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Topic: JOSS programming language

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	JOSS - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		JOSS I, developed by J. Clifford Shaw at RAND was first implemented, in beta form, on the JOHNNIAC computer in May 1963.
		JOSS was written in a symbolic assembly language called EasyFox (E and F in the US military's phonetic alphabet of that time).
		JOSS II, was developed by Charles L. Baker and Ed Bryan for the PDP-6 computer between 1964 and February 1966.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/JOSS_programming_language (318 words)

	JOHNNIAC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As with all computers of its era, it was a one of a kind machine that could not exchange programs with other computers (even other IAS machines).
		One JOHNNIAC legacy was the JOSS programming language (the JOHNNIAC Open Shop System), an easy-to-use language which catered to novices.
		JOSS was an ancestor of DEC's FOCAL and of MUMPS.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/JOHNNIAC (143 words)

	FOCAL programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Largely the creation of Richard Merrill, FOCAL was initially written for and had its largest impact on the Digital Equipment Corporation's (DEC's) PDP-8 computers.
		Like early versions of BASIC, FOCAL was a complete programming environment in itself, requiring no operating system.
		A surprising amount of string usage in programs is devoted to formatting user output.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/FOCAL_programming_language (435 words)

	looking.back -- November
		The birthdates of particular programming languages are often difficult to ascertain, since languages tend to evolve over a long period rather than appear full fledged on a single day.
		JOSS, JOHNNIAC Open Shop System, was a language developed by J.C. (Cliff) Shaw at RAND Corporation to provide users with a hands-on connection to computer, in a period when operating systems had become the major management tool of computing center directors.
		Adriaan van Wijngaarden, born 2 November 1916, died 7 February 1987, was a leader in programming linguistics and language translation, and a contributor to ALGOL 60.
	ei.cs.vt.edu /~history/50th/November.html (1079 words)

	"Watch What I Do"
		The idea that programming should be set up so it could be metaphorically like writing is harder to track down, but you could see it in Cliff Shaw's JOSS from the same early period.
		Besides being the first real "end-user" language, and the first attempt at a really "user-friendly" interface, it included a special terminal design adapted from a high-quality IBM electric typewriter that printed in two colors in lower and upper case on drilled fanfold 8*11 paper so that the output was a direct extension of one's notebook.
		A scripting language is a small, simple programming language whose vocabulary is specifically tailored to the objects and actions of a particular application domain.
	www.acypher.com /wwid/FrontMatter (4740 words)

	Computer Programming Languages - G
		A machine-like language for the representation and interpretation of attributed grammars.
		One of the earliest programming languages, stack-oriented, used reverse Polish notation.
		A graph manipulation language for use as a database query language.
	www.heuse.com /g.htm (1588 words)

	JOSS-discription
		JOSS was the result of an experimental project at Rand that was meant to demonstrate, on a small scale, the value of time-sharing and easy access to computing power for the non programmer.
		From JOSS I to JOSS In Participants with Cliff Shaw in project discussions were Tom Ellis, Ike Nehama, Al Newell, and Keith Uncapher.
		JOSS was inaugurated in May 1963 with an initial five terminals and a minimal system.
	www.palosverdes.com /lasthurrah/JOSS-discription.html (942 words)

	Computer Programming Languages - F
		FAP - Assembly language for Sperry-Rand 1103 and 1103A.
		Preprocessor language for the Acorn Archimedes, allowing inline high- level statements to be entered in an assembly program.
		A program is a set of functions ("words") which are compiled by an outer interpreter into bytecodes.
	www.heuse.com /f.htm (1800 words)

	Notes on function points
		Assume a program is written in a language that is twice the level of a similar program, for instance level 6 versus level 3.
		Research was done by reading descriptions and genealogies of languages and making an educated guess as to their levels.
		A complete and reliable industry-wide study of languages and their levels is of necessity a large multi-year project.
	www.cs.pdx.edu /~timm/dm/functionpoints.html (712 words)

	[No title]
		Other languages have purposely omitted essential features like I/O from their definition because they were never intended to be used without a standard library (C) or interface (Smalltalk-80), or because they constitute the command language for a particular product or system.
		Single Assignment language An applicative language using assignments with the convention that a variable may appear on the left side of an assignment only once within the portion of the program in which it is active.
		Constraint language A language in which a problem is specified and solved by a series of constraining relationships.
	www.cs.uiowa.edu /~fleck/lang-list.txt (15872 words)

