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	JC virus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		JC virus (JCV) or JC polyomavirus is a type of human polyomavirus, genetically similar to BK virus and SV40.
		The virus causes PML and other diseases only in cases of immunodeficiency, as in AIDS, or immunosuppression, as in organ transplant patients.
		Padgett, B.L. and Walker, D.L. "Prevalence of antibodies in human sera against JC virus, an isolate from a case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/JC_virus (541 words)

	Polyomaviruses, JC Virus, BK Virus
		JC was first isolated from the brain from a patient suffering from Hodgkin's disease, and suffering from PML.
		JC and BK viruses are ubiquitous throughout the world, and the 2 viruses circulate independently.
		JC is rarely excreted in the urine of patients suffering form PML.
	virology-online.com /viruses/polyomaviruses.htm (1487 words)

	Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
		JC virus DNA was detected in all the CSF samples from the progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy patients, but not in the CSF from non-progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy cases, while the frequency of JC virus DNA detection in the PBMCs and urine did not differ among the three groups studied.
		The detection and semiquantitation of JC virus (JCV) DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is prognostic of survival and is a marker of the course of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).
		JC virus DNA was quantified in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by PCR.
	www.thedoctorsdoctor.com /diseases/pml.htm (6283 words)

	Baylor Neurology Case of the Month (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy was established by demonstrating JC virus DNA in the CSF by a PCR study, together with a typical appearance of lesions on MR imaging.
		The possibility of a polyoma virus as the causative factor in PML was proposed by ZuRhein (1967), and subsequently confirmed by isolation of a papovavirus using human fetal brain cell cultures.
		JC virus has a DNA genome of 5.1 kilobases in a double-stranded supercoiled form, encapsulated in an icosahedral protein structure measuring 40nm in diameter.
	www.bcm.edu /neurology/challeng/pat56/summary.html (1742 words)

	Human Cytomegalovirus Induces JC Virus DNA Replication in Human Fibroblasts -- Heilbronn et al. 90 (23): 11406 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		JC virus, a human papovavirus, is the causative agent of the demyelinating brain disease progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML).
		Latent JC virus is harbored by many asymptomatic carriers and is transiently reactivated from the latent state upon immunosuppression.
		Evidence that latent human cytomegalovirus is harbored in the kidney similar to latent JC virus led to the speculation that during episodes of impaired immunocompetence, cytomegalovirus might serve as helper virus for JC virus replication in otherwise nonpermissive cells.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/90/23/11406 (424 words)

	Microbe's Map Of Migration
		The strain of JC carried by modern-day Navajos, as it happens, is nearly identical to that carried by modern residents of Tokyo.
		JC virus is something that seems unimaginable--a microbe that travels so intimately, and so ubiquitously, with human beings that it's essentially indistinguishable from the people themselves.
		JC virus is useful for such comparisons because, like DNA, it's resistant to "recombination" events, in which paired strands of similar DNA trade pieces of themselves.
	cogweb.ucla.edu /Chumash/JCMicrobe.html (1070 words)

	Specialty Laboratories ::: we help doctors help patients
		Noninvasive diagnosis of BK virus nephritis by measurement of messenger RNA for BK virus VP1 in urine.
		Relation of JC virus DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid to survival in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with biopsy-proven progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
		JC virus load in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: analysis of the correlation between the viral burden in cerebrospinal fluid, patient survival, and the volume of neurological lesions.
	www.specialtylabs.com /books/display.asp?id=424 (1575 words)

	About the JC Virus Assay : ViraCor Laboratories
		JCV virus establishes latency in the kidney and virus is shed sporadically through life and more frequently during pregnancy or immunosuppression.
		JC virus causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), which is a subacute demyelinating disease of the CNS and is seen mainly in advanced disseminated malignant conditions, immunodeficiency syndromes, and in immunosrppressed patients following organ transplantation.
		JC virus has also been associated with hemorrhagic cystitis, ureteral stenosis and allograft dysfunction of JCV and is an effective monitoring tool of viral load to track the course of infection and response to treatment.
	www.viracor.com /diagnostic-virals-jc_assay.htm (328 words)

	ExactAntigen index page for virus species
		jc polyomavirus: also called jc virus, human polyomavirus (type jc), jc polyomavirus, jc polyomavirus jcv, polyomavirus hominis 2, human polyomavirus jcv, polyoma virus jc jcv, polyomavirus jc
		jc polyomavirus jcv: also called jc virus, human polyomavirus (type jc), jc polyomavirus, jc polyomavirus jcv, polyomavirus hominis 2, human polyomavirus jcv, polyoma virus jc jcv, polyomavirus jc
		jc virus: also called jc virus, human polyomavirus (type jc), jc polyomavirus, jc polyomavirus jcv, polyomavirus hominis 2, human polyomavirus jcv, polyoma virus jc jcv, polyomavirus jc
	www.exactantigen.com /taxonomy/virus/j (338 words)

