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	J. Robert Oppenheimer \| Biography \| atomicarchive.com
		Julius Robert Oppenheimer was born in New York City on April 22, 1904.
		In 1926, Oppenheimer went to the University of Göttingen to study under Max Born, obtaining his Ph.D. at the age of 22.
		Oppenheimer retired from Princeton in 1966 and died of throat cancer on February 18, 1967.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Bios/Oppenheimer.shtml (671 words)

	Robert Oppenheimer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Robert Oppenheimer was born in New York City on April 22, 1904 to Julius S. Oppenheimer (a wealthy textile importer who had emigrated to the United States from Germany in 1888) and Ella Friedman, an artist.
		Oppenheimer's clumsiness in the laboratory made it apparent that his forte was theoretical, not experimental, physics, so he left in 1926 for the University of Göttingen to study under Max Born.
		Robert Oppenheimer's life is usually seen to highlight a number of cultural and historical trends in the transformation of science from the 1920s through the 1950s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer (6563 words)

	Robert Oppenheimer -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Oppenheimer feared that if it were announced where such a demonstration might occur, the enemy might move American (A person who surrenders to (or is taken by) the enemy in time of war) POWs or other human shields into the region.
		Robert Oppenheimer's life highlights a number of cultural and historical trends in the transformation of science from the (The decade from 1920 to 1929) 1920s through the (The decade from 1950 to 1959) 1950s.
		When investigating Oppenheimer in the (The decade from 1930 to 1939) 1930s and (The decade from 1940 to 1949) 1940s, the FBI itself was befuddled by the "J," deciding erroneously that it probably stood for Julius or, strangely, Jerome.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/ro/robert_oppenheimer.htm (4970 words)

	About J. Robert Oppenheimer
		Robert Oppenheimer (22 Apr. 1904--18 Feb. 1967), theoretical physicist and director of the Los Alamos Laboratory (Manhattan Project), was born Julius Robert Oppenheimer in New York City, the son of Julius Oppenheimer, a wealthy textile importer, and Ella Friedman, a painter.
		Oppenheimer concluded that the vibration and spin of protons could be ignored in theoretical calculations because the mass of the proton was incomparably greater than and essentially unaffected by the electron.
		Oppenheimer admitted that his original story was a "lie" concocted in a moment of "idiocy." Many scientists and public officials attested to Oppenheimer's loyalty and indisputable service to the nation, but Teller provided the final blow.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /maps/poets/a_f/ai/aboutopp.htm (2842 words)

	J. Robert Oppenheimer, April 22, 1904—February 18, 1967 \| By H. A. Bethe \| Biographical Memoirs
		Robert had one younger brother, Frank, who also became a physicist; he is Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. Oppenheimer had close ties both with his parents and his brother.
		Oppenheimer had the great desire to identify with the U.S. war effort, and was quite ready to accept a commission as a Lt.-Colonel in the U.S. Army as was desired by General Groves.
		Oppenheimer chose to have a security investigation which was organized essentially like a Court of Law with a Board of three judges, and lawyers both for the government and for the defence.
	www.nap.edu /readingroom/books/biomems/joppenheimer.html (10474 words)

	Robert Oppenheimer Summary
		Robert Oppenheimer was born in New York City on April 22, 1904 to Julius S. Oppenheimer (a wealthy textile importer who had immigrated to the United States from Germany in 1888) and Ella Friedman, a painter.
		Oppenheimer's clumsiness in the laboratory made it apparent that his forte was theoretical, not experimental, physics, so he left in 1926 for the University of Göttingen to study under Max Born.
		Oppenheimer was noted for his mastery of all scientific aspects of the project and for his efforts to control the inevitable cultural conflicts between scientists and the military.
	www.bookrags.com /Robert_Oppenheimer (11964 words)

	Malaspina Great Books - J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Robert Oppenheimer was an american physicist, director of the World War II effort to develop nuclear weapons, the Manhattan Project, at Los Alamos.
		Robert and his brother, Frank, were raised in a comfortable, upper-middle class fashion, and both attended the Ethical Culture School from grammar school through high school.
		Oppenheimer said, "We knew the world would not be the same." Within a month, two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, were targeted by atomic bombs, and Japan surrendered on August 10, 1945.
	www.malaspina.org /home.asp?topic=./search/details&lastpage=./search/results&ID=388 (1146 words)

