculture.
		Several students, including young children, were a part of the Iwakura Mission.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/oriental_history/17921 (586 words)

	Amazon.com: The Iwakura Mission to America and Europe: A New Assessment: Books: Ian Nish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Iwakura Mission to America and Europe: A New Assessment (Paperback)
		It includes contributions by scholars from various European countries about the Mission's visit to their country.
		My personal interest is that I contributed part of the chapter on the Iwakura Mission's visit to Britain.
	www.amazon.com /Iwakura-Mission-America-Europe-Assessment/dp/1873410840 (521 words)

	Old Japan - Other Items For Sale (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Wilhelm Burger (1844—1920) was appointed as the official photographer to the Austria-Hungary mission, which was dispatched to the Far East in October 1868 in order to initiate diplomatic and commercial relations with Siam, China, and Japan.
		This image was one of a number of Far-Eastern works of art which the Austrian government asked Burger to photograph.
		Long, clerk in the attorney's...." The letter must refer to Sasaki Takayuki (1830-1910) who travelled to Britain with the Iwakura Mission in 1872.
	www.old-japan.co.uk.cob-web.org:8888 /otheritems.asp (740 words)

	1-7 Iwakura Mission \| Modern Japan in archives
		HOME > Initial Steps toward a Constitutional State > Attempts at Constitutional Government > Iwakura Mission
		In December 1871 (lunar November, Meiji 4), the Iwakura Mission departed Japan, led by IWAKURA Tomomi serving as ambassador plenipotentiary, and including KIDO Takayoshi, OKUBO Toshimichi, ITO Hirobumi, et al., as deputy ambassadors (fukushi).
		The mission lasted approximately two years, making a circuit of the United States, Britain, France, Eastern Europe, and Russia, etc. The purpose was to make preparations for treaty revisions and to conduct an investigation of various countries' institutions and cultures.
	www.ndl.go.jp /modern/e/cha1/description07.html (162 words)

	[No title]
		Cortazzi 2001, 'Iwakura and Britain: stonewalling and well-bred dozes', TASJ 16: 1-20
		Ohta 1998, 'The Iwakura Mission in Britain: their observationson education and Victorian society', International studies (LSE) IS/98/349: 17-35
		Ruxton 1998, 'Britain: the Mission's aims, objectives and results', in I. Nish, ed, The Iwakura Mission in America and Europe: a new assessment (Richmond: Japan Library)
	www.oriental.cam.ac.uk /jbib/For2-3.html (932 words)

	EAST-
		The thinking of the early Meiji leaders [the Iwakura Mission]
		Record of a journey [the Iwakura Mission to the USA]
		The reception of the Iwakura mission in the USA
	www.thescotties.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /ew-travellers-articles.htm (347 words)

	Amazon.ca: The Iwakura Mission to America and Europe: Books: Ian Nish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Amazon.ca: The Iwakura Mission to America and Europe: Books: Ian Nish
		The Iwakura Mission to America and Europe (Paperback)
		Publisher: learn how customers can search inside this book.
	www.amazon.ca /Iwakura-Mission-America-Europe/dp/1873410840 (147 words)

	eBooks.com - The Iwakura Mission in America and Europe eBook
		eBooks.com - The Iwakura Mission in America and Europe eBook
		In all, they spent 205 days in America, 122 days in Britain and two months in France, along with visits to other countries including Belgium, Germany, Russia, Sweden and Italy.
		A supplement to the book looks at several 'post-Iwakura' topics, including a review of the mission's chief chronicler, Kume Kunitake.
	www.ebooks.com /ebooks/book_display.asp?IID=242168 (412 words)

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