	Aidsmap \| Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
		The JC virus is named after the initials of the first person with PML in whom the virus was identified.
		Plasma and urine PCR tests for the JC virus have been developed, although their uses in the clinical setting are yet to be determined.
		JC viral load in the CSF was undetectable in 33% of the cidofovir group and 39% of the HAART group at 6 months (non-significant).
	www.aidsmap.com /en/docs/C68EF995-03BA-4B89-AD8E-8A4A5A06EC63.asp (4277 words)

	PML
		It is of interest that JC virus is detectable in the urine of women during pregnancy, but it could not be isolated from the placenta, or from the urine of the neonate.
		However, acquisition of immunodeficiency alone, with the consequent exacerbation of the persistent JC virus, may not be the entire explanation of the pathogenesis of PML.
		With the 70-80% prevalence of antibodies to the JC virus in the population at large and the frequency of acquired immunosuppression also being high, it is difficult to explain why PML is so rare.
	www.jandoerffel.de /pml.html (805 words)

	Hopkins HIV Report March 1997 - Update on Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		PML is caused by JC virus, a polyomavirus that belongs to the papovavirus family of viruses.
		Using histologic stains, JC virus infection is suggested by the presence of oligodendrocytes bearing eosinophilic inclusions representing virus structures at the periphery of demyelinated areas that contain enlarged astrocytes which may be multinucleated and tumor-like in appearance.
		JC virus DNA in lesions can be demonstrated using conventional or in situ polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR) techniques.
	www.hopkins-aids.edu /publications/report/mar97_8.html (784 words)

	References
		JC virus DNA is present in many human brain samples from patients without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
		Involvement of JC virus-infected mononuclear cells from the bone marrow and spleen in the pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
		JC virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: Predictive value for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
	www.medscape.com /content/1999/00/41/75/417570/417570_ref.html (1596 words)

	Overview of JC Virus : ViraCor Laboratories
		The JC virus (JCV) is a human polyomavirus.
		They are named JC and BK after the initials of the patients in which they were first discovered.
		The BK virus (BKV) was isolated from the urine of a renal transplant patient who developed ureteral stenosis postoperatively.
	www.viracor.com /diagnostic-virals-jc_overview.htm (708 words)

	ScienceDaily: Viral Proteins May Be Associated With Human Brain Tumors, According To Findings By Temple Researchers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		According to Khalili, the JC Virus most likely infects humans through the upper respiratory tract and remains in a latent stage in most people throughout their lives, and, in some cases, causes very minor sub-clinical problems.
		Khalili says that the questions now facing researchers are whether or not the JC virus actually causes tumors; whether the tumors formed because of other elements and the virus helped as a co-factor; or whether something else causes the tumors and the presence of the virus is a mere chance association.
		Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML): A rapidly debilitating opportunistic infection caused by the JC Virus that infects brain tissue and causes damage to the brain and the spinal cord.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2002/02/020220075108.htm (1790 words)

	Evidence for an Association between JC Virus and Colorectal Neoplasia -- Boland et al. 13 (12): 2285 -- Cancer ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		JC virus DNA is present in the mucosa of the human colon and in colorectal cancers.
		JC virus DNA sequences are frequently present in the human upper and lower gastrointestinal tract.
		Mad-1 is the exclusive JC virus strain present in the human colon, and its transcriptional control region has a deleted 98-base-pair sequence in colon cancer tissues.
	cebp.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/13/12/2285 (1517 words)

	Newswise
		According to Khalili, the JC virus most likely infects humans through the upper respiratory tract and remains in a latent stage in most people throughout their lives, and, in some cases, causes minor sub-clinical problems.
		Khalili says that once in the intestinal tract, the genome of the JC virus expresses the viral protein T-antigen, which has oncogenic potential, and it associates with beta-catenin, an important protein for controlling cell division and balancing many of the normal biological events that occur in cells.
		Khalili says that the questions now facing researchers are whether or not the JC virus actually causes tumors; whether the tumors formed because of other elements and the virus helped as a co-factor; or whether something else causes the tumors and the presence of the virus is a mere coincidence.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view?id=COLNCNCR.TMP (887 words)