	The New Atlantis - The Agony of Atomic Genius - Algis Valiunas
		Robert Oppenheimer and the American Century, his biographer David C. Cassidy, a historian and philosopher of science, chastises Oppenheimer for lacking the professional single-mindedness essential to a scientific career at the highest level, and faults him for having too many talents, none of which he concentrated on sufficiently.
		Oppenheimer’s assumption of moral leadership over his team convinced the scientists it was not up to them to settle political and military questions, and further assured them that the men qualified to settle such matters would come up with the right answers.
		Oppenheimer’s sympathy for Communism, his enthusiasm for world government as the ultimate arbiter of nuclear technology, and his qualms about the proposed second generation of nuclear weapons, played a critical role in the history of the Cold War and in the precipitous course of his subsequent career.
	www.thenewatlantis.com /archive/14/valiunas.htm (5639 words)

	Panter\Melissa\jro
		Robert Oppenheimer was born on April 22, 1904 to Ella and Julius Oppenheimer.
		Oppenheimer was no good at the job, and became extremely depressed from the combination of loneliness, homesickness and the realization of his personal limits.
		Originally Oppenheimer was chosen to head the team of physicists working on the project, and he played a key role in solving theoretical problems of the bomb.
	www.kawartha.net /~apanter/jro.htm (2086 words)

	J. Robert Oppenheimer
		J. Robert Oppenheimer was born on April 22, 1904 in New York.
		Oppenheimer was not a very good teacher because he assumed that his students had a greater knowledge of the material than they actually had.
		Oppenheimer was the first person in physics to develop the idea of a fl hole in the late 1930s.
	www.usd.edu /phys/courses/phys300/gallery/clark/opp.html (778 words)

	AllRefer.com - J. Robert Oppenheimer (Physics, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		After the atomic bomb was used against Japan, Oppenheimer became one of the foremost proponents of civilian and international control of atomic energy; he was chairman of the general advisory committee of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission from 1946 to 1952 and consultant to the American delegate to the UN Atomic Energy Committee.
		In 1953, Oppenheimer was suspended by the Atomic Energy Commission as an alleged security risk, in part due to criticism from fellow scientist Edward Teller, who was instrumental in the development of the hydrogen bomb.
		In addition to his contributions as a theoretical physicist and an administrator, Oppenheimer achieved a reputation as one of the outstanding teachers of his generation; he left a lasting influence both at California and at Princeton.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/O/Oppenhei.html (429 words)

	Oppenheimer, J. Robert
		Robert was encouraged to delve into rocks after starting a collection at the age of 5, and he was admitted to the Mineralogical Club of New York when he was 11.
		Oppenheimer's activism was far-ranging, but he consistently denied that he was ever a member of the Communist party ("I never accepted Communist dogma or theory") and no substantial evidence was ever adduced to refute him.
		Oppenheimer's persuasiveness and his new-found qualities of leadership were such that he gathered a top-notch scientific staff that numbered nearly 4,000 by 1945 and that lived, often amid frustrations and under quasi-military rule, in the hastily built houses of Los Alamos.
	www.angelfire.com /zine2/jungchiu/Oppenheimer.html (4544 words)

	J. Robert Oppenheimer, a man for the ages \| The Newsbulletin \| April 22, 2004
		In 1947, Oppenheimer was appointed chairman of the General Advisory Committee to the Atomic Energy Commission, serving from 1947 to 1952.
		To commemorate Oppenheimer's 100th birthday, the J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Committee, a Laboratory sanctioned organization, is sponsoring a photograph exhibit: "J. Robert Oppenheimer, 1904-1967: Photographs From His Life," at the Mesa Public Library gallery, located on the third floor of the library.
		Curated by members of the Oppenheimer committee, the exhibit includes between 50 and 60 photos garnered from the collections of the Robert and Frank Oppenheimer families, the archives of Berkeley's Bancroft Library, Harvard, Princeton, the Institute for Advanced Study and the Laboratory.
	www.lanl.gov /orgs/pa/newsbulletin/2004/04/22/text02.shtml (904 words)

	ipedia.com: Robert Oppenheimer Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		J #On Oppenheimer's first initial Robert Oppenheimer was a Jewish-American physicist and the scientific director of the Manhattan Project, the World War II effort to develop nuclear weapons, at the Lo...
		J#On Oppenheimer's first initial Robert Oppenheimer (April 22, 1904 - February 18, 1967) was a Jewish-American physicist and the scientific director of the Manhattan Project, the World War II effort to develop nuclear weapons, at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico.
		Edward Teller, with whom Oppenheimer disagreed on whether the more powerful hydrogen bomb should be developed, testified against Oppenheimer at the hearing, an act which led to much outrage by the scientific community.
	www.ipedia.com /robert_oppenheimer.html (2209 words)