	Charts
		But JOSS doesn’t have string variables and doesn’t name programs (you must give each program a number instead, and remember what the number was).
		Programming Language One (PL/I), to brag it was the first good programming language and all its predecessors were worth zero by comparison.
		LOOP I FROM 5 BY 3 TO 17
	secretguide2pcs.tripod.com /Strange-tongues.htm (12099 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Largely the creation of Richard Merrill, FOCAL was initially written for and had its largest impact on the DEC's PDP-8 computers.
		Since FOCAL output was character-stream-oriented, outputting two strings sequentially could sometime substitute for concatenating them, and procedural tools written for performing complex formatted output.
		It is generally agreed that FOCAL was more efficient in its use of resources than comparable BASIC systems, and on the machines of the day, often with core memory (RAM) in the 6 to 24-kilobyte range, on comparable systems FOCAL could handle large and more difficult programming tasks than BASIC.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=FOCAL_programming_language (429 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: The C++ Programming Language (Special 3rd Edition) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		While The C++ Programming Language is not a C++ tutorial, strictly speaking, anyone learning the language, especially those coming from C, will greatly benefit from the clear presentation of all its elements.
		The author invented the language and then stayed close to the standardization and innovation process for the duration, always maintaining a careful vigilance over the evolution of his brainchild.
		As the inventor of the C++ language itself, Stroustrup is the closest person to the actual syntax, and short of reading the ISO spec, you simply won't find a more comprehensive tome on the subject.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0201700735?v=glance (2891 words)

	Business Software Review : Article 'Programming language' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A programming language or computer language is a standardized communication technique for expressing instructions to a computer.
		A fifth-generation programming language is a programming language based around solving problems using constraints given to the program, rather than using an algorithm written by a programmer.
		The main difference between fourth-generation programming languages and fifth-generation languages is fourth-generation languages are designed to build specific programs while fifth generation languages are designed to make the computer solve the problem for you.
	www.business-software-review.org /DisplayArticle47935.html (891 words)

	[No title]
		The History of Programming Languages Conference was organized by the Special Interest Group in Programming Languages of the Association for Computing Machinery, and took place in Los Angeles on June 1-3, 1978.
		The purpose of the conference was to provide a written record for programming languages that were created by 1967, remained in use by 1977, and influence the field of computing.
		Jean E. Sammet served as general and program committee chairman, and John A. Lee was the administrative chairman.
	special.lib.umn.edu /findaid/xml/cbi00019.xml (566 words)

	DigiBarn Posters: Mother Tongues of Computer Languages
		I know the poster of "Mother Tongues" could not fit all languages, but there is one that is highly in use by large and small corporations around the world, has hundreds of thousands of active coders, has been around since the 60's, yet refreshed enough to be an active & viable business language today.
		While there is such a language, also called Ruby, it is not the same one listed on your chart, nor is it a general purpose programming lanaguage.
		This is not a complaint as much as an appeal to take the entire problem of computer languages and their evolution seriously - these are the languages we use to describe the world with, and their limitations are the limitations of our computational models of the world.
	www.digibarn.com /collections/posters/tongues (885 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: The C Programming Language (2nd Edition) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The book focuses on the language itself - this is no hands-on book (no explanations on how to use this compiler or that debugger, though it is a little biased toward Unix) in a clear, concise, and thorough way covering all of the language and it's standard libraries.
		I especially liked the excercises (the solutions come in a seperate volume) and the C source code examples of how some of the library routines are (or may be) implemented.
		This book is not for people who study C as their first programming language (those would be better served with a pair of books - a first course in programming and compiler guide).
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0131103628?v=glance (1474 words)

	RAND \| Advanced Publication Search \| View Abstract
		Abstract: A progress report on the interactive use of on-line, time-shared JOSS computer consoles in war gaming at RAND during the six months since publicly accessible files were added to JOSS capabilities.
		By programming consoles to interrogate certain files periodically, a crude but highly serviceable real-time store-and-forward communication system is created.
		The simple JOSS programming language is perhaps the most important feature, since it makes it possible for game players to contribute to the improvement of programming.
	www.rand.org /cgi-bin/Abstracts/e-getabbydoc.pl?P-3606 (196 words)