	Faculty Research - Frisque
		Identification of JC virus variants in multiple tissues of pediatric and adult PML patients.
		Purified JC virus T and T' proteins differentially interact with the retinoblastoma family of tumor suppressor proteins.
		JC virus T' proteins encoded by alternatively spliced early mRNAs enhance T antigen-mediated viral DNA replication in human cells.
	www.bmb.psu.edu /faculty/frisque/frisque.html (669 words)

	JC virus definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		JC virus: (JCV) A virus that commonly causes infections of no consequence in children with a normal immune system but which is responsible for an infection of the brain and spinal cord called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in people with AIDS and other forms of immune system impairment.
		JC virus is also the primary cause of nephropathy (kidney disease) in people who have received a kidney transplant and are on immunosuppressive therapy.
		The letters JC are the initials of a patient with PML from whose brain the virus was first isolated.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=40694 (242 words)

	Reference Laboratory
		JC Virus is the cause of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a severe demyelinating disease of the central nervous system.
		The detection of JC virus DNA is based upon the real-time PCR amplification and detection of specific JC virus genomic sequences from total DNA extracted from the specimen.
		The detection of JC virus DNA is based upon the real-time amplification and detection of specific JC virus genomic DNA sequences by PCR from total DNA extracted from the specimen.
	www.focusdx.com /focus/1-reference_laboratory/search_frame.asp?f=10 (504 words)

	Dual Qualitative-Quantitative Nested PCR for Detection of JC Virus in Cerebrospinal Fluid: High Potential for ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		JC virus regulatory region rearrangements and genotypes in progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy: two independent aspects of virus variation.
		JC virus (JCV) genotypes in brain tissue from patients with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) and in urine from controls without PML: increased frequency of JCV type 2 in PML.
		JC virus detection in the cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patients with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy and monitoring of the antiviral treatment by a PCR method.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/37/3/724 (3846 words)

	Glial Cell-Specific Regulation of the JC Virus Early Promoter by Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors -- Kim et al. 77 (6): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In nonglial cells, HDAC inhibitors caused 20- to 30-fold increases in JC virus transcription, whereas a <2-fold increase was observed in glial U87MG and U373MG cells.
		Two types of JC virus promoters (MH1 and Mad-1) and SV40 promoter reporter plasmids were transfected into U87MG and SK-HEP1 cells, which were then treated with 5 mM butyrate or 150 ng of TSA per ml for 24 h prior to harvesting cells.
		JC virus promoter-histone complexes exist in an acetylated state in U87MG glial cells but not in nonglial HeLa cells, while treatment with TSA dramatically increased histone acetylation in HeLa cells.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/77/6/3394 (3837 words)

	Polyoma virus infections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The polyoma virus infections are acquired early in childhood, and 60-80% of adults in the U.S. test seropositive for these viruses.
		BK or JC virus is shed in the urine of 10-60% of patients after renal transplantation, but clinically significant interstitial nephritis is infrequent.
		Polyoma virus inclusions in biopsy tissue are intranuclear with a homogenous basophilic or amphophilic appearance, which is quite distinct from cytomegalovirus, herpes virus and adenovirus inclusions.
	tpis.upmc.edu /tpis/kidney/KAINbk.html (541 words)

	Researchers Link Common Virus to Brain Tumors in Children - StopGettingSick News
		A virus that infects about 65 percent of all children by the age of 14 may play a role in the development of the most common type of malignant brain tumor found in the young, researchers report.
		JC virus is in a viral group called the neutropic polyomaviruses.
		Khalili said that if it can be conclusively proven that JC virus does play role in the brain cancer, then it may be possible to develop a vaccine that could help in treating the tumor or preventing its spread.
	www.stopgettingsick.com /templates/news_template.cfm/4938 (534 words)

	Expression of JC virus T-antigen in a patient with MS and glioblastoma multiforme -- Del Valle et al. 58 (6): 895 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Expression of JC virus T-antigen in a patient with MS and glioblastoma multiforme -- Del Valle et al.
		Expression of JC virus T-antigen in a patient with MS and glioblastoma multiforme
		JC virus genome and the expression of the viral oncoprotein
	www.neurology.org /cgi/content/abstract/58/6/895 (383 words)

	AEGiS-GMHC: Making Inroads on PML
		After acute infection, the virus can remain latent in the kidney, lymphoid organs, bone marrow and circulating B lymphocytes, but most researchers believe that the virus is not latent in the brain or central nervous system (CNS).
		Once the virus enters the brain, treating it may become more difficult since the parts of the JC virus genome that drive reproduction are prone to mutation.
		Viremia (detectable virus) in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) is increasingly being used in diagnosis.
	www.aegis.com /pubs/gmhc/1996/GM100504.html (1553 words)

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