	J. Robert Oppenheimer Biography (Scientist) — Infoplease.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Robert Oppenheimer was the scientific director of the Manhattan Project, the top-secret World War II program which developed the world's first atomic bomb.
		Oppenheimer was an unusual personality: intensely brainy and ambitious and yet distinctly philosophical, with a facility for languages and an interest in Eastern religions and philosophy.
		The "J." at the start of Oppenheimer's name is the source of some confusion: it is sometimes said to be short for Julius or Jerome, but Oppenheimer himself once told an interviewer that the initial stood for nothing.
	www.infoplease.com /biography/var/jrobertoppenheimer.html (542 words)

	J. Robert Oppenheimer
		Oppenheimer said, "We knew the world would not be the same." Within a month, two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, were targeted by atomic bombs, and Japan surrendered on August 10, 1945.
		During the 1930's, Oppenheimer was able to put together teams of talented, young theoretical physicists, and his early research was devoted to subatomic particles, including electrons, positrons, and cosmic rays.
		Oppenheimer thus became the worldwide symbol of the scientist who becomes the victim of a witch-hunt while trying to solve the moral problems rising out of scientific discoveries.
	www.thocp.net /biographies/oppenheimer_robert.htm (1275 words)

	J(ulius) Robert OPPENHEIMER
		OPPENHEIMER was the son of a German immigrant who had made his fortune by importing textiles in New York City.
		OPPENHEIMER then began to seek a process for the separation of uranium-235 from natural uranium and to determine the critical mass of uranium required to make such a bomb.
		OPPENHEIMER was made the worldwide symbol of the scientist, who, while trying to resolve the moral problems that arise from scientific discovery, becomes the victim of a witch-hunt.
	www.loebtree.com /julius.html (1124 words)

	The American Experience \| Race for the Superbomb \| J. Robert Oppenheimer, (1904 - 1967)
		Robert Oppenheimer was born on April 22, 1904, into a wealthy, New York, Jewish family.
		Oppenheimer sent a cryptic telegram to scientists back at Berkeley: "Any time after the 15th would be a good time for our fishing trip...As we do not have enough sleeping bags to go around, we ask you please do not bring anyone with you." The test, code-named "Trinity," took place on July 16.
		After the war Oppenheimer achieved nation-wide recognition as the "father of the A-bomb," and he was widely quoted as the moral conscience of those who had worked on the project.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/bomb/peopleevents/pandeAMEX65.html (787 words)

	Reader's Companion to American History - -OPPENHEIMER, J. ROBERT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		OPPENHEIMER, J., physicist and father of the atomic bomb.
		Oppenheimer's opposition to the hydrogen bomb and his former communist associations were cited by his enemies as evidence of his unreconstructed sympathy for the Soviet Union.
		Nevertheless, Oppenheimer continued to direct the Institute for Advanced Study and to lecture throughout the world on science and education until his death.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_066600_oppenheimerj.htm (622 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Fallout (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Robert Oppenheimer would be surprised that we've gotten this far.
		Martin J. Sherwin, a historian at Tufts University, began his Oppenheimer biography 25 years ago, exploring on horseback the high desert mesas of New Mexico that his subject first fell in love with as a boy visiting a dude ranch.
		Oppenheimer was born in 1903, the first son of wealthy and cultured German Jews living in New York City, and was almost immediately understood to be bright and sensitive.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A35705-2005Apr7?language=printer (1984 words)

	Julius Robert Oppenheimer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Julius Robert Oppenheimer was appointed director of the central laboratory for bomb design and development in Los Alamos, New Mexico, in May 1942, by General Leslie R. Groves, head of the Army Engineers.
		Oppenheimer recruited a highly qualified staff of scientists by informing them of the German attempt to create an atomic bomb and of the peacetime uses of atomic energy.
		Oppenheimer's prestige grew and he became the spokesman for those who believed that the atomic age demanded a broader understanding of science and technology.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/biography/Oppenheimer.html (572 words)