	Arc programming language -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Arc programming language -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		Arc is a (A flexible procedure-oriented programing language that manipulates symbols in the form of lists) Lisp ((computer science) a language designed for programming computers) programming language in development by (Click link for more info and facts about Paul Graham) Paul Graham.
		It is a very young language whose design goals include a target audience of "good programmers".
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/ar/arc_programming_language.htm (75 words)

	XMXpert
		XM Satellite Radio subscribers can listen to XM's 150-plus channels of commercial-free music and premier sports, talk, news, and entertainment programming on the RoadyXT, which can be self-installed quickly and easily in the car or home.
		Motorcycle enthusiasts will have their first opportunity to experience the new 2006 Harley-Davidson Screamin' Eagle Ultra Electra Glide equipped with XM at the annual Sturgis Rally near Rapid City, SD in August where more than 800,000 enthusiasts converge.
		XM recently announced a multi-year agreement as the official satellite radio provider of the IRL, which includes broadcasting the IMS Radio Network's live race coverage of 17 events, pre-race programming, and additional segments on Extreme XM (XM channel 152), plus IRL updates on a variety of XM talk channels.
	www.xmxpert.com (2195 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Write a five to ten page paper describing the characteritics and use of a programming language that we did not discuss in this course.
		Alternatively you can propose your own language, and get approval for your choice before you proceed with the paper.
		In your paper you should discuss the features of the language, the purpose of the language, what paradigm the language most closely follows, and any other aspects that make the language unique.
	web.engr.oregonstate.edu /~budd/381/hw8.html (174 words)

	[No title]
		DSP32 Assembly Language - A high-level assembly language for the DSP32
		GMAP - GCOS Macro Assembler Program - Macro assembler for the GCOS-8
		LEAP - Language for the Expression of Associative Procedures.
	oop.rosweb.ru /Other (6597 words)

	Starting over (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Take your experience in running a business and your degree and concentrate your programming studies in a language that is used in business, such as COBOL (still a need for these skills around the world), Oracle or DBase.
		Before you choose a programming language to learn, spend some time on the Web looking at the Web sites of the companies that make the products I have mentioned.
		You may find that you can package yourself better for a new career in IT if you use programming skills as the base for applying for systems analysts jobs inside of businesses like the one you are having to give up.
	www.computeruser.com /articles/daily/8,7,1,0409,01.html (534 words)

	Learn more about Timeline of programming languages in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Learn more about Timeline of programming languages in the online encyclopedia.
		Hint: Play with putting spaces before and after your words to see the different results you get.
		See also Alphabetical list, Categorical list, and Generational list; Programming language, Computing timeline, and History of computing hardware.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /t/ti/timeline_of_programming_languages.html (363 words)

	RAND \| Advanced Publication Search \| View Abstract
		Written in JOSS language, JASP provides standard routines for performing functions that are common to many simulations: initialization; time and event control; information storage and retrieval; performance data collection; summary, monitoring, and error reporting; and random deviate generation.
		The routines for performing each of these functions are described, as well as the specially defined JOSS variables used by JASP.
		Simulations of a simple queueing system and a man-machine price and inventory system are used to illustrate areas for which JASP is designed.
	www.rand.org /cgi-bin/Abstracts/e-getabbydoc.pl?RM-6279 (155 words)

	The Encyclopedia of Computer Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		SIGPLAN Notices 14(04) April 1979 including The first ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages (HOPL) Los Angeles, CA, June 1-3, 1978
		1978 Griswold, Ralph E. "A history of the SNOBOL programming languages"
		1979 Griswold, R. Hanson and J. Korb, "The Icon programming language: an overview", pp18-31
	hopl.murdoch.edu.au /Showsource.prx?source=6990 (230 words)

	JOY from FOLDOC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A distributed language based on Pascal and CSP, by Per Brinch Hansen.
		["Joyce - A Programming Language for Distributed Systems", Per Brinch Hansen, Soft Prac and Exp 17(1):29-50 (Jan 1987)].
		Most I/O interface cards for IBM PCs have a joystick (game control) port.
	www.instantweb.com /d/dictionary/foldoc.cgi?query=JOY (160 words)

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