	SparkNotes: J. Robert Oppenheimer: General Summary
		Robert Oppenheimer was born on April 22, 1904 to an affluent, Jewish New York family, and he grew up in a world of moderate luxury on the Upper West Side.
		Oppenheimer held his own among the luminaries of the European lab, and he returned home to the United States determined to create his own world-class center for theoretical physics.
		The radicalism, however, turned out to be nothing more than a passing phase–by 1941, Oppenheimer was ready to turn his attention toward more important matters: World War II and nuclear fission.
	www.sparknotes.com /biography/oppenheimer/summary.html (819 words)

	J. Robert Oppenheimer Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		On April 22, 1904, J. Robert Oppenheimer, whose father was a German immigrant and wealthy textile importer, was born in New York City.
		Oppenheimer was a complex man, one who could inspire distrust as well as utter devotion, and one who could commit indiscretions as well as be a scientist of faultless integrity.
		In spite of the fact that Oppenheimer's past associations had aroused no undue concern earlier--he had received the coveted Presidential Medal of Merit in 1946 and had been serving on the highest policy-making committees--his security clearance was revoked, deeply shocking the vast majority of his fellow scientists.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/j-robert-oppenheimer (829 words)

	J. Robert Oppenheimer Centennial - Exhibit
		There is a cacophony of conflicting descriptions of J. Robert Oppenheimer – as friends have remembered him, as historians have analyzed him.
		It is sometimes said that one's greatest strengths can also be one's greatest weaknesses, and in Oppenheimer's life this manifested itself quite literally: the personableness and diverse interests which allowed him to expertly run Los Alamos were part of the same character which led to the revocation of his security clearance.
		Oppenheimer represents many things, but it is the common humanity present in his science, his teaching, his successes, and his failures which makes him a complex and rich historical character.
	ohst.berkeley.edu /oppenheimer/exhibit (423 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Biographical Memoirs V.71 (1997)
		BY H. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER died on 18 February 1967 in Princeton, N.J. More than any other man, he was responsible for issuing American theoretical physics from a provincial adjunct of Europe to world leadership.
		As a boy, Robert was already most interested in matters of Reprinted from Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of The Royal Society (14:391-416) with permission of The Royal Society.
		Robert was fascinated and immediately accepted when an invitation came from Max Born to work with him at Gottingen.
	books.nap.edu /books/0309057388/html/175.html (4322 words)

	Nuclear Files: Library: Biographies: Julius Robert Oppenheimer
		Robert Oppenheimer was born in New York City on April 22, 1904.
		In 1941, he was brought into the atomic bomb project and was asked to calculate the critical mass of uranium-235, the amount needed to sustain a chain reaction.
		On December 21, 1953, during the height of anti-communist sentiment in the US, Oppenheimer was accused of delaying the naming of Soviet agents, and also of opposing the building of the hydrogen bomb.
	www.nuclearfiles.org /menu/library/biographies/bio_oppenheimer-julius.htm (390 words)

	Amazon.com: J. Robert Oppenheimer: And the American Century: Books: David Cassidy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Oppenheimer is shown to have been a brilliant, complex and troubled individual whose personal failings helped shape the way science and government have interacted ever since.
		Oppenheimer's genius and ability to inspire his students is shown, allowing us to gain insight into the man before the events that would be the foundation of his legacy.
		Oppenheimer's life is a telling representative of the problems that we have solved in our quest for scientific as well as moral truth, and the many more new problems that we have created.
	www.amazon.com /J-Robert-Oppenheimer-American-Century/dp/0131479962 (3788 words)

	J. Robert Oppenheimer Papers (Library of Congress)
		Oppenheimer's writings for the early years, during which he established his reputation as a theoretical physicist, is filed in the first section of the Speech, Lecture, and Writing File.
		Oppenheimer planned to write a history of theoretical physics in the twentieth century, whose leading practitioners were virtually all among his principal correspondents.
		Of special note are three reels of conversation between Oppenheimer and Niels Bohr in 1958; three reels recorded at the Seven Springs Farm Conference which include Robert Lowell reading poetry from the Russian and addresses by Wallace K. Harrison, Robert Lowell, and Nicolas Nabokov; and three tapes of interviews relating to the Los Alamos project.
	www.loc.gov /rr/mss/text/oppnheim.html (2101 words